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<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img height="48" width="72" alt=
"W3C" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" /></a></p>

<h1>Modality Component to Host Environment DOM Requirements and
Capabilities Assessment</h1>

<h2>W3C Working Group Note 10 May 2004</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>

<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/NOTE-modality-interface-20040510/"
>http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/NOTE-modality-interface-20040510/</a></dd>

<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/modality-interface/"
>http://www.w3.org/TR/modality-interface/</a></dd>

<!--
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
-->
<dt>Editor:</dt>

<dd>Brad Porter, Tellme Networks (editor)<br /></dd>
<dt>Contributors:</dt>
<dd>Jonny Axelsson, Opera</dd>
<dd>Stephen Potter, Microsoft</dd>
<dd>TV Raman, IBM</dd>
<dd>Dave Raggett, W3C/Canon</dd>
</dl>

<p class="copyright"><a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a>
&#169; 2004 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym
title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>&#174;</sup> (<a
href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym
title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a
href="http://www.ercim.org/"><acronym
title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>,

<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
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use</a> and <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-software">software
licensing</a> rules apply.</p>
</div>

<hr title="Separator from Header" />
<div class="abstract">

<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>

<p>This document describes the DOM capabilities needed to support a
heterogeneous multimodal environment and the current state of DOM
interfaces supporting those capabilities. These DOM interfaces are
used between modality components and their host environment in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/mmi-framework/">W3C Multimodal
Interaction Framework</a> as proposed by the <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/2002/mmi/">W3C Multimodal Interaction
Activity</a>.</p>

<p>The Multimodal Interaction Framework separates multimodal
systems into a set of functional units, including Input and Output
components, an Interaction Mananger, Session Components, System and
Environment, and Application Functions. In order for those
functional components to interact with each other to form an
application interpreter, the browser implementation must allow for
communication and coordination between those components. This DOM
interface identifies the DOM APIs used to communicate and
coordinate at the browser implemention level. Multimodal browsers
can be stand-alone or distributed systems.</p>
</div>

<div class="status">
<h2 id="status">Status of this document</h2>

<p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the
time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this
document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest
revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a> at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>

<p>Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement
by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated,
replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is
inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
progress.</p>

<p>This document describes the DOM capabilities required between
modality components and their host environment, as a basis for a
common component model to support multimodal applications.</p>

<p>This document is a capabilities assessment of DOM1, DOM2, and
DOM3. DOM1 edition 2 reached Recommendation status in 2000 with
limited support for XML. DOM2 supersedes DOM1 and reached
Recommendation status in January 2003 as a series of modules
designed to support XML. DOM3 builds upon DOM2. At the time of
publication, DOM3 Core, DOM3 Load and Save, and DOM3 Validation
have all reached W3C Recommendation status. DOM3 XPath, Views and
Formatting, and Events have been published as Notes. Vendor support
for DOM levels in mobile and desktop devices varies significantly.</p>

<p>This requirements and capabilities assessment is <i>not</i> a
specification of the actual interfaces that would be used in a
multimodal context. An actual specification of interfaces must
address the following unanswered questions in order to provide an
open standard upon which portable multimodal documents could be
built: which level of DOM should be the basis for that interface,
what common events and properties must be supported by the modality
component and host environment.</p>

<p>This document has been produced as part of the <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/2002/mmi/">W3C Multimodal Interaction
Activity</a>, <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/2002/mmi/Activity.html"></a>following the
procedures set out for the <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process/">W3C Process</a>. The
authors of this document are members of the <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/2002/mmi/Group/">Multimodal Interaction Working
Group</a> <i>(<a href=
"http://cgi.w3.org/MemberAccess/AccessRequest">W3C Members
only</a>)</i>.</p>

<p>Patent disclosures relevant to this specification may be found
on the Working Group's <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/2002/01/mmi-ipr.html">patent disclosure page</a>
in conformance with W3C policy.</p>

<p>This document is for public review, and comments and discussion
are welcomed on the (<a href=
"http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-multimodal/">archived</a>)
public mailing list &lt;<a href=
"mailto:www-multimodal@w3.org">www-multimodal@w3.org</a>&gt;.</p>
</div>

