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<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />

<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
<title>Requirements for Japanese Text Layout</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="StyleSheets/base.css" />
<link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
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<div class="head">
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72" /></a></p>

<h1 id="title">Requirements for Japanese Text Layout</h1>
<h2 id="w3c-doctype"><span class="heading">W3C Working Draft 29 November 2011</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-jlreq-20111129/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-jlreq-20111129/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">http://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/</a></dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-jlreq-20090604/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-jlreq-20090604/</a></dd>
<dt>Editors (first edition):</dt>
<dd>Yasuhiro Anan (阿南 康宏), Microsoft</dd>
<dd>Hiroyuki Chiba (千葉 弘幸), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Junsaburo Edamoto (枝本 順三郎), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Richard Ishida, W3C</dd>
<dd>Keiichiro Ishino (石野 恵一郎), Antenna House</dd>
<dd>Tatsuo Kobayashi (小林 龍生), JustSystems</dd>
<dd>Toshi Kobayashi (小林 敏), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Kenzou Onozawa (小野澤 賢三), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Felix Sasaki, University of Applied Sciences Potsdam</dd>
<dt>Editors (second edition):</dt>
<dd>Hiroyuki Chiba (千葉 弘幸), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Junsaburo Edamoto (枝本 順三郎), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Richard Ishida, W3C</dd>
<dd>Keiichiro Ishino (石野 恵一郎), Antenna House</dd>
<dd>Seiichi Kato (加藤 誠一), Microsoft</dd>
<dd>Tatsuo Kobayashi (小林 龍生), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Toshi Kobayashi (小林 敏), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Kenzou Onozawa (小野澤 賢三), Invited Expert</dd>
<dd>Felix Sasaki, DFKI GmbH.</dd>
<dd>Hajime Shiozawa (塩澤 元), Invited Expert</dd>
</dl>
<p>A  <a href="ja/"><strong>Japanese version</strong></a> of this document is also available. See also <a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/03/Translations/byTechnology?technology=jlreq"><strong>translations</strong></a>. The English version of this document is the authoritative version.</p>
<p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright" rel="license">Copyright</a> © 2011 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><acronym title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.</p>
</div>
<hr />
<div class="abstract">

