try to optimize fractional code

@@ -39,20 +39,55 @@ impl Continuous {
             v[0] = an;
             v[0] = an;
             // The convergence criteria „an_1 == 2 * a0“ is not good for
             // The convergence criteria „an_1 == 2 * a0“ is not good for
             // very small x thus I decided to break the iteration at constant
             // very small x thus I decided to break the iteration at constant
-            // time. Which is the 10 below.
+            // time. Which is the 5 below.
             if v.len() > 1 {
             if v.len() > 1 {
                 inner(&mut v[1..], x, a0, mn_1, dn_1, an_1);
                 inner(&mut v[1..], x, a0, mn_1, dn_1, an_1);
             }
             }
         }
         }
 
 
-        let mut v :Vec<i64> = vec!(0; 10);
+        let mut v :Vec<i64> = vec!(0; 5);
         inner(&mut v, x, a0, 0, 1, a0);
         inner(&mut v, x, a0, 0, 1, a0);
         Continuous(v)
         Continuous(v)
     }
     }
 
 
-    pub fn into_prec(&self, prec :usize) -> Fractional {
+    // general continous fraction form of a fractional...
+    pub fn from_prec(f :&Fractional, prec :Option<usize>) -> Self {
+        fn inner(v :&mut Vec<i64>, f :Fractional, prec :Option<usize>) {
+            let mut process = |prec :Option<usize>| {
+                let Fractional(n, d)   = f;
+                let a                  = n / d;
+                let Fractional(_n, _d) = f.noreduce_sub(a.into());
+
+                v.push(a);
+                match _n {
+                    1 => v.push(_d),
+                    0 => {},
+                    _ => inner(v, Fractional(_d, _n), prec),
+                }
+            };
+
+            match prec {
+                Some(0) => {},
+                None    => process(None),
+                Some(p) => process(Some(p - 1)),
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut v = match prec {
+            None    => Vec::with_capacity(100),
+            Some(p) => Vec::with_capacity(p + 1),
+        };
+
+        inner(&mut v, *f, prec);
+        Continuous(v)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_prec(&self, prec :Option<usize>) -> Fractional {
         let Continuous(c) = self;
         let Continuous(c) = self;
-        let             p = if prec <= c.len() { prec } else { c.len() };
+        let             p = match prec {
+            Some(p) => if p <= c.len() { p } else { c.len() },
+            None    => c.len(),
+        };
 
 
         let to_frac = |acc :Fractional, x :&i64| {
         let to_frac = |acc :Fractional, x :&i64| {
             let Fractional(an, ad) = acc.noreduce_add((*x).into());
             let Fractional(an, ad) = acc.noreduce_add((*x).into());
@@ -68,33 +103,13 @@ impl Continuous {
 }
 }
 
 
 impl From<&Fractional> for Continuous {
 impl From<&Fractional> for Continuous {
-    // general continous fraction form of a fractional...
     fn from(x :&Fractional) -> Self {
     fn from(x :&Fractional) -> Self {
-        fn inner(mut v :Vec<i64>, f :Fractional) -> Vec<i64> {
-            let Fractional(n, d)   = f;
-            let a                  = n / d;
-            let Fractional(_n, _d) = f.noreduce_sub(a.into());
-
-            v.push(a);
-            match _n {
-                1 => { v.push(_d); v },
-                0 => v,
-                _ => inner(v, Fractional(_d, _n)),
-            }
-        }
-
-        Continuous(inner(Vec::new(), *x))
+        Self::from_prec(x, None)
     }
     }
 }
 }
 
 
 impl Into<Fractional> for &Continuous {
 impl Into<Fractional> for &Continuous {
     fn into(self) -> Fractional {
     fn into(self) -> Fractional {
-        let Continuous(c) = self;
-        let Fractional(n, d) = c.iter().rev().fold( Fractional(0, 1)
-                                                  , |acc, x| {
-            let Fractional(an, ad) = acc + (*x).into();
-            Fractional(ad, an)
-        });
-        Fractional(d, n)
+        (&self).into_prec(None)
     }
     }
 }
 }

 //
 //
 // This is an abstraction over a drawing environment.
 // This is an abstraction over a drawing environment.
+// Future note: z-Buffer is described here:
+// https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/rasterization-practical-implementation/perspective-correct-interpolation-vertex-attributes
 //
 //
 // Georg Hopp <georg@steffers.org>
 // Georg Hopp <georg@steffers.org>
 //
 //