<hr />

<h2 id="s1">1 Overview</h2>

<p>This document defines the capabilities and requirements of a
common DOM-based API between modality components and their host
environment. The document further describes the current level of
support for these capabilities in DOM 1, DOM 2, and DOM 3. This
document is not a formal API definition. A formal API definition
would need to address a single level of DOM and further specify
common interfaces and events.</p>

<p>Modality components perform interface tasks pertinent to their
particular interface modality (e.g voice, pen, visual display).
Modality components can perform interface tasks ranging from the
simple input/output such as pen strokes collection, audio playback
to complex transaction like dialogs and card stacks.</p>

<p>The host environment allows multiple modality components to
share data such as a semantic result and the confidence value
associated with that result. The host environment also coordinates
the activities of modality components in a multimodal application;
for instance, activation, deactivation, display/prompting.</p>

<p>A multimodal application is comprised of many modality
components interacting with the user, all coordinated by the host
environment.</p>

<p>A common DOM-based API between modality components and their
host environment allows for the creation of new modality components
that will work with existing host environments. This common API
would also allow for the creation of new host environments for
various architectures and devices.</p>

<p>This DOM-based API requirements and capabilities analysis has
been performed with the multimodal browser developer in mind. The
objective is to enable portable multimodal content. These APIs may
be (and in most cases will be) entirely hidden from the application
developer. These APIs provide the foundation which allow for
higher-level language constructs specific to the modality component
or host environment.</p>

<h2 id="s2">2 General DOM Implementation Features</h2>

<p>These are the general features required of a Host Environment
browser implementation to support the integration of a Modality
Component. Features relating to DOM support are assumed to be
implemented by the DOM Implementation component of the browser.</p>

<p>The intent is that this DOM framework should work in a
multi-document scenario. Further specification of that would be
required of an interface definition standard</p>

<h3 id="s2.1">2.1 Component Parsed/Loaded Notification</h3>

<p>Enables the browser to know when a component (or a proxy to a
remote component) is present on the page. In response, the host
enables component to register itself and latch to host
environment.</p>

<h3 id="s2.2">2.2 Component Unloaded Notification</h3>

<p>Enables the browser to know when a component (or a proxy to a
remote component) is removed from the page. In response, the host
enables component to unregister itself.</p>

<h3 id="s2.3">2.3 General DOM Errors</h3>

<p>Enables the browser to be aware of DOM errors raised by the
component.</p>

<table cellpadding="4">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>DOMException</code> exception</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-17189187">DOMException</a></code>
exception</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-17189187">DOMException</a></code>
exception</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h3 id="s2.4">2.4 URL of the Current Page</h3>

<p>For components which specify remote resources via URLs, this
enables the browser to resolve references which are relative to the
current page.</p>

<table cellpadding="4">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-HTML/html.html#ID-46183437">HTMLDocument.URL</a></code>
(DOM2 HTML)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#Document3-documentURI">
Document.DocumentURI</a></code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h3 id="s2.5">2.5 Access to Current Page as Document Object</h3>

<p>Enables access to the interfaces described in the Document
section below.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table2">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Document</code> interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#i-Document">Document</a></code>
interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#i-Document">Document</a></code>
interface</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h2 id="s3">3 Document Interfaces</h2>

<p>These are the interfaces which are necessary for component
integration into a document supporting the Document interface.</p>

<h3 id="s3.1">3.1 Component Declaration and Instantiation</h3>

<p>This subsection describes the interfaces necessary for the
declaration and instantiation of modality components.</p>

<h4 id="s3.1.1">3.1.1 Namespace Management</h4>

<p>Document interfaces for: identification (find namespace
declaration, prefix) and determine parent element tree (for scoped
namespaces). Enables the host environment to identify a component
by its namespace.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table3">
<tr>
<td height="29"><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td height="29">(navigation and identification primitives, no
native namespace support)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td>DOM 1 + <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-NodeNSname">Node.namespaceURI</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td>DOM 2 + further native namespace interfaces)</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4 id="s3.1.2">3.1.2 Location of Component in Document</h4>