<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This document describes requirements for general Japanese layout realized with technologies like CSS, SVG and XSL-FO. The
document is mainly based on a standard for Japanese layout, JIS X 4051, however, it also addresses  areas which are not covered
by JIS X 4051. This second version of the document contains a significant amount of additional information related to hanmen design, such as handling headings, placement of illustrations and tables, handling of notes and reference marks, etc.</p>
</div>
<div class="status">
<h2 id="status">Status of this Document</h2>
<p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document.
A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports
index at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">http://www.w3.org/TR/</a>.</em></p>
<p>This is a second version of a document that describes requirements for general Japanese layout realized with technologies like CSS, SVG, XSL-FO and eBook standards. The
	document is mainly based on a standard for Japanese layout, JIS X 4051, however, it also addresses areas which are not covered
	by JIS X 4051.  This second version of the document contains a significant amount of additional information related to hanmen design, such as handling headings, placement of illustrations and tables, handling of notes and reference marks, etc.</p>
<p>This document was developed by participants in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2007/02/japanese-layout/">Japanese Layout Task Force</a>, with input from four W3C Working Groups, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/">CSS</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/International/core/">Internationalization Core</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/">SVG</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/">XSL</a>.</p>
<p>The document was originally authored in Japanese, then translated to English under the guidance of the Japanese authors. In order to reach the largest international audience, the W3C works in English, so this English version of the document is the authoritative version. However, the <a href="ja/">Japanese</a> version of this document is also available.</p>
<p><strong>This  W3C Working Draft has been published to allow for review and feedback before final publication (as a replacement of the current W3C Note)</strong>. Feedback about the content of this document can be sent to <a href="mailto:public-i18n-cjk@w3.org?subject=%5Bjlreq%5D">public-i18n-cjk@w3.org</a>. Use "[JLReq]" in the subject line of your email, followed by a brief subject. The <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-i18n-cjk/">archive</a> for this list is public. </p>
<p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated,
replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
</p>
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<div class="divtoc"><h2 id="table_of_contents">Table of Contents</h2><div class="toc">
<div class="toc-level1"><span class="toc-number">1 </span><span class="toc-title"><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#introduction"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">1.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#purpose_of_this_document">Purpose of This Document</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#purpose_of_this_document"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">1.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#how_this_document_was_created">How This Document was Created</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#how_this_document_was_created"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">1.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#basic_principles_for_development_of_this_document">Basic Principles for Development of This Document</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#basic_principles_for_development_of_this_document"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">1.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#the_structure_of_this_document">The Structure of This Document</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#the_structure_of_this_document"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">1.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#reference_of_definition_and_others">Reference of Definition and Others</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#reference_of_definition_and_others"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level1"><span class="toc-number">2 </span><span class="toc-title"><a href="#basics_of_japanese_composition">Basics of Japanese Composition</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#basics_of_japanese_composition"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">2.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#characters_and_the_principles_of_setting_them_for_japanese_composition">Characters and the Principles of Setting them for Japanese Composition</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#characters_and_the_principles_of_setting_them_for_japanese_composition"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.1.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#characters_used_for_japanese_composition">Characters Used for Japanese Composition</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#characters_used_for_japanese_composition"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.1.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#kanji_hiragana_and_katakana">Kanji, Hiragana and Katakana</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#kanji_hiragana_and_katakana"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.1.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#principles_of_arrangement_of_kanji_and_kana_characters">Principles of Arrangement of Kanji and Kana Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#principles_of_arrangement_of_kanji_and_kana_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">2.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#page_formats_for_japanese_documents">Page Formats for Japanese Documents</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#page_formats_for_japanese_documents"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.2.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#specification_of_page_formats">Specification of Page Formats</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#specification_of_page_formats"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.2.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#basic_templates_of_page_formats">Basic Templates of Page Formats</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#basic_templates_of_page_formats"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.2.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#elements_of_page_formats">Elements of Page Formats</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#elements_of_page_formats"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.2.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#elements_of_kihonhanmen">Elements of Kihon-hanmen</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#elements_of_kihonhanmen"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.2.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#kihonhanmen_and_examples_of_real_page_format">Kihon-hanmen and Examples of Real Page Format</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#kihonhanmen_and_examples_of_real_page_format"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">2.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode">Vertical Writing Mode and Horizontal Writing Mode</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.3.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#directional_factors_in_japanese_composition">Directional Factors in Japanese Composition</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#directional_factors_in_japanese_composition"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.3.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#major_differences_between_vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode">Major Differences between Vertical Writing Mode and Horizontal Writing Mode</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#major_differences_between_vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">2.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#specifying_the_kihonhanmen">Specifying the Kihon-hanmen</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#specifying_the_kihonhanmen"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.4.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#procedure_for_defining_the_kihonhanmen">Procedure for Defining the Kihon-hanmen</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#procedure_for_defining_the_kihonhanmen"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.4.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#considerations_in_designing_the_kihonhanmen">Considerations in Designing the Kihon-hanmen</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#considerations_in_designing_the_kihonhanmen"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">2.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements">Page wise Arrangement of Kihon-hanmen Elements</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.5.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#examples_of_items_jutting_out_of_the_kihonhanmen">Examples of Items Jutting Out of the Kihon-hanmen</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#examples_of_items_jutting_out_of_the_kihonhanmen"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.5.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#line_positioning_based_on_the_kihonhanmen_design">Line Positioning based on the Kihon-hanmen Design</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#line_positioning_based_on_the_kihonhanmen_design"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.5.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#character_positioning_based_on_kihonhanmen_design">Character Positioning based on Kihon-hanmen Design</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#character_positioning_based_on_kihonhanmen_design"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">2.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#running_heads_and_page_numbers">Running Heads and Page Numbers</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#running_heads_and_page_numbers"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.6.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_running_heads_and_page_numbers">Positioning of Running Heads and Page Numbers</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_running_heads_and_page_numbers"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.6.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#principles_of_arrangement_of_running_heads_and_page_numbers">Principles of Arrangement of Running Heads and Page Numbers</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#principles_of_arrangement_of_running_heads_and_page_numbers"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">2.6.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#ways_of_arranging_running_heads_and_page_numbers">Ways of Arranging Running Heads and Page Numbers</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#ways_of_arranging_running_heads_and_page_numbers"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level1"><span class="toc-number">3 </span><span class="toc-title"><a href="#line-composition">Line Composition</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#line-composition"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#line_composition_rules_for_punctuation_marks">Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#line_composition_rules_for_punctuation_marks"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#differences_in_vertical_and_horizontal_composition_in_use_of_punctuation_marks">Differences in Vertical and Horizontal Composition in Use of Punctuation Marks</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#differences_in_vertical_and_horizontal_composition_in_use_of_punctuation_marks"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_punctuation_marks">Positioning of Punctuation Marks (Commas, Periods and Brackets)</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_punctuation_marks"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#exceptional_positioning_of_ideographic_comma_and_katakana_middle_dot">Exceptional Positioning of Ideographic Comma and Katakana Middle Dot</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#exceptional_positioning_of_ideographic_comma_and_katakana_middle_dot"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_consecutive_opening_brackets_closing_brackets_comma_full_stops_and_middle_dots">Positioning of Consecutive Opening Brackets, Closing Brackets, Commas, Full Stops and Middle Dots</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_consecutive_opening_brackets_closing_brackets_comma_full_stops_and_middle_dots"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head">Positioning of Opening Brackets at Line Head</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_dividing_punctuation_marks">Positioning of Dividing Punctuation Marks (Question Mark and Exclamation Mark) and Hyphens</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_dividing_punctuation_marks"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.7</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#characters_not_starting_a_line">Characters Not Starting a Line</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#characters_not_starting_a_line"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.8</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#characters_not_ending_a_line">Characters Not Ending a Line</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#characters_not_ending_a_line"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.9</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end">Positioning of Closing Brackets, Full Stops, Commas and Middle Dots at Line End</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.10</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#unbreakable_character_sequences">Unbreakable Character Sequences</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#unbreakable_character_sequences"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.11</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#character_sequences_which_do_not_allow_space_insertion_as_part_of_line_adjustment_processing">Character Sequences which Do Not Allow Space Insertion as Part of Line Adjustment Processing</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#character_sequences_which_do_not_allow_space_insertion_as_part_of_line_adjustment_processing"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.1.12</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#examples_of_line_adjustment">Examples of Line Adjustment</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#examples_of_line_adjustment"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#japanese_and_western_mixed_text_composition">Japanese and Western Mixed Text Composition (including Horizontal-in-Vertical Text Composition)</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#japanese_and_western_mixed_text_composition"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.2.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#composition_of_japanese_and_western_mixed_texts">Composition of Japanese and Western Mixed Texts</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#composition_of_japanese_and_western_mixed_texts"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#mixed_text_composition_in_horizontal_writing_mode">Mixed Text Composition in Horizontal Writing Mode</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#mixed_text_composition_in_horizontal_writing_mode"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.2.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#mixed_text_composition_in_vertical_writing_mode">Mixed Text Composition in Vertical Writing Mode</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#mixed_text_composition_in_vertical_writing_mode"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.2.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#method_for_setting_fullwidth_latin_letters_and_european_numerals">Method for Setting Full-width Latin Letters and European Numerals</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#method_for_setting_fullwidth_latin_letters_and_european_numerals"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.2.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#handling_of_tatechuyoko">Handling of Tate-chu-yoko (Horizontal-in-Vertical Settings)</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#handling_of_tatechuyoko"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.2.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#handling_of_western_text_in_japanese_text_using_proportional_western_fonts">Handling of Western Text in Japanese Text using Proportional Western Fonts</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#handling_of_western_text_in_japanese_text_using_proportional_western_fonts"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#ruby_and_emphasis_dots">Ruby and Emphasis Dots</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#ruby_and_emphasis_dots"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#usage_of_ruby">Usage of Ruby</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#usage_of_ruby"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#choice_of_base_characters_to_be_annotated_by_ruby">Choice of Base Characters to be Annotated by Ruby</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#choice_of_base_characters_to_be_annotated_by_ruby"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#choice_of_size_for_ruby_characters">Choice of Size for Ruby Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#choice_of_size_for_ruby_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#choice_of_sides_for_ruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">Choice of Sides for Ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#choice_of_sides_for_ruby_with_respect_to_base_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_monoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">Positioning of Mono-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_monoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_groupruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">Positioning of Group-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_groupruby_with_respect_to_base_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.7</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">Positioning of Jukugo-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.8</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#adjustments_of_ruby_with_length_longer_than_that_of_the_base_characters">Adjustments of Ruby with Length Longer than that of the Base Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#adjustments_of_ruby_with_length_longer_than_that_of_the_base_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.3.9</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#composition_of_emphasis_dots">Composition of Emphasis Dots</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#composition_of_emphasis_dots"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#inline_cutting_note">Inline Cutting Note (Warichu)</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#inline_cutting_note"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.4.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#where_the_inline_cutting_note_is_used">Where the Inline Cutting Note (Warichu) is used</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#where_the_inline_cutting_note_is_used"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.4.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#character_size_for_inline_cutting_notes_and_line_gaps">Character Size for Inline Cutting Notes and Line Gaps</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#character_size_for_inline_cutting_notes_and_line_gaps"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.4.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#handling_an_inline_cutting_note_when_it_straddles_two_kihonhanmen_lines">Handling an Inline Cutting Note when it Straddles Two Kihon-hanmen Lines</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#handling_an_inline_cutting_note_when_it_straddles_two_kihonhanmen_lines"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#paragraph_adjustment_rules">Paragraph Adjustment Rules</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#paragraph_adjustment_rules"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.5.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#line_head_indent_at_the_beginning_of_paragraphs">Line Head Indent at the Beginning of Paragraphs</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#line_head_indent_at_the_beginning_of_paragraphs"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.5.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#line_head_indent_and_line_end_indent">Line Head Indent and Line End Indent</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#line_head_indent_and_line_end_indent"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.5.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#single_line_alignment_processing">Single Line Alignment Processing</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#single_line_alignment_processing"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.5.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#widow_adjustment_of_paragraphs">Widow Adjustment of Paragraphs</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#widow_adjustment_of_paragraphs"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#tab_setting">Tab Setting</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#tab_setting"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.6.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#usage_of_tab_setting">Usage of Tab Setting</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#usage_of_tab_setting"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.6.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#types_of_tab_settings">Types of Tab Settings</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#types_of_tab_settings"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.6.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#the_method_of_setting_the_target_text">The Method of Setting the Target Text</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#the_method_of_setting_the_target_text"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.7</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#other_rules_of_japanese_typesetting">Other Rules of Japanese Typesetting</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#other_rules_of_japanese_typesetting"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.7.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#superscripts_and_superscripts">Superscripts and Superscripts</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#superscripts_and_superscripts"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.7.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#furiwake_processing">Furiwake Processing</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#furiwake_processing"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.7.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#jidori_processing">Jidori Processing</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#jidori_processing"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.7.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_math_symbols_and_math_operators">Processing of Math Symbols and Math Operators</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_math_symbols_and_math_operators"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.8</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#line_adjustment">Line Adjustment</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#line_adjustment"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.8.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#necessity_for_line_adjustment">Necessity for Line Adjustment</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#necessity_for_line_adjustment"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.8.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#reduction_and_addition_of_intercharacter_space">Reduction and Addition of Inter-Character Space</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#reduction_and_addition_of_intercharacter_space"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.8.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_reduction">Procedures for Inter-Character Space Reduction</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_reduction"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.8.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_expansion">Procedures for Inter-Character Space Expansion</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_expansion"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">3.9</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#about_character_classes">About Character Classes</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#about_character_classes"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.9.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#differences_in_positioning_of_characters_and_symbols">Differences in Positioning of Characters and Symbols</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#differences_in_positioning_of_characters_and_symbols"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.9.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning">Grouping of Characters and Symbols depending on their Positioning</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">3.9.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_methods_for_each_character_class">Positioning Methods for each Character Class</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_methods_for_each_character_class"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level1"><span class="toc-number">4 </span><span class="toc-title"><a href="#hanmen-design">Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Paragraphs</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#hanmen-design"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">4.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#handling_of_headings">Handling of Headings (including Page Breaks)</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#handling_of_headings"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#types_of_headings">Types of Headings</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#types_of_headings"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#elements_of_block_heading">Elements of Block Heading</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#elements_of_block_heading"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#font_selection_and_font_size_of_heading">Font Selection and Heading Font Size </a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#font_selection_and_font_size_of_heading"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#how_to_handle_headings_with_new_recto_page_break_and_bew_column">How to Handle Headings with New Recto, Page Break and New Column</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#how_to_handle_headings_with_new_recto_page_break_and_bew_column"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#handling_of_spaces_just_before_the_new_recto_page_breaks_and_new_edges">Handling of Spaces just before the New Recto, Page Breaks and New Edges</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#handling_of_spaces_just_before_the_new_recto_page_breaks_and_new_edges"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_gyoudori">Processing of Gyou-dori</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_gyoudori"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.7</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_gyoudori_heading_set_in_the_bottom_of_the_page">Processing of Gyou-dori Heading Set at the bottom of the Page</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_gyoudori_heading_set_in_the_bottom_of_the_page"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.8</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_when_one_line_space_before_low_level_heading_is_set">Processing when a One Line Space is Set Before a Low Level Heading</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_when_one_line_space_before_low_level_heading_is_set"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.9</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_runin_heading">Processing of Run-in Headings</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_runin_heading"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.10</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_cutin_heading">Processing of Cut-in Headings</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_cutin_heading"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.1.11</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_column_spanning_heading">Processing of Column Spanning Headings</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_column_spanning_heading"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">4.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_notes">Processing of Notes</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_notes"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.2.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#kinds_of_notes">Kinds of Notes</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#kinds_of_notes"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.2.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#note_numbers">Note Numbers</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#note_numbers"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.2.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#the_processing_of_the_reference_mark">The Processing of the Reference Mark</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#the_processing_of_the_reference_mark"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.2.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_endnotes_in_vertical_writing_mode_or_horizontal_writing_mode">Processing of Endnotes in Vertical Writing Mode or Horizontal Writing Mode</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_endnotes_in_vertical_writing_mode_or_horizontal_writing_mode"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.2.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_footnotes_in_horizontal_writing_mode">Processing of Footnotes in Horizontal Writing Mode</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_footnotes_in_horizontal_writing_mode"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.2.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_sidenote_in_vertical_writing_mode">Processing of Sidenotes in Vertical Writing Mode</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_sidenote_in_vertical_writing_mode"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.2.7</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_headnote_footnote_and_sidenote">Processing of Headnotes (in Vertical Writing Mode), Footnotes (in Vertical Writing Mode) and Sidenotes (in Horizontal Writing Mode)</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_headnote_footnote_and_sidenote"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">4.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_illustrations">Positioning of Illustrations</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_illustrations"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.3.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#specification_of_the_position_of_illustrations">Specification of the Position of Illustrations</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#specification_of_the_position_of_illustrations"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.3.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#basic_concepts_about_illustration_positioning">Basic Concepts about Illustration Positioning</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#basic_concepts_about_illustration_positioning"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.3.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#requirements_for_illustration_positioning_in_vertical_mayout">Requirements for Illustration Positioning in Vertical Layout</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#requirements_for_illustration_positioning_in_vertical_mayout"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.3.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#requirements_for_illustration_positioning_in_horizontal_layout">Requirements for Illustration Positioning in Horizontal Layout</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#requirements_for_illustration_positioning_in_horizontal_layout"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.3.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#basic_ideas_about_illustration_positioning_in_JISX4051">Basic Ideas about Illustration Positioning in JIS X 4051</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#basic_ideas_about_illustration_positioning_in_JISX4051"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">4.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_tables">Processing of Tables</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_tables"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.4.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#elements_of_tables">Elements of Tables</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#elements_of_tables"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.4.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#direction_of_tables_themselves">Direction of Tables Themselves</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#direction_of_tables_themselves"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.4.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#an_example_of_layout_with_a_table">An Example of Layout with a Table</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#an_example_of_layout_with_a_table"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.4.4</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#kinds_of_tables_from_alocation_to_page_position">Kinds of Tables from Allocation to Page Position</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#kinds_of_tables_from_alocation_to_page_position"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.4.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_tables_allocated_in_a_spread">Processing of Tables Allocated in a Spread</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_tables_allocated_in_a_spread"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.4.6</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_dividable_tables">Processing of Dividable Tables</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_dividable_tables"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level2"><span class="toc-number">4.5</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#block_direction_setting_process_of_lines_paragraphs">Block Direction Setting Process of Lines, Paragraphs etc.</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#block_direction_setting_process_of_lines_paragraphs"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.5.1</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#line_gap_arrangement_with_ruby_and_other_objects">Line Gap Arrangement with Ruby and Other Objects</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#line_gap_arrangement_with_ruby_and_other_objects"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.5.2</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#processing_of_spaces_between_paragraphs">Processing of Spaces between Paragraphs</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#processing_of_spaces_between_paragraphs"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level3"><span class="toc-number">4.5.3</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#adjustment_of_processing_of_realm_in_block_direction">Adjustment of Processing of Realm in Block Direction</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#adjustment_of_processing_of_realm_in_block_direction"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-level1"><span class="toc-title"><a href="#appendices">Appendices</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#appendices"></a></span></div><div class="toc-appendices"><div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">A</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#character_classes">Character Classes</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#character_classes"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">B</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#spacing_between_characters">Spacing between Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#spacing_between_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">C</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#possibilities_for_linebreaking_between_characters">Possibilities for  Line-breaking between Characters</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#possibilities_for_linebreaking_between_characters"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">D</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment">Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">E</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment">Opportunities for  Inter-character Space Expansion during Line Adjustment</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">F</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby">Positioning of Jukugo-ruby</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">G</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#terminology">Terminology</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#terminology"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">H</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#references">References</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#references"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">I</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#revision_log">Revision Log</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#revision_log"></a></span></div>
<div class="toc-levelA"><span class="toc-number">J</span> <span class="toc-title"><a href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgements</a></span><span class="toc-page"><a href="#acknowledgments"></a></span></div>
</div></div></div>
<hr /><div class="div1" id="chapter_1">
		