@@ -69,10 +69,13 @@ impl Fractional {
                 Self(1, _n / _d)
                 Self(1, _n / _d)
             }
             }
         } else {
         } else {
-            //Self(n / hcf(n, d), d / hcf(n, d))
-            let regular_reduced = self;
-            let cont :Continuous = (&regular_reduced).into();
-            cont.into_prec(5)
+            // Self(n / hcf(n, d), d / hcf(n, d))
+            // The above reduces prcisely but results in very large numerator
+            // or denominator occasionally. The below is less precise but
+            // keeps the numbers small… the bad point is, that it is not very
+            // fast.
+            let cont = Continuous::from_prec(&self, Some(5));
+            (&cont).into()
         }
         }
     }
     }
 
 
@@ -171,10 +174,7 @@ impl Add for Fractional {
     type Output = Self;
     type Output = Self;
 
 
     fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {
     fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        let Fractional(n1, d1) = self;
-        let Fractional(n2, d2) = other;
-        let n = n1 * (self.gcd(other) / d1) + n2 * (self.gcd(other) / d2);
-        Self(n, self.gcd(other)).reduce()
+        self.noreduce_add(other).reduce()
     }
     }
 }
 }
 
 
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ impl Neg for Fractional {
 
 
     fn neg(self) -> Self {
     fn neg(self) -> Self {
         let Fractional(n, d) = self;
         let Fractional(n, d) = self;
-        Self(-n, d).reduce()
+        Self(-n, d)
     }
     }
 }
 }
 
 

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl Trig for Fractional {
             match d {
             match d {
                 0  => Fractional(0, 1),
                 0  => Fractional(0, 1),
                 90 => Fractional(1, 1),
                 90 => Fractional(1, 1),
-                _  => reduce(d, PRECISION, &f64::sin),
+                _  => generate(d, PRECISION, &f64::sin),
             }
             }
         }
         }
 
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl Trig for Fractional {
                 45  => Fractional(1, 1),
                 45  => Fractional(1, 1),
                 90  => Fractional(1, 0), // although they are both inf and -inf.
                 90  => Fractional(1, 0), // although they are both inf and -inf.
                 135 => -Fractional(1, 1),
                 135 => -Fractional(1, 1),
-                _   => reduce(d, PRECISION, &f64::tan),
+                _   => generate(d, PRECISION, &f64::tan),
             }
             }
         }
         }
 
 
@@ -201,6 +201,22 @@ impl Trig for Fractional {
     }
     }
 }
 }
 
 
+// search for a fraction with a denominator less than MAX_DENOMINATOR that
+// provides the minimal PRECISION criteria.
+// !! With f = &f64::tan and d close to the inf boundarys of tan
+//    we get very large numerators because the numerator becomes a
+//    multiple of the denominator.
+fn generate(d :u32, p :i64, f :&dyn Fn(f64) -> f64) -> Fractional {
+    // This is undefined behaviour for very large f64, but our f64
+    // is always between 0.0 and 1000000.0 which should be fine.
+    let s = (f((d as f64).to_radians()) * p as f64).round() as i64;
+    let Fractional(n, dn) = Fractional(s, p).reduce();
+    match dn.abs().cmp(&MAX_DENOMINATOR) {
+        Ordering::Less => Fractional(n, dn),
+        _              => generate(d, p + 1, f),
+    }
+}
+
 impl Trig for f64 {
 impl Trig for f64 {
     fn pi() -> Self {
     fn pi() -> Self {
         std::f64::consts::PI
         std::f64::consts::PI
@@ -262,19 +278,3 @@ impl Trig for f64 {
         TANTAB.to_vec()
         TANTAB.to_vec()
     }
     }
 }
 }
-
-// search for a fraction with a denominator less than MAX_DENOMINATOR that
-// provides the minimal PRECISION criteria.
-// !! With f = &f64::tan and d close to the inf boundarys of tan
-//    we get very large numerators because the numerator becomes a
-//    multiple of the denominator.
-fn reduce(d :u32, p :i64, f :&dyn Fn(f64) -> f64) -> Fractional {
-    // This is undefined behaviour for very large f64, but our f64
-    // is always between 0.0 and 1000000.0 which should be fine.
-    let s = (f((d as f64).to_radians()) * p as f64).round() as i64;
-    let Fractional(n, dn) = Fractional(s, p).reduce();
-    match dn.abs().cmp(&MAX_DENOMINATOR) {
-        Ordering::Less => Fractional(n, dn),
-        _              => reduce(d, p + 1, f),
-    }
-}