<p>Parent traversal interfaces. Enables the host environment to
know in which elements of the document the component is placed, and
to implement any location-dependent semantics accordingly. This
includes scoped properties which may be inherited (e.g.
xml:lang).</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table4">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Node.parentNode</code>, etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-1060184317">Node.parentNode</a></code>,
etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-1060184317">Node.parentNode</a></code>,
etc.</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4 id="s3.1.3">3.1.3 Component Self-Identification</h4>

<p>Attribute of type <code>ID</code> on component node. Enables the
mapping of a given component on the page to the browser's
instantiation of that component.</p>

<h3 id="s3.2">3.2 Access to Component</h3>

<p>This subsection describes the interfaces that a modality
component may choose to enable to allow the host environment to
directly manipulate the component.</p>

<h4 id="s3.2.1">3.2.1 Read Interfaces</h4>

<p>The component exposes its public interfaces within the framework
of the DOM of the current page. Access to the properties, methods
and events of the modality component is then available to the flow
control mechanisms of the host environment (script, SMIL, etc.). In
general, these interfaces will be modality-specific, and defined
for each component according to its function, however, certain
common interfaces may be implemented which are standard across
different modality components (e.g. Start and Stop methods, result
events).</p>

<h4 id="s3.2.2">3.2.2 Property Write Interfaces</h4>

<p>Value setting and rewrite interfaces. Enables the host
environment to manipulate properties without modifying document
tree structure.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table7">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Document.createAttribute()</code>,
<code>Element.SetAttribute()</code>,
<code>Node.nodeValue</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a>,</code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a>,
<code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a></code>,
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4 id="s3.2.3">3.2.3 XML Structure Modification Write Interfaces</h4>

<p>Enables the host environment to manipulate the internal content
and/or structure of the component. Examples of this may include
manipulating an EMMA result before binding it into the host
environment data model, and updating an inline grammar before
beginning recognition.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table7b">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Document.createElement(), Node.replaceChild()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-2141741547">Document.createElement()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrElNS">Document.createElementNS()</a></code>,
<code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-785887307">Node.replaceChild()</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-2141741547">Document.createElement()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrElNS">Document.createElementNS()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-785887307">Node.replaceChild()</a></code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h3 id="s3.3">3.3 Data Binding into Host Environment</h3>

<p>This subsection describes the interfaces necessary for data
binding from the Modality Component into the Host Environment. In
the following requirements, the data to be bound called the
'result', and the location to which the data is to be bound is
called the 'target'.</p>

<h4 id="s.3.3.1">3.3.1 Navigation to Target Node</h4>

<p>This enables the selection of the binding target. Since
specification of target node may differ among components (for
example, some may use IDs, others XPath, etc.), different means of
selecting the target node may be required for different
components.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table5">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Document.getElementById()</code> (DOM 1 HTML)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a></code>,
XPath query</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a></code>,
<code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-XPath/">XPath</a></code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4 id="s3.3.2">3.3.2 Write Access to Target Node</h4>

<p>Value setting/rewriting interfaces (no restructuring). Enables the
writing of the result data into the target node.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table6">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Document.createAttribute()</code>,
<code>Element.SetAttribute()</code>,
<code>Node.nodeValue</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a>,</code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a>,
<code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a></code>,
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a>
<a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4 id="s3.3.3">3.3.3 Reading Values from Host Environment Data</h4>

<p>This subsection describes the interfaces necessary for
components to access data from the Host Environment, where the
component may use host environment data in behavior, for example,
where input or output presentation components must act on the basis
of host environment data values. In this case the 'target' is the
node in the host environment from which data is to be read.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table8">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Node.nodeValue</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h2 id="s4">4 Method Calling on Host Environment Flow Control</h2>

<p>This subsection describes the interfaces necessary for
components to call methods on objects in the Host Environment, for
the purposes of flow control.</p>

<h3 id="s4.1">4.1 Navigation to Target Node</h3>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table9">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td><code>Document.getElementById()</code> (DOM 1 HTML)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-XPath/">DOM Level 3 XPath
specification</a></code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h2 id="s5">5 Events</h2>