			
			<h2 id="introduction">1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-heading0">Introduction</span></span></h2><hr class="chapter-ruler" />
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="purpose_of_this_document">1.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading0_1" class="index">Purpose of This Document</span></span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>Each cultural community has its own language, script and writing system. In that sense, the transfer of each writing system into cyberspace is a task with very high importance for information and communication technology.</p>
			
			
				
				<p>As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document describes issues of text <a href="#term.composition" class="termref">composition</a>
in the Japanese writing system. The goal of the task force is not to propose actual solutions but describe important issues as basic information for actual implementations.</p>
			
		</div>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="how_this_document_was_created">1.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading0_2" class="index">How This Document was Created</span></span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>This document was created by the W3C Japanese Layout Task Force. The Task Force has discussed many issues and harmonized the requirements from user communities and solutions from technological experts. It includes the following participants:					</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
					
						
						<p>Japanese text composition
experts (The editors of "JIS X 4051 : Formatting rules for Japanese documents").</p>
					
					</li>
				<li>
					
						
						<p>Internationalization and standardization experts in Japan (from Microsoft, Antenna House, JustSystems).</p>
					
					</li>
				<li>
					
						
						<p>Members of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/">W3C</a> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/">CSS</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/">SVG</a>,
 <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/">XSL</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/International/core/">i18n Core</a>,
Working Groups.</p>
					
					</li>
			</ol>
			
				
				<p>This task force also constitutes an important innovation due to its bilingual work-flow. Discussion is mainly conducted in Japanese, because
           of the Japanese <a href="#term.composition" class="termref2nd">composition</a> issues, but minutes and one mailing list were in English. To support  development, the task force
            held face-to-face meetings with participating Working Groups.</p>
			
			
				
				<p>The document itself was also developed bilingually, and is published bilingually. We carefully avoided
           using jargon for technical terms. Even if there were English words corresponding to the Japanese, we carefully studied any potential differences
           in the nuances of meaning, and if there were differences between corresponding concepts, we provided the Japanese
           jargon in romaji (Latin transliteration) for future discussion. Moreover, we prepared as many figures as possible, with clear
           and understandable English, to help non-Japanese readers.         </p>
			
		</div>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="basic_principles_for_development_of_this_document">1.3 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading0_3" class="index">Basic Principles for Development of This Document</span></span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>Japanese composition
exhibits several differences from Western composition. Major differences include:</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>The use of not only horizontal writing mode
but also vertical writing mode.</p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>In principle, all <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frames</a> of  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters
used in Japanese composition are designed in a square box, and these characters are composed without intervening spaces (i.e. set solid). In this document, notations such as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> characters indicate character classes (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>).</p>
           
         </li>
			</ol>
			
				
				<p>This document mainly explains the characteristics of Japanese composition along the lines of the following policy.</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>It does not fully cover all issues of the Japanese composition system, but mainly discusses the differences from Western composition systems.
            </p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>It focuses on the requirements for the Japanese visual presentation form of text composition. Technology-specific interpretations
              of the requirements and/or how to implement them are out of scope for this document.
            </p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>It explicitly refers to JIS X 4051 "Formatting rules for Japanese documents" as much as possible. This document focuses on fundamental and important issues of Japanese layout as much as possible, and for more detail
              references the corresponding clause of JIS X 4051. The   JIS X 4051 topics that are not described in this document, are only  for exceptional, corner cases or to provide some specific line composition algorithms. On the other hand, some topics that are not described in JIS X 4051 are described in detail. Accordingly, this document is sufficient to implement Japanese layout processing for most parts of the Japanese market. </p>
           
           
            
            <p>In accordance with the stated policy, this document provides tutorial- or summary-like, supplementary explanations, related background, and additional
              descriptions for JIS X 4051 information. This document covers all the fundamental issues of Japanese text layout, but the reader will need to refer to JIS X 4051 for advanced  discussion of exceptional topics.            </p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>It provides typical examples of actual use for key composition features, to enable better understanding of their usage.</p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>For non-Japanese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate
              research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. They are intuitive for ordinary Japanese text readers; however, for non-Japanese readers it may be difficult to imagine without explicit information. These frequencies are only
              rough information to prioritize the importance of issues. A couple of examples:            </p>
           
           
            
            <p>"warichu (inline cutting note) is not frequently used, but is useful to simply annotate persons, things, and so on, at the place where the text appears, especially in
              classic texts or translations.",  or
              "ruby is frequently used in modern documents, including newspapers."
            </p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>In consideration of non-Japanese readers of this document, figures are used for explanations wherever possible.</p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>Text layout rules and recommendations for readable design are different things, however these two issues are difficult to
              discuss independently. In this document, these two aspects are carefully separated. The aesthetic design recommendations are
              mainly described using notes.
            </p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>The main target of this document is common books. The authors' experiences are mainly related to common books, and the quality
              required for common books is the highest in the market. There are many kinds of books in the market, and the requirements are quite
              diverse. The task force has a lot of accumulated experience in requirements and solutions for Japanese text composition. Nonetheless, many issues, which have been discussed over a long period of time, are applicable for other kinds of publication.</p>
           
           
            
            <p>In terms of frequency
	of use, the importance of magazines, technical manuals, and Web documents
rates alongside
common books. However, there are several characteristics in these publications, which are different from common books. These issues should be treated more fully in future documents.</p>
           
         </li>
			</ol>
		</div>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="the_structure_of_this_document">1.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading0_4">The Structure of This Document</span></span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>This document consists of four parts:</p>
			
<dl>
<dd>

<p><span class="sec_ref">1 Introduction</span></p></dd>
<dd>

<p><span class="sec_ref">2 Basics of Japanese Composition</span></p></dd>
<dd>

<p><span class="sec_ref">3 Line Composition</span></p></dd>
<dd>

<p><span class="sec_ref">4 Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Paragraphs</span></p></dd>
</dl>
			
				
				<p><a class="sec_ref" href="#basics_of_japanese_composition">2 Basics of Japanese Composition</a> explains the characteristics of letters and symbols which are used in Japanese composition, their differences in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a> and <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>, and the design and adaptation of the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a>.</p>
			
			
				
				<p><a class="sec_ref" href="#line-composition">3 Line Composition</a>
explains line composition
methods for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters and <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a>, together with ruby
(inter-line pronunciation information and annotation) and <a href="#term.japanese-and-western-mixed-text-composition" class="termref">Japanese and Western mixed text composition</a>, i.e. mixtures of Japanese characters and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>.</p>
			
			
				
				<p>
				<a class="sec_ref" href="#hanmen-design">4 Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Paragraphs</a> describes
				construction methods and composition methods for <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">headings</a>, <a href="#term.note" class="termref">notes</a>, <a href="#term.illustrations" class="termref">illustrations</a> and <a href="#term.table" class="termref">tables</a>.</p>
			
			
				
				<p>In principle, characters in Japanese composition are designed in a square box and positioned without spaces, i.e. <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>. This is taken as a basic premise for the design of the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref2nd">kihon-hanmen</a>, the basis of book layout. Furthermore, to understand Japanese layout, it is important to understand the design of the kihon-hanmen and how to position illustrations, characters, symbols etc. in relation to it. Hence, <a class="sec_ref" href="#basics_of_japanese_composition">2 Basics of Japanese Composition</a>
describes in detail the design of the kihon-hanmen and its dependencies. In particular, <a class="sec_ref" href="#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements">2.5 Page wise Arrangement of Kihon-hanmen Elements</a>
 provides prototypical patterns for the three guidelines listed after this paragraph: what recommendations need to be strictly taken into account, and what exceptions are possible. (The goal of these explanations is an understanding of Japanese composition. Since detailed explanations of the various elements of the kihon-hanmen are given in <a class="sec_ref" href="#line-composition">3 Line Composition</a>
and <a class="sec_ref" href="#hanmen-design">4 Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Paragraphs</a>, some explanations are repeated.)</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>Keep to the basic size and column numbers of <a href="#term.multi-column-format" class="termref">multi-column format</a> that were decided upon in setting up the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref2nd">kihon-hanmen</a>, with some exceptions.</p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>Keep to the line positions that were decided upon in setting up the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref2nd">kihon-hanmen</a>, with some exceptions.</p>
           
         </li>
				<li>
           
            
            <p>Keep to the letter positions that were decided upon in setting up the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref2nd">kihon-hanmen</a>, with some exceptions.</p>
           
         </li>
			</ol>
		</div>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="reference_of_definition_and_others">1.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading0_5">Reference of Definition and Others</span></span></h3>
			
			
				
<p>The definitions of technical terms are described in the <a class="sec_ref" href="#terminology">Appendix G Terminology</a> appendix. Terms are linked to corresponding places in the Terminology appendix only at first appearance and in important places. If there is no appropriate English terminology for Japanese terminology, or the English terminology may possibly cause misunderstanding, the Japanese terminology is only transliterated to Hepburn style romaji notation (except that "m", not "n", is used  before "b", "m" and "p").
</p>


<p>Also, the definitions of terminology in the Terminology appendix are basically the same as the definitions of JIS X 8125 or JIS X 4051, with respect to common Japanese usage of terminology.
</p>


<p>Each character class has its own character class number in parentheses. Members of each character class are listed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#character_classes">Appendix A Character Classes</a>, except for CJK Ideographs.
Each character in this document is named and referred to using the character names of ISO/IEC 10646 (UCS).
</p>


<p>The formal title of the frequently mentioned Japanese Industrial Standard JIS X 4051 is as follows:
</p>
<blockquote>


<p>JIS X 4051 : 2004 Formatting rules for Japanese documents
</p>
</blockquote>


<p>
JIS X 4051 is available from the Japan Standards Association (http://www.jsa.or.jp/), but a PDF version is not available from JSA. The PDF version is accessible from the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee site (http://www.jisc.go.jp/), however it is not possible to download it.
</p>
			
		</div>
		
	</div><div class="div1" id="chapter_2">
		
			
			<h2 id="basics_of_japanese_composition">2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-heading1">Basics of Japanese Composition</span></span></h2><hr class="chapter-ruler" />
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="characters_and_the_principles_of_setting_them_for_japanese_composition">2.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_2">Characters and the Principles of Setting them for Japanese Composition</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="characters_used_for_japanese_composition">2.1.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_2_1">Characters Used for Japanese Composition</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Japanese letters
used for composing Japanese text mainly consist of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_4-en">Fig. 2.1</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_4.png" alt="Kanji, hiragana and katakana." width="280" height="185" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.1: <span class="caption-body">Kanji, hiragana and katakana.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In addition to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters, various <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_5-en">Fig. 2.2</a>) as well as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>, such as <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a>, Latin letters and/or Greek letters, may be used in Japanese text. In this document these characters are classified into character classes, for which explanations are given describing  their behavior in type-setting.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig1_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_5.png" alt="Examples of punctuation marks." width="577" height="377" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.2: <span class="caption-body">Examples of punctuation marks.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The details of character classes used in this document will be explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>, as well as in <a class="sec_ref" href="#character_classes">Appendix A Character Classes</a>. Also, in "Spacing between Characters" all non-Kanji characters included in ISO/IEC 10646 (UCS) Annex A collection 285 (Basic Japanese character set) and collection 286 (Extended non-Kanji character set) are explicitly classified by character class.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="kanji_hiragana_and_katakana">2.1.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_2_2">Kanji, Hiragana and Katakana</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">Ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
characters are the same size, and have square <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frames</a> of equal dimensions. Aligned with the vertical and horizontal center of the character frame, there is a smaller box called the <a href="#term.letter-face" class="termref">letter face</a>, which contains the actual symbol. <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">Character size</a> is measured by the size of the character frame (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_6-en">Fig. 2.3</a>). "<a href="#term.character-advance" class="termref">Character advance</a>" is a term used to describe the advance width of the character frame of a character. By definition, it is equal to the "width" of a character in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>, whereas it is the height of a character in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_6-en">Fig. 2.3</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_6.png" alt="The size of kanji and hiragana, and the character frames." width="469" height="412" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.3: <span class="caption-body">The size of kanji and hiragana, and the character frames.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In vertical writing mode, the letter face of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a>
characters (ぁぃぅァィゥ etc.) is placed at the vertical center and to the right of the horizontal center of the <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frame</a>; in horizontal writing mode, it is placed at the horizontal center and below the vertical center (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_7-en">Fig. 2.4</a>). Also there are <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a>
with letter faces that are not placed at the vertical and horizontal center of the character frame.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig1_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_7.png" alt="Small kana and the position of their letter face in the character frame." width="502" height="528" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.4: <span class="caption-body">Small kana and the position of their letter face in the character frame.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="principles_of_arrangement_of_kanji_and_kana_characters">2.1.3 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_2_3">Principles of Arrangement of Kanji and Kana Characters</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>In principle, when composing a line with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters no extra space appears between their <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frame</a>.
					This is called  solid setting
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_8-en">Fig. 2.5</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_8.png" alt="Example of solid setting in horizontal writing mode." width="289" height="111" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.5: <span class="caption-body">Example of solid setting in horizontal writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In
the <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref">letterpress printing</a> era <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters
were designed so that they were easy to read in <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>, regardless of text direction. However, unlike the letterpress printing era, when several sizes of the <a href="#term.original-pattern" class="termref">original pattern</a> of a letter were required to create <a href="#term.matrix" class="termref">matrices</a>, in today's digital era the same original pattern is used for any size simply by enlargement or reduction. Because of this, it might be necessary to adjust the <a href="#term.inter-character-space" class="termref">inter-character space</a> when composing lines at large character sizes. When composing lines at small character sizes, hinting data is used to ensure that the width of the strokes that make up a character look correct.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Depending on the context, there are several setting methods used in addition to <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>, as shown below.</p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>
 
 
 <p>Fixed inter-character spacing: Text set with a fixed size <a href="#term.space" class="termref">space</a>
between each character frame (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_9-en">Fig. 2.6</a>).</p>
 


 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_9.png" alt="Examples of fixed inter-character spacing in horizontal writing mode." width="462" height="185" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.6: <span class="caption-body">Examples of fixed inter-character spacing in horizontal writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 


 
 
 <p>Fixed inter-character spacing is used in books for the following cases: (Fixed inter-character spacing, including also <a href="#term.even-tsumegumi" class="termref">even tsumegumi</a>, is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 4.18.1 b.)</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>To achieve a balance between  <a href="#term.running-head" class="termref">running heads</a> with few and with many characters. Fixed inter-character spacing is used for the running heads with
 few characters. Examples of fixed inter-character spacing for running heads are given in JIS X 4051, annex 5.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>To achieve a balance between headings
with few and with many characters. Fixed inter-character spacing is used for the <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">headings</a>
with few characters. Examples of fixed inter-character spacing for headings are given in JIS X 4051, annex 6.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>For <a href="#term.caption" class="termref">captions</a>
of <a href="#term.illustrations" class="termref">illustrations</a>
and <a href="#term.table" class="termref">tables</a>, which only have a few characters. Fixed inter-character spacing is used to balance with the size of the illustration or table.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>In some cases, fixed inter-character spacing is used for Chinese and Japanese poetry where one line has only a few characters.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 
 
 </li>
								<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.even-inter-character-spacing" class="termref">Even inter-character spacing</a>: Text set with equal inter-character spacing between characters on a given line, so that each line is aligned to the same <a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a> and line end (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_10-en">Fig. 2.7</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_10.png" alt="Example of even inter-character space setting in horizontal writing mode." width="300" height="308" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.7: <span class="caption-body">Example of even inter-character space setting in horizontal writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 
 
 <p>Even inter-character space setting  is used in books for unifying the length of table headings with Japanese text (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_4-en">Fig. 2.8</a>). There are also examples (e.g. lists of names) in which parts of a person names receive inter-character spacing.
(<a href="#term.even-inter-character-spacing" class="termref">Even inter-character spacing</a>, including processing of <a href="#term.jidori" class="termref">jidori</a>, is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 4.18.1.)
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_4.png" alt="Example of a table with inter-character spacing." width="441" height="139" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.8: <span class="caption-body">Example of a table with inter-character spacing.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 
 
 </li>
								<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.tsumegumi" class="termref">Tsumegumi</a>
(kerning / tracking): Text is set with negative inter-character space
by arranging characters so that a portion of two character frames
overlap each other. This is divided further into two types, depending on the methods used for inter-character space reduction. One method involves reducing by the same amount of inter-character space (<a href="#term.even-tsumegumi" class="termref">even tsumegumi</a> or tracking, see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_11-en">Fig. 2.9</a>) and the other involves determining  the amount of space to reduce based on the distance between the two letter faces of adjacent characters (<a href="#term.face-tsumegumi" class="termref">face tsumegumi</a>
or letter face kerning, see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_12-en">Fig. 2.10</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div id="fig1_11-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_11.png" alt="Example of even tsumegumi in horizontal writing mode. (The 1st line is the same text with solid setting, for comparison.)" width="576" height="81" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.9: <span class="caption-body">Example of even tsumegumi in horizontal writing mode. (The 1st line is the same text with solid setting, for comparison.)</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_12.png" alt="Example of face tsumegumi in horizontal writing mode. (The 1st line is the same text with solid setting, for comparison.)" width="576" height="81" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.10: <span class="caption-body">Example of face tsumegumi in horizontal writing mode. (The 1st line is the same text with solid setting, for comparison.)</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 
 
 <p>
In the <a href="#term.main-text" class="termref">main text</a> of books, the most reader-friendly approach is to use <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>. However, if the character size is larger, the distance between characters may become unbalanced, and tsumegumi will be applied. For example, there are books where tsumegumi
 is used with headings
set in large character sizes. These methods are rarely used in books, since ease of reading is very important, but in magazines or advertisements there are many more examples of tsumegumi.
Magazines tend to use type to differentiate themselves from others, and so devices like this are sometimes used for that purpose.</p>
 
 </li>
							</ol>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
		</div>
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="page_formats_for_japanese_documents">2.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_1">Page Formats for Japanese Documents</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="specification_of_page_formats">2.2.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_1_1" class="index">Specification of Page Formats</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The <a href="#term.page-format" class="termref">page format</a> of a Japanese document is specified by:</p>
				
				<ul>
					<li>
 
 
 <p> Firstly, preparing a template of the page format, which determines the basic appearance of pages of the document;</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>
Then, specifying the details of actual <a href="#term.page" class="termref">page</a>
elements based on the templates.</p>
 
 </li>
				</ul>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="basic_templates_of_page_formats">2.2.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_1_2">Basic Templates of Page Formats</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Generally, books use only one template for <a href="#term.page-format" class="termref">page format</a>, whereas magazines often use several templates.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Although in books, as will be mentioned in c of <a class="sec_ref" href="#kihonhanmen_and_examples_of_real_page_format">2.2.5 Kihon-hanmen and Examples of Real Page Format</a>, there tends to be one template for the page format, the basic pattern is typically adapted. For example, the <a href="#term.table-of-contents" class="termref">table of contents</a>
may contain small modifications. Furthermore, there are many examples of <a href="#term.index" class="termref">indexes</a>
with a different page format than the basic page format, and vertically set books often have indexes in horizontal writing mode and sometimes multiple columns.
This still holds true where the goal is to make the size of the <a href="#term.hanmen" class="termref">hanmen</a>
for indexes close to the size of hanmen in the basic page format.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Magazines gather articles of different kinds. Often the page format will differ depending on the content of the article. For example, one part may have 9 point character size and 3 columns, and another part 8 point character size and 4 columns.</p>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="elements_of_page_formats">2.2.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_1_3">Elements of Page Formats</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_1.png" alt="Example of a page format in vertical writing mode." width="526" height="295" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.11: <span class="caption-body">Example of a page format in vertical writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
					
					<p>The following are the basic elements of a page format. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_1-en">Fig. 2.11</a>
illustrates an example of a page format in vertical writing mode).</p>
				
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.trim-size" class="termref">Trim size</a> and binding side (vertically set Japanese documents are <a href="#term.bound-on-the-right-hand-side" class="termref">bound on the right-hand side</a>, and horizontally set documents are <a href="#term.bound-on-the-left-hand-side" class="termref">bound on the left-hand side</a>. See <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_2-en">Fig. 2.12</a>.)</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Principal <a href="#term.text-direction" class="termref">text direction</a> (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode).</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Appearance of the kihon-hanmen
and its position relative to the trim size.</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Appearance of <a href="#term.running-head" class="termref">running heads</a>
and <a href="#term.page-number" class="termref">page numbers</a>, and their positions relative to the trim size and kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_2.png" alt="Binding-side (bound on the right-hand side and bound on the left-hand side)." width="425" height="284" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.12: <span class="caption-body">Binding-side (bound on the right-hand side and bound on the left-hand side).</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Establishing a <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a> may be seen as defining not only a rectangular area on a page, but also within that area an underlying, logical grid, to guide the placement of such things as characters, <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">headings</a>, and <a href="#term.illustrations" class="termref">illustrations</a>.  However, once a kihon-hanmen is established, there is no absolute requirement to align characters with the grid, especially when setting characters inside a line.  The only factors that influence the placement of characters are strong gravitational forces that (i) attract the first and last characters on a line to align with the border of the kihon-hanmen, and (ii) attract each line position to the line positions on which the kihon-hanmen is based.</p>
							