<p>These are the interfaces necessary for events to be passed from
the modality component to the host environment.</p>

<h3 id="s5.1">5.1 Event Propagation</h3>

<p>Enables modality component to take advantage of bubbling, event
start/stop mechanisms</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table11">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td>(not specified)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td>ability to attach event handlers at various phases, ability to
define default event handlers, standardized bubbling mechanism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td>ability to attach event handlers at various phases, ability to
define default event handlers, standardized bubbling mechanism,
adds <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-Event-stopPropagation">
stopPropagation()</a> and <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-Event-stopImmediatePropagation">
stopImmediatePropagation()</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h3 id="s5.2">5.2 Event Creation</h3>

<p>Enables modality component to generate events.</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table10">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td>(not specified)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Events/events.html#Events-DocumentEvent">
DocumentEvent</a></code> interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-DocumentEvent">
DocumentEvent</a></code> interface</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h3 id="s5.3">5.3 Event Handler Registration</h3>

<p>Enables modality component to register handlers</p>

<table cellpadding="4" id="Table12">
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 1</b></td>
<td>(not specified)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 2</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Events/events.html#Events-EventListener">
Node.Event<ins>Listener</ins></a></code> interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DOM Level 3</b></td>
<td><code><a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-EventListener">
Node.EventListener</a></code>, namespace and event category support
through <a href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-EventTargetGroup-addEventListenerNS">
addEventListenerNS()</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

<h2 id="s6">6 Markup-level Abstractions</h2>

<p>The DOM interfaces described in this document specify the
low-level component interaction layer. Application authors will
develop multimodal applications in markup or scripting languages
which are built upon these DOM primitives. These markup or
scripting languages provide at least three advantages to the
application author: simplified programming constructs, for instance
time-sequenced interactions could be specified through markup that
is then translated by the browser into these DOM manipulations;
improved sandboxing, for example preventing one component from
modifying another; constraint preservation such as enforcing the
data type of a particular field. The examples below possible
application-layer constructs built upon DOM interfaces the that
could be used to develop multimodal applications.</p>

<h3 id="s6.1">6.1 XML Events</h3>

<p>XML Events 1.0 defines an XML module for authoring event
bindings conformant to the DOM2 event propagation. It is a W3C
Recommendation that is designed for use with XHTML and other
XML-based markup languages and provides the XML author with the
same level of access to attaching events and event handlers as
provided by the interfaces enumerated in section 5.</p>

<h3 id="s6.2">6.2 XForms</h3>

<p>The XForms 1.0 REC defines an XForms model that holds an XML
instance where values collected from the user are stored and
retrieved. For environments that include the XForms module,
modality components can get and set values from/to this instance.
Setting such values will automatically synchronize these values
across different modalities. Values in the XForms instance can be
manipulated using standard XML DOM calls after a reference to the
XForms instance data has been first retrieved via function
getInstanceDocument() ---defined in 7.3.1 of the XForms 1.0
specification.</p>

<h3 id="s6.3">6.3 SMIL 2.0</h3>

<p>Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL 2.0) is an
XML-based language that allows authors to write interactive
multimedia presentations. Through its timing and synchronization
support, SMIL 2.0 enables the description of the temporal behavior
of a multimedia or multimodal application. The DOM events and
methods of a given component can be mapped to timing behaviors
defined in SMIL's timing and synchronization module (beginning,
duration, ending, etc.), and the application author may thereby
control the activation of multimodal input and output components
through SMIL markup.</p>

<h3 id="s6.4">6.4 Scripting modules</h3>

<p>Many host environments support scripting for application
authors, for example XHTML 1.1 Scripting Module, SVG 1.1 Scripting
Module. Scripting modules typically allow access to many public
interfaces of the host document and its component nodes, enabling
direct programmatic control of the properties, methods and events
of multimodal components through languages such as ECMAScript.
Scripting hosts may provide direct language bindings of the
interfaces specified in this document, and/or abstractions and
programming conveniences on top of these interfaces.</p>