							
								
								<p>It may help in understanding the basic concepts of Japanese layout and kihon-hanmen to think in terms of a slit-based model, rather than a grid-based model. Each slit is the full length of the lines on which the kihon-hanmen is based.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="elements_of_kihonhanmen">2.2.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_1_4">Elements of Kihon-hanmen</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a>
is the hanmen
style designed as the basis of a book. The following are the basic elements of the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_3-en">Fig. 2.13</a>).</p>
				

				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">Character size</a> and typeface name
</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode)</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.number-of-columns" class="termref">Number of columns</a> and <a href="#term.column-gap" class="termref">column gap</a> when using <a href="#term.multi-column-format" class="termref">multi-column format</a></p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.line-length" class="termref">Length of a line</a></p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Number of lines per page (number of lines per column when using multi-column format)</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.line-gap" class="termref">Line gap</a></p>
 
 </li>
				</ol>

				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_3.png" alt="Elements of kihon-hanmen. (Example in vertical writing mode.)" width="514" height="673" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.13: <span class="caption-body">Elements of kihon-hanmen. (Example in vertical writing mode.)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				

				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>To understand the characteristics of Japanese composition,
it is important to understand how the various elements of the kihon-hanmen are applied to a real page. The details will be explained  in <a class="sec_ref" href="#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements">2.5 Page wise Arrangement of Kihon-hanmen Elements</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The normative definition of kihon-hanmen is provided in JIS X 4051, sec. 7.5.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Format examples (including running heads and page numbers) and composition examples for kihon-hanmen in different <a href="#term.trim-size" class="termref">trim sizes</a> are
 available in JIS X 4051, annexes 3 and 4.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="kihonhanmen_and_examples_of_real_page_format">2.2.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_1_5">Kihon-hanmen and Examples of Real Page Format</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Below are several examples of how the basic page format is created, and how then various elements are placed on a real text page.
 (This and other aspects of how the various elements of the kihon-hanmen are arranged on each page are explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements">2.5 Page wise Arrangement of Kihon-hanmen Elements</a>.)</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><span class="index" id="d3e1815">Realm and position of <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">headings</a></span></p>
 
 
 
 <p>To set a heading, first establish a rectangular space based on a number of lines in the kihon-hanmen.  For example, a '3 line space' means (3 * the size of the character frame used for the kihon-hanmen + 2 * the line gap in the kihon-hanmen).  (Details of this processing are defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 8.3.3.d). The heading text is usually set in the centre of the rectangular space in the <a href="#term.block-direction" class="termref">block direction</a>, and indented from the line head. The size of the indent is usually specified as a number of characters in the kihon-hanmen.  For example, a '4 character indent' means (4 * the size of the character frames used for establishing the kihon-hanmen). (See the example at <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_1-en">Fig. 2.14</a>.)</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_1.png" alt="Layout example of a heading based on the line positions established by the kihon-hanmen." width="381" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.14: <span class="caption-body">Layout example of a heading based on the line positions established by the kihon-hanmen.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>Details of the different types of heading, creation of headings, methods for placing headings, etc. is explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#handling_of_headings">4.1 Handling of Headings (including Page Breaks)</a>.
</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Size of <a href="#term.illustrations" class="termref">illustrations</a></p>
 
 
 
 <p>In horizontal writing mode with two columns, for example, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the width of one kihon-hanmen column
 or the width of the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_2-en">Fig. 2.15</a>). The illustrations are usually set at the <a href="#term.head" class="termref">head</a> or the <a href="#term.foot" class="termref">foot</a> of the page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_2-en">Fig. 2.15</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_2.png" alt="Example of illustrations in two columns, horizontal writing mode." width="438" height="411" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.15: <span class="caption-body">Example of illustrations in two columns, horizontal writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 
 
 <p>Also, in vertical writing mode, for example with three columns, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one kihon-hanmen column or the height of the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_19-en">Fig. 2.16</a>). The illustrations are usually set at the right side or left side of the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_19-en">Fig. 2.16</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_19-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_19.png" alt="Example of illustrations in three columns, vertical writing mode." width="504" height="346" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.16: <span class="caption-body">Example of illustrations in three columns, vertical writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>Details of illustration positioning is explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_illustrations">4.3 Positioning of Illustrations</a>.
</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Hanmen size for the <a href="#term.table-of-contents" class="termref">table of contents</a></p>
 
 
 
 <p>The hanmen size for the table of contents of books is based on the size of the kihon-hanmen. There are many examples of tables of contents in vertical writing mode where the
left-to-right size
is identical to that of the kihon-hanmen, but the
top-to-bottom size
is a little bit smaller (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_3-en">Fig. 2.17</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_3.png" alt="Example of the design of the table of contents (TOC) in vertical writing mode." width="479" height="402" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.17: <span class="caption-body">Example of the design of the table of contents (TOC) in vertical writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>There are cases when a different hanmen than the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a> is used for positioning of <a href="#term.running-head" class="termref">running heads</a> and <a href="#term.page-number" class="termref">page numbers</a>. This
 will be discussed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#principles_of_arrangement_of_running_heads_and_page_numbers">2.6.2 Principles of Arrangement of Running Heads and Page Numbers</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_17-en">Fig. 2.51</a>).
</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
		</div>
		
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode">2.3 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_3">Vertical Writing Mode and Horizontal Writing Mode</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="directional_factors_in_japanese_composition">2.3.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_3_1" class="index">Directional Factors in Japanese Composition</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Japanese <a href="#term.composition" class="termref">composition</a>
has two <a href="#term.text-direction" class="termref">text directions</a>. One is vertical direction (<a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a>), the other is horizontal direction (<a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>).</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">Ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
characters for Japanese composition have basically been designed to have a square
character frame from the letterpress printing era on. Thus the same collection of <a href="#term.printing-types" class="termref">printing types</a>
can be used in either vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, simply by changing the direction of text, (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_13-en">Fig. 2.18</a>). There were some attempts to develop <a href="#term.printing-types" class="termref">printing types</a>
designed exclusively for horizontal writing mode, but they were not widely accepted.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig1_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_13.png" alt="Vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode. (The arrows show the reading direction.)" width="424" height="471" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.18: <span class="caption-body">Vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode. (The arrows show the reading direction.)</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is little market data comparing the number of pages with vertical writing mode  and horizontal writing mode, but it is said that both are almost the same.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>For official (e.g. governmental) documentation, horizontal writing mode is recommended. Educational material (with the exception
 of certain topics) is mostly in horizontal writing mode. Readers of "mobile novels" are increasing, and it
 is expected that in the future horizontal writing mode will increase in this area as well. However, most of the large newspapers
 are written completely in vertical writing mode, and most of the large journals for ordinary readers are almost completely set in vertical writing mode. In addition, novels, which are the most widely read kind of book publication, are almost completely in vertical writing mode
 (some readers say that they cannot read a novel if it is not in vertical writing mode). Hence it can be expected that the importance
 of vertical writing mode for Japanese will not change for the time being.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is usually only one direction for all text throughout a book, but there are cases where horizontal writing mode is used in certain parts of vertically composed books (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_14-en">Fig. 2.19</a>). <a href="#term.table" class="termref">Tables</a>, <a href="#term.caption" class="termref">captions</a> for <a href="#term.illustrations" class="termref">illustrations</a>, <a href="#term.running-head" class="termref">running heads</a>, and  <a href="#term.page-number" class="termref">page numbers</a> are usually composed horizontally in a page with a vertical writing mode.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig1_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_14.png" alt="Example of horizontal writing mode in parts of vertically set books." width="360" height="436" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.19: <span class="caption-body">Example of horizontal writing mode in parts of vertically set books.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="major_differences_between_vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode">2.3.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_3_2">Major Differences between Vertical Writing Mode and Horizontal Writing Mode</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The following are major differences between vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Arrangement of characters, lines, <a href="#term.column" class="termref">columns</a> and <a href="#term.page" class="termref">pages</a>; direction of page progression.</p>
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>The positioning of characters, lines and paragraphs in vertical and horizontal writing mode is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 7.4.4.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
		<ol>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>Vertical writing mode. See <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_15-en">Fig. 2.20</a> for an example of vertical writing mode with two columns per page.</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_15.png" alt="Direction of arrangement of characters in vertical writing mode." width="394" height="177" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.20: <span class="caption-body">Direction of arrangement of characters in vertical writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Characters are arranged from top to bottom, lines are arranged from right to left.</p>
 
					</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.column" class="termref">Columns</a> are arranged from top to bottom. A book starts with the left (recto) side and progresses from right to left (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_16-en">Fig. 2.21</a>).
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_16-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_16.png" alt="Progression of pages for a vertically set books." width="333" height="300" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.21: <span class="caption-body">Progression of pages for a vertically set books.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
					</li>
				</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>Horizontal composition. See <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_17-en">Fig. 2.22</a> for an example of horizontal text layout with two-columns per page.
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_17-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_17.png" alt="Direction of arrangement of characters in horizontal writing mode." width="394" height="177" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.22: <span class="caption-body">Direction of arrangement of characters in horizontal writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Characters are arranged from left to right, and lines are arranged from top to bottom.</p>
 
					</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.column" class="termref">Columns</a> are arranged from left to right. A book starts with the right (recto) side and progresses from left to right (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_18-en">Fig. 2.23</a>).
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_18-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_18.png" alt="Progression of pages for a horizontally set book." width="331" height="300" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.23: <span class="caption-body">Progression of pages for a horizontally set book.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
					</li>
				</ol>
			</li>
		</ol>
	</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Orientation of Latin alphanumeric characters in a line.</p>
 
		<ol>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>There are three ways to arrange Latin alphanumerics in vertical writing mode:</p>
 
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>One by one with the same normal orientation as that of <a href="#term.japanese-characters" class="termref">Japanese characters</a>. This is usually applied to one-letter alphanumerics or capitalized abbreviations (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_19-en">Fig. 2.24</a>).
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_19-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_19.png" alt="Arrangement of alphanumerics in vertical writing mode - normal orientation." width="123" height="181" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.24: <span class="caption-body">Arrangement of alphanumerics in vertical writing mode - normal orientation.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>The alphanumeric characters used for this arrangement have different typographic features than those with <a href="#term.proportional" class="termref">proportional</a> width used for Western text. They are of <a href="#term.fixed-width" class="termref">fixed-width</a> and <a href="#term.full-width" class="termref">full-width</a> design, and have been used this way since the <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref">letterpress printing</a> era.
</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
					</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This is usually applied to English words or sentences (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_20-en">Fig. 2.25</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_20-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_20.png" alt="Arrangement of alphanumerics in vertical writing mode - rotated 90 degrees clockwise." width="124" height="188" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.25: <span class="caption-body">Arrangement of alphanumerics in vertical writing mode - rotated 90 degrees clockwise.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>In <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_20-en">Fig. 2.25</a>, there are spaces before and after the character frame for the Western word "editor". These spaces are necessary for composition of mixed Japanese
 and Western text, and details will be provided in <a class="sec_ref" href="#handling_of_western_text_in_japanese_text_using_proportional_western_fonts">3.2.6 Handling of Western Text in Japanese Text using Proportional Western Fonts</a>.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
					</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Set horizontally without changing orientation (called <a href="#term.tate-chu-yoko" class="termref">tate-chu-yoko</a>, which means horizontal-in-vertical composition) (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_21-en">Fig. 2.26</a>). This is usually applied to two-digit numbers (see JIS X 4051, sec. 4.8 for the definition).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_21-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_21.png" alt="Arrangement of alphanumerics in vertical writing mode - tate-chu-yoko." width="123" height="289" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.26: <span class="caption-body">Arrangement of alphanumerics in vertical writing mode - tate-chu-yoko.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
					</li>
				</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>In horizontal writing mode there is only one way of arranging alphanumerics, i.e. normal orientation.</p>
 
			</li>
		</ol>
	</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Arrangement of <a href="#term.table" class="termref">tables</a> and/or <a href="#term.illustrations" class="termref">illustrations</a> rotated 90 degrees clockwise or counter-clockwise for reasons of size. (This processing is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 7.3.).
</p>
 
		<ol>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>In vertical writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the right of the page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_22-en">Fig. 2.27</a>).
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_22-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_22.png" alt="Example of arrangement of a table rotated 90 degrees clockwise in vertical writing mode." width="358" height="256" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.27: <span class="caption-body">Example of arrangement of a table rotated 90 degrees clockwise in vertical writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
			</li>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>In horizontal writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the left of the page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_23-en">Fig. 2.28</a>).
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_23-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_23.png" alt="Example of arrangement of a table rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise in horizontal writing mode." width="357" height="256" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.28: <span class="caption-body">Example of arrangement of a table rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise in horizontal writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>The orientation is chosen to minimize interference with the overall reading flow of the book.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
			</li>
		</ol>
	</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Arrangement of an incomplete number of lines on a <a href="#term.multi-column-format" class="termref">multi-column format</a> page due to <a href="#term.new-recto" class="termref">new recto</a>, <a href="#term.page-break" class="termref">page break</a> or other reasons. (The processing of new recto and page break is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 8.1.1.).
</p>
 
		<ol>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>In vertical writing mode, just finish the line where it ends ("nariyuki"). The number of lines in each column is not uniform (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_24-en">Fig. 2.29</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_24-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_24.png" alt="How to process incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page (vertically set book)." width="425" height="264" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.29: <span class="caption-body">How to process incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page (vertically set book).</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
			</li>
			<li>
 
 
 <p>In horizontal writing mode, re-arrange columns so that each column has the same number of lines. In case the number
 of lines is not divisible by the <a href="#term.number-of-columns" class="termref">number of columns</a>, add the smallest number to make it divisible and re-arrange columns using
 the quotient as the number of lines so that only the last column shall have the incomplete number of lines (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_25-en">Fig. 2.30</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_25-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_25.png" alt="How to process incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page (horizontally set book)." width="408" height="568" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.30: <span class="caption-body">How to process incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page (horizontally set book).</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>Neither horizontal nor vertical balance of column arrangement would break the stability of vertical page layout very much,
 while horizontal balance of column arrangement is determinant for horizontal page layout. In vertical text it doesn't matter too much whether columns are balanced or not. For horizontally set text it is best to balance columns wherever possible.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
			</li>
		</ol>
	</li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
		</div>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="specifying_the_kihonhanmen">2.4 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_4">Specifying the Kihon-hanmen</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="procedure_for_defining_the_kihonhanmen">2.4.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_4_1">Procedure for Defining the Kihon-hanmen</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>In Japanese composition, first the size of the kihon-hanmen is defined, using the square <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frames</a> of characters in <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>. Taking this as a base, the position of the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a> with regards to the <a href="#term.trim-size" class="termref">trim size</a>
is then specified. The following are procedures for determining the size and position of the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_26_1-en">Fig. 2.31</a>).</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Specifying the dimensions of the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>For a document with a single column per page, specify the <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">character size</a>, the <a href="#term.line-length" class="termref">line length</a> (the <a href="#term.number-of-characters-per-line" class="termref">number of characters per line</a>), the number of lines per page,
 and the <a href="#term.line-gap" class="termref">line gap</a>.
</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per
 column, the line-gap, and the number of columns and the <a href="#term.column-gap" class="termref">column gap</a>.</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_26_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_26_1.png" alt="Procedures to determine the size and position of the kihon-hanmen, step 1." width="269" height="419" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.31: <span class="caption-body">Procedures to determine the size and position of the kihon-hanmen, step 1.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Determining the position of the kihon-hanmen relative to the trim size.</p>
 
 
 
 <p>There are various alternative methods for specifying the position of the kihon-hanmen relative to the trim size:</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>
Position vertically
by centering the kihon-hanmen. Position horizontally by centering the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Position
vertically
by specifying the space size at the <a href="#term.head" class="termref">head</a> (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the <a href="#term.foot" class="termref">foot</a> (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>
Position vertically
by centering the kihon-hanmen. Position horizontally by specifying the space size of the <a href="#term.gutter" class="termref">gutter</a>.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>
Position vertically
by specifying the space at the 
head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the 
foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the space size of the gutter.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_26_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_26_2.png" alt="Procedures to determine the size and position of the kihon-hanmen, step 2." width="726" height="550" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.32: <span class="caption-body">Procedures to determine the size and position of the kihon-hanmen, step 2.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>In most cases the kihon-hanmen is set at the horizontal and vertical center of the <a href="#term.trim-size" class="termref">trim size</a>, which should be the default positioning,
 but depending on the dimensions of the kihon-hanmen there may be cases where the default needs to be changed; for example, by
 moving the kihon-hanmen up, down, to the left or to the right of the default position.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 2)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>It is technically possible to determine the dimensions of the kihon-hanmen by specifying the <a href="#term.trim-size" class="termref">trim size</a> and margins of all sides,
 but this method is not common in the tradition of Japanese composition. If this is the only way an implementation allows, the
 margins of each side need to be determined beforehand in relation to the dimensions of the kihon-hanmen and its position in the trim size.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="considerations_in_designing_the_kihonhanmen">2.4.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_4_2">Considerations in Designing the Kihon-hanmen</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The following are considerations to take into account when designing the kihon-hanmen. (This topic is not about processing, but rather an explanation of design preferences. The
 definition of kihon-hanmen is given in JIS X 4051, sec. 7.4.1.)</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.trim-size" class="termref">Trim size</a> and margins. It would be best if the shape of the kihon-hanmen could be made similar to
that of
the trim size.</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Character size. Generally 9 point (about 3.2mm) type is common. Except for specialized publications such as dictionaries, the minimum size of type is 8 point (about 2.8mm).</p>
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>In Western text layout, 10 point (about 3.5mm) or 12 point (about 4.2mm) type is common. This is mainly because of a difference
 in design principles between Japanese and Latin characters.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Line length should be multiples of the character size (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_27-en">Fig. 2.33</a>).
</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig1_27-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_27.png" alt="Line length should be multiples of the character size." width="413" height="390" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.33: <span class="caption-body">Line length should be multiples of the character size.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>There are basically two reasons why line length should be multiples of the character size.</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>For Japanese composition, all line lengths except that of the last line of the paragraph should, in principle, be the same.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>In principle, for printing, Japanese characters like <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters are uniformly designed in the same square <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frame</a> and they are set solid
 (no extra space between adjacent character frames).</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 2)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>The best <a href="#term.line-length" class="termref">line length</a> (<a href="#term.number-of-characters-per-line" class="termref">number of characters per line</a>) is around 52 characters, maximum, in vertical writing mode,
 and 40 characters, maximum, in horizontal writing mode. If the trim size would take lines beyond the recommended length, consider using a <a href="#term.multi-column-format" class="termref">multi-column format</a> and making the line length shorter.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Use the same amount of line gap
throughout the book, except for special cases. The size of the kihon-hanmen in the block direction
is specified using the number of lines and the size of the
line-gap.</p>
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>In Japanese composition, there are cases where <a href="#term.ruby" class="termref">ruby</a>
or emphasis
(<a href="#term.emphasis-dots" class="termref">emphasis dots</a>, <a href="#term.bousen" class="termref">bousen</a>, <a href="#term.underline" class="termref">underlines</a>, etc.) are inserted between lines. In such cases the line gap is not changed but is kept constant (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_5-en">Fig. 2.34</a>). It is also possible to insert <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref">reference marks</a> to <a href="#term.note" class="termref">notes</a> between lines within the <a href="#term.main-text" class="termref">main text</a>. This case is handled in the same manner. If these elements are likely to occur in text, the line gap established during the kihon-hanmen design needs to be of an adequate size to accommodate them.
Further explanations about the placement of ruby will be given in <a class="sec_ref" href="#line-composition">3 Line Composition</a>.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
</table>
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_5.png" alt="Inserting ruby or other items between lines." width="254" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.34: <span class="caption-body">Inserting ruby or other items between lines.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
<table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 2)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.warichu" class="termref">Warichu</a> (inline cutting note)
juts
into the line gap on either side of a line.
The basic line gap isn't changed where warichu occurs (the line gap between warichu itself and the adjacent lines looks narrower than for the rest of the line), so when warichu is likely to occur in text, the line gap for the kihon-hanmen may be set slightly larger than normal to accommodate it.
The same is true for <a href="#term.tate-chu-yoko" class="termref">tate-chu-yoko</a>
or <a href="#term.subscript" class="termref">subscript</a> and <a href="#term.superscript" class="termref">superscript</a> (<a href="#term.ornament-characters" class="termref">ornament characters</a>). Further explanation of the placement of warichu and other items is provided in <a class="sec_ref" href="#line-composition">3 Line Composition</a>.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
</table>
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_18-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_18.png" alt="Example of inter-line processing with warichu between lines." width="268" height="512" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.35: <span class="caption-body">Example of inter-line processing with warichu between lines.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
<table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 3)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>It is common that the <a href="#term.line-gap" class="termref">line gap</a> for the kihon-hanmen is set to a value between a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref">half em space</a> and the <a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref">one em space</a> of the character frame used for the kihon-hanmen. A half em space can be chosen in cases where the line length is short, but a one em space or close to it is more appropriate when the line length is longer than 35 characters.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 4)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>Unless <a href="#term.ruby" class="termref">ruby</a> or other design elements are placed in the space between lines (e.g. for books such as  classics, with many annotations), there is no
 need to make the line-gap larger than full-width, since this would decrease legibility.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 5)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>It is said that the standard line-gap in Western text layout is a <a href="#term.one-third-em-space" class="termref">one third em space</a>, which is smaller than that in Japanese composition. This difference again comes from the different approach to the design of Latin
 and Japanese characters.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 6)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>There is another method of specifying the  kihon-hanmen that uses <a href="#term.line-feed" class="termref">line feeds</a> rather than line gaps. Line feed is the distance between two adjacent lines measured from their reference points (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_20-en">Fig. 2.36</a>). The reference point differs from implementation to  implementation, however, in vertical writing mode the horizontal center of the character frame is usually used, and with horizontal writing mode, the vertical center of the character frame is used. When the character size is the same for every character, the following calculation is used:</p>
 