<h2 id="sAppA">Appendix A</h2>

<p>The following table is an XSLT transformation of the sections
and DOM interfaces described above. This is purely for convenience
of reference.</p>

<table border="1" class="compendium">
<tr>
<th>Function</th>
<th>DOM Level 1</th>
<th>DOM Level 2</th>
<th>DOM Level 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2.3 General DOM Errors</th>
<td><code>DOMException</code> exception</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-17189187">DOMException</a></code>
exception</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-17189187">DOMException</a></code>
exception</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2.4 URL of the Current Page</th>
<td>N/A</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-HTML/html.html#ID-46183437">HTMLDocument.URL</a></code>
(DOM2 HTML)</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#Document3-documentURI">
Document.DocumentURI</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2.5 Access to Current Page as Document Object</th>
<td><code>Document</code> interface</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#i-Document">Document</a></code>
interface</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#i-Document">Document</a></code>
interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3.1 Component Declaration and Instantiation</th>
<td>(navigation and identification primitives, no native namespace
support)</td>
<td>DOM 1 + <a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-NodeNSname">Node.namespaceURI</a></td>
<td>DOM 2 + further native namespace interfaces)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3.1 Component Declaration and Instantiation</th>
<td><code>Node.parentNode</code>, etc.</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-1060184317">Node.parentNode</a></code>,
etc.</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-1060184317">Node.parentNode</a></code>,
etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3.2 Access to Component</th>
<td><code>Document.createAttribute()</code>,
<code>Element.SetAttribute()</code>,
<code>Node.nodeValue</code></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a>,</code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a>,
<code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a></code>,
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3.2 Access to Component</th>
<td><code>Document.createElement(), Node.replaceChild()</code></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-2141741547">Document.createElement()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrElNS">Document.createElementNS()</a></code>,
<code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-785887307">Node.replaceChild()</a></code></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-2141741547">Document.createElement()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrElNS">Document.createElementNS()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-785887307">Node.replaceChild()</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3.3 Data Binding into Host Environment</th>
<td><code>Document.getElementById()</code> (DOM 1 HTML)</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a></code>,
XPath query</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a></code>,
<code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-XPath/">XPath</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3.3 Data Binding into Host Environment</th>
<td><code>Document.createAttribute()</code>,
<code>Element.SetAttribute()</code>,
<code>Node.nodeValue</code></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a>,</code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a>,
<code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a></code>,
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-1084891198">Document.createAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-DocCrAttrNS">Document.createAttributeNS()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68F082">Element.SetAttribute()</a></code>,<code>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-ElSetAttrNS">Element.SetAttributeNS()</a>
<a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3.3 Data Binding into Host Environment</th>
<td><code>Node.nodeValue</code></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-F68D080">Node.nodeValue</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>4.1 Navigation to Target Node</th>
<td><code>Document.getElementById()</code> (DOM 1 HTML)</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a></code></td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId">Document.getElementById()</a>,
<a shape="rect" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-XPath/">DOM
Level 3 XPath specification</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>5.1 Event Propagation</th>
<td>(not specified)</td>
<td>ability to attach event handlers at various phases, ability to
define default event handlers, standardized bubbling mechanism</td>
<td>ability to attach event handlers at various phases, ability to
define default event handlers, standardized bubbling mechanism,
adds <a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-Event-stopPropagation">
stopPropagation()</a> and <a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-Event-stopImmediatePropagation">
stopImmediatePropagation()</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>5.2 Event Creation</th>
<td>(not specified)</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Events/events.html#Events-DocumentEvent">
DocumentEvent</a></code> interface</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-DocumentEvent">
DocumentEvent</a></code> interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>5.3 Event Handler Registration</th>
<td>(not specified)</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Events/events.html#Events-EventListener">
Node.Event<ins>Listener</ins></a></code> interface</td>
<td><code><a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-EventListener">
Node.EventListener</a></code>, namespace and event category support
through <a shape="rect" href=
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/NOTE-DOM-Level-3-Events-20031107/events.html#Events-EventTargetGroup-addEventListenerNS">
addEventListenerNS()</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>