<ul>
<li>
  
  <p><span class="expr">line feed = character size / 2 + line gap + character size / 2 = character size + line gap</span></p>
</li>
<li>
  
  <p><span class="expr">line gap = line feed - character size</span></p>
 </li>
</ul>
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_20-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_20.png" alt="Specifying kihon-hanmen with line feed." width="413" height="469" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.36: <span class="caption-body">Specifying kihon-hanmen with line feed.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 
 </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>The size of the kihon-hanmen in this case can be calculated by following method:</p>
				
				<ul>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Vertical writing mode with one column</p>
 
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Width of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of lines per page + line gap × (number of lines per page − 1)</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">298 point = 9 point × 18 lines + 8 point × (18 lines − 1)</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Height of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of characters per line</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">468 point = 9 point × 52 characters</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
<li>
 
 
 <p>Vertical writing mode with multi columns</p>
 
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Width of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of lines per column + line gap × (number of lines per column − 1)</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">309 point = 9 point × 21 lines + 6 point × (21 lines − 1)</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Height of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of characters per line × number of columns + column gap × (number of columns − 1)</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">468 point = 9 point × 25 characters × 2 columns + 18 point × (2 columns − 1)</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
<li>
 
 
 <p>Horizontal writing mode with one column</p>
 
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Width of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of characters per line</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">315 point = 9 point × 35 characters</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Height of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of lines per page + line gap × (number of lines per page − 1)</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">468 point = 9 point × 28 lines + 8 point × (28 lines − 1)</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Horizontal writing mode with multi columns</p>
 
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Width of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of characters per line × number of columns + column gap × (number of columns − 1)</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">320 point = 8 point × 19 characters × 2 columns + 16 point × (2 columns − 1)</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
 
 
 <p><span class="expr">Height of kihon-hanmen = character size × number of lines per column + line gap × (number of lines per column − 1)</span></p>
 
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>e.g.</p>
</td>
<td>

<p><span class="expr">476 point = 8 point × 40 lines + 4 point × (40 lines − 1)</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
				</ul>
			</div>
			
		</div>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements">2.5 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_5">Page wise Arrangement of Kihon-hanmen Elements</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="examples_of_items_jutting_out_of_the_kihonhanmen">2.5.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_5_1">Examples of Items Jutting Out of the Kihon-hanmen</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The various elements of a page should remain inside the
boundaries of the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a>.
However, there are exceptions such as the following:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
  <p><a href="#term.ruby" class="termref">Ruby</a> or emphasis marks (<a href="#term.bousen" class="termref">bousen</a>, <a href="#term.emphasis-dots" class="termref">emphasis dots</a>, etc.) at the before edge of the hanmen, are placed outside the hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_6-en">Fig. 2.37</a>). The same applies in cases where ruby, <a href="#term.underline" class="termref">underline</a>, etc. appear beyond the after edge of the hanmen. Like the handling of exceptions mentioned below, the purpose here is to preserve the line positions established for the kihon-hanmen.  This technique can also be used for <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref">reference marks</a> associated with lines of text.</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_6.png" alt="Example of ruby annotation placed outside of the kihon-hanmen." width="536" height="501" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.37: <span class="caption-body">Example of ruby annotation placed outside of the kihon-hanmen.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
  <p>
When there are inline elements whose dimensions extend beyond the before edge and the after edge of a line of characters as determined by the kihon-hanmen, and when those elements appear in the first or last line of the hanmen, the parts that jut out beyond the regular line of characters also jut out of the hanmen area.
For example, this is the case when the width of a sequence of characters which are set to <a href="#term.tate-chu-yoko" class="termref">tate-chu-yoko</a> is wider than the characters set for the kihon-hanmen. In addition, warichu (inline cutting note) or <a href="#term.subscript" class="termref">subscript</a> and <a href="#term.superscript" class="termref">superscript</a> (<a href="#term.ornament-characters" class="termref">ornament characters</a>) are handled in the same way. (The processing rules for this item and the previous item are defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 12.1.1.)</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-hanging-punctuation" class="termref">Line adjustment by hanging punctuation</a>
is only necessary for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
when they would otherwise need to <a href="#term.line-start-prohibition-rule" class="termref">be wrapped to the line head</a>. The character is placed so that it touches the hanmen at the <a href="#term.line-end" class="termref">line end</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_7-en">Fig. 2.38</a>). (Hanging punctuation is not defined in JIS X 4051, but there is an explanation in sec. 8.1, c.)</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_7.png" alt="Example of IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA and IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP placed below the kihon-hanmen." width="455" height="667" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.38: <span class="caption-body">Example of IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA and IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP placed below the kihon-hanmen.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>Line adjustment by hanging punctuation is a way of reducing the processing cost of line adjustment by reducing the need to change inter-character space.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 2)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>A lot of books apply hanging punctuation.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.illustrations" class="termref">Illustrations</a>
and <a href="#term.table" class="termref">tables</a> are normally placed inside the area defined by the kihon-hanmen. However, there may also be cases in which a particular illustration or table juts outside the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
  
  <p>Cases in which it is necessary to make the illustration or table larger than the kihon-hanmen, because reducing its size would make it unreadable.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>For the sake of visual effect, the illustration may <a href="#term.bleed" class="termref">bleed</a> into the complete paper area. This is not often used in books, but is often used in magazines (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_8-en">Fig. 2.39</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_8.png" alt="Example of bleeds." width="522" height="507" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.39: <span class="caption-body">Example of bleeds.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Magazines may place the <a href="#term.caption" class="termref">captions</a> of illustrations outside the column area or in the <a href="#term.column-gap" class="termref">column gap</a>.
 	(Some people regard this as bad style.)</p>
 
 </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="line_positioning_based_on_the_kihonhanmen_design">2.5.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_5_2">Line Positioning based on the Kihon-hanmen Design</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p> In principle, pagewise positioning of lines relies on the line positions  established for the kihon-hanmen. This holds for lines with ruby or  emphasis dots as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_5-en">Fig. 2.34</a>. Even when lines contain  characters that are smaller than the <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">character size</a> used for the kihon-hanmen (as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_9-en">Fig. 2.40</a>), the line  positions used for the  kihon-hanmen continue to be used as the basic guide lines. This is so that following lines with normal-sized characters still naturally fall into the line  positions established for the kihon-hanmen.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_9.png" alt="Positioning of lines with a smaller size of text." width="553" height="808" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.40: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of lines with a smaller size of text.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Characters within brackets are made smaller, since the text is an additional explanation. Such cases are handled in the following three ways. The first method, making only characters in restricted places smaller, is the most commonly
 used.</p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>
 
 
 <p>Make the characters smaller only in restricted places, for example for references.</p>
 
 </li>
								<li>
 
 
 <p>Make all characters within brackets smaller (as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_9-en">Fig. 2.40</a>).</p>
 
</li>
								<li>
 
 
 <p>Make all characters within brackets the same size as the character size established for the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 </li>
							</ol>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>The following are exceptions when handling line position:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>When inserting more than one illustration or table item in horizontal writing mode, assuming that there is no text to the left or right of the items, the items may either slip off the lines established for the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_10-en">Fig. 2.41</a>), or stick to the lines (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_11-en">Fig. 2.42</a>). The former approach is used,
whenever possible,
to achieve inter-character spacing before and after illustrations or tables constant. (This method is often used in books.) (This processing method is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 10.3.2., d.)</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_10.png" alt="Positioning of lines with multiple illustrations - 1." width="557" height="494" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.41: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of lines with multiple illustrations - 1.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_11.png" alt="Positioning of lines with multiple illustrations - 2." width="556" height="495" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.42: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of lines with multiple illustrations - 2.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>The size of characters in <a href="#term.endnote" class="termref">endnotes</a> inserted between <a href="#term.paragraph" class="termref">paragraphs</a> or those in <a href="#term.footnote" class="termref">footnotes</a> at the bottom of the page (in horizontal writing mode) is smaller than the character size established for the kihon-hanmen. As a result, the
character size and <a href="#term.line-gap" class="termref">line gap</a> are
also smaller, and so the line positions are no longer identical to those established for the kihon-hanmen. As an example, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_12-en">Fig. 2.43</a>
shows the position of an endnote between paragraphs in vertical writing mode. (The processing of endnotes is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 9.3, and the processing of footnotes in sec. 9.4.)</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_12.png" alt="Positioning of an endnote in vertical writing mode." width="382" height="555" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.43: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of an endnote in vertical writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>As mentioned above, the position of a <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">heading</a> may not be identical to the lines established for the kihon-hanmen. Nevertheless,
 in the <a href="#term.block-direction" class="termref">block direction</a>, headings base their alignment on the line positions established for the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_1-en">Fig. 2.14</a>).</p>
 
 </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="character_positioning_based_on_kihonhanmen_design">2.5.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_5_3">Character Positioning based on Kihon-hanmen Design</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>In principle, the characters in each line follow the <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a> positions of characters established for the kihon-hanmen. However, as already shown in some of the previous figures, there are examples where this is not the case. Such cases are rather common, and here we will show some prototypical examples (details will be given in <a class="sec_ref" href="#line-composition">3 Line Composition</a>).</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Where character sizes differ from the solid set sizes established for the kihon-hanmen, line lengths may not be identical with the <a href="#term.line-length" class="termref">line length</a> of the kihon-hanmen; it is necessary to align the ends of the lines, with the exception of the last line in a paragraph. The processing method for this is explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>When 9pt is the character size used to establish the kihon-hanmen, characters smaller than 9pt may be inserted in part of a line (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_9-en">Fig. 2.40</a>). In such cases, the parts set at 9pt and any parts set at a smaller, say, 8pt size both use solid setting, with <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frames</a>
 at the respective sizes for each part.</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>In cases where proportional Latin letters are rotated 90 degrees clockwise (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_20-en">Fig. 2.25</a>), the proportional letters are placed according to their <a href="#term.proportional" class="termref">proportional</a> widths. Hence, they do not fit to the character positions established for the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_13-en">Fig. 2.44</a>). Japanese letters following the Latin letters consequently slip away from the default positions as well.</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_13.png" alt="Positioning of a mixture of Western and Japanese letters in a line." width="373" height="439" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.44: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of a mixture of Western and Japanese letters in a line.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>There are several methods for positioning <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
at the
beginning of a line
(details are explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head">3.1.5 Positioning of Opening Brackets at Line Head</a>). Because an opening bracket is not a full-width character, in  cases where the indentation of the first line of a paragraph is a
<a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref">one em space</a>, or if the <a href="#term.tentsuki" class="termref">tentsuki</a>
position is used for the bracket (that is, there is no space at the line head), the character following the bracket will be in a position which does not fit to the character positions established for the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_14-en">Fig. 2.45</a>). However, the adaptations made during the alignment of line ends will ensure that the character at the end of a line is at a position that fits with the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_14.png" alt="Example of positioning of characters off the kihon-hanmen position due to opening brackets at the line head." width="524" height="442" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.45: <span class="caption-body">Example of positioning of characters off the kihon-hanmen position due to opening brackets at the line head.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a class="sec_ref" href="#line-composition">3 Line Composition</a> explains that <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>  are <a href="#term.half-width" class="termref">half-width</a>. If these <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a> and brackets are adjacent to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> characters, in principle there should be a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref">half em space</a> before or after the punctuation mark or brackets, so that
 these occupy in effect a full-width size. However, if they are adjacent to other punctuation marks or brackets,
 the half em space is not used. This is done to improve the visual appearance.  In such cases, the character positions are different than the positions established when defining the kihon-hanmen
 (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_15-en">Fig. 2.46</a>).</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_15.png" alt="Example of lines with consecutive punctuation marks." width="532" height="459" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.46: <span class="caption-body">Example of lines with consecutive punctuation marks.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a class="sec_ref" href="#line-composition">3 Line Composition</a>
explains the principle that <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
<a href="#term.line-start-prohibition-rule" class="termref">should not be placed at the line head</a>. If
	by simple sequential placement these characters would
appear at the line head or at the line end, some kind of adjustment becomes necessary. A similar adjustment is required for characters that should not be placed at the end of a line, such as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>. As a result of such adjustment, it may happen that
other characters are placed at positions which are different from those established for the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 
 
 <div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_16-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_16.png" alt="Example of line adjustment to avoid those characters which shall not start and end a line." width="661" height="462" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.47: <span class="caption-body">Example of line adjustment to avoid those characters which shall not start and end a line.</span></div></div></div></div>
 
 
 </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
		</div>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="running_heads_and_page_numbers">2.6 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading1_6">Running Heads and Page Numbers</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_running_heads_and_page_numbers">2.6.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_6_1">Positioning of Running Heads and Page Numbers</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Typical positions of  <a href="#term.running-head" class="termref">running heads</a>
and <a href="#term.page-number" class="termref">page numbers</a> for vertically set books with <a href="#term.double-running-head-method" class="termref">double running heads</a> (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#ways_of_arranging_running_heads_and_page_numbers">2.6.3 Ways of Arranging Running Heads and Page Numbers</a>) are as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_28-en">Fig. 2.48</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<div id="fig1_28-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_28.png" alt="Typical positioning of running heads and page numbers for vertically set books with double running heads." width="430" height="518" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.48: <span class="caption-body">Typical positioning of running heads and page numbers for vertically set books with double running heads.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Typical positions of running heads and page numbers for horizontally set books with double running heads  (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#ways_of_arranging_running_heads_and_page_numbers">2.6.3 Ways of Arranging Running Heads and Page Numbers</a>) are as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_29-en">Fig. 2.49</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_29-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_29.png" alt="Typical positioning of running heads and page numbers for horizontally set books with double running heads." width="430" height="343" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.49: <span class="caption-body">Typical positioning of running heads and page numbers for horizontally set books with double running heads.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>In principle, positions of running heads and page numbers should be specified relative to the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a>, not
 with absolute coordinates in the <a href="#term.trim-size" class="termref">trim size</a>. (Positioning of running heads is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 7.6.4. Positioning of page numbers is defined in JIS X 4051, sec.
 7.5.4.)</p>
				
				<table class="t_sample">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="3">
							
								
								<p>Example:</p>
							
						</td>
						<td>
							
								
								<p>Positioning a horizontal  running head above the top left corner (to <a href="#term.head" class="termref">head</a> and <a href="#term.fore-edge" class="termref">fore-edge</a>) of the kihon-hanmen in a typical vertically set book  (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_30-en">Fig. 2.50</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>
							
								
								<p>9 points above the kihon-hanmen (vertical space) </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>
							
								
								<p>9 points from the left edge of the kihon-hanmen (horizontal space) </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_30-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_30.png" alt="Positioning of a running head (vertical writing mode)." width="254" height="435" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.50: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of a running head (vertical writing mode).</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>The following recommendations should be taken into account when positioning running heads and page numbers with reference to the kihon-hanmen.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>When positioning horizontal running heads and page numbers  with reference to the kihon-hanmen in vertically set books, the amount
 of vertical space between the edge of the kihon-hanmen and the running head is a <a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref">one em space</a> as established for the kihon-hanmen. If the kihon-hanmen of the book is horizontally set, take more vertical
 space than the <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">character size</a> in the kihon-hanmen.</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Regardless of the direction of text in the kihon-hanmen of a book, horizontal running heads and page numbers on the left page
 should be aligned either at the left edge of the kihon-hanmen or <a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref">one em space</a> to the right of the
 left edge. On the right page, the tail of the running heads or page numbers should be aligned either at the right edge of the kihon-hanmen
 or one full-width space to left of the right edge.</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>Regardless of the direction of text in a book, when arranging running heads and page numbers together on the same horizontal line, the space between the running head and the page number
 should be double or one and a half times the character size of the running head. On the left page, the page number should be set at the left side and the running head should be set at the right side. On right-hand pages, the page number should be set at the right side and the running head should be set at the left side. The exact positions of the page numbers are given by the instructions above (see b).</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>When positioning running heads and page numbers vertically to the <a href="#term.fore-edge" class="termref">fore-edge</a> of the kihon-hanmen in a vertically set book  (see spread (e) in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_28-en">Fig. 2.48</a>, for example), the minimum horizontal distance from the kihon-hanmen should be the same as that of the <a href="#term.line-gap" class="termref">line gap</a> of the kihon-hanmen.
 The top of the running head should be positioned approximately four kihon-hanmen characters below the head, and the bottom of the page numbers should be positioned approximately five kihon-hanmen characters
 above the <a href="#term.foot" class="termref">foot</a>.</p>
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>In general, <a href="#term.ideographic-numerals" class="termref">ideographic numerals</a> (一二三四五六七八九〇) are used for vertically set page numbers, and <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a> for horizontal pagination. When using <a href="#term.independent-pagination" class="termref">independent pagination</a> for the <a href="#term.front-matter" class="termref">front matter</a>, small <a href="#term.roman-numerals" class="termref">Roman numerals</a> are used for horizontal pagination.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="principles_of_arrangement_of_running_heads_and_page_numbers">2.6.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_6_2">Principles of Arrangement of Running Heads and Page Numbers</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Positioning of all running heads and page numbers in the same book should be consistent.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Even on a page with a text area smaller in size than that of the kihon-hanmen, such as for a <a href="#term.table-of-contents" class="termref">table of contents</a> or <a href="#term.index" class="termref">index</a>, positioning of the running head and page number relative to the trim size will remain the same. Therefore,
									 the positioning of running heads and page numbers relative to those areas smaller than the kihon-hanmen is different. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_17-en">Fig. 2.51</a>
below demonstrates the respective positions of the hanmen for a table of contents and running heads or page numbers. As shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_3-en">Fig. 2.17</a>, this hanmen is smaller than the kihon-hanmen. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_31-en">Fig. 2.52</a>
demonstrates the related positions of running heads and page numbers and  the hanmen of indexes. These hanmen are not only 4 points smaller at the left and right, but also 5 points smaller at the top and bottom.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig_ad1_17-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_ad1_17.png" alt="Positioning of running heads and page numbers on TOC pages for which the hanmen is smaller in size than the kihon-hanmen." width="537" height="509" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.51: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of running heads and page numbers on TOC pages for which the hanmen is smaller in size than the kihon-hanmen.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig1_31-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_31.png" alt="Positioning of running heads and page numbers on index pages for which hanmen is smaller in size than the kihon-hanmen." width="262" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.52: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of running heads and page numbers on index pages for which hanmen is smaller in size than the kihon-hanmen.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
					
					<p>Because the start of a page will be on the recto side, the right-hand page of a <a href="#term.spread" class="termref">spread</a> in a vertically set book   is always an even page and the left-hand page is always an odd page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_32-en">Fig. 2.53</a>). Likewise, the left-hand page of a spread in a horizontally set book   is always an even page and the right-hand page is always
 an odd page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_33-en">Fig. 2.54</a>).
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_32-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_32.png" alt="Page numbers on a spread in a vertically set book." width="417" height="295" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.53: <span class="caption-body">Page numbers on a spread in a vertically set book.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_33-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_33.png" alt="Page numbers on a spread in a horizontally set book." width="417" height="295" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.54: <span class="caption-body">Page numbers on a spread in a horizontally set book.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="ways_of_arranging_running_heads_and_page_numbers">2.6.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading1_6_3">Ways of Arranging Running Heads and Page Numbers</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>There are two ways to arrange running heads. One is the <a href="#term.single-running-head-method" class="termref">single running head method</a> and the other is the <a href="#term.double-running-head-method" class="termref">double running head method</a>. (Arrangement of running heads is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 7.6.2. Page Numbers are defined in sec. 7.5.2.).</p>
				
				<ul>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.double-running-head-method" class="termref">Double running head method</a>: Place running heads on both even pages and odd pages (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_34-en">Fig. 2.55</a>).</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.single-running-head-method" class="termref">Single running head method</a>: Place running heads only on odd pages (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig1_35-en">Fig. 2.56</a>).</p>
 
 </li>
				</ul>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_34-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_34.png" alt="Double running head method." width="748" height="539" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.55: <span class="caption-body">Double running head method.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig1_35-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img1_35.png" alt="Single running head method." width="749" height="538" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 2.56: <span class="caption-body">Single running head method.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In general, there will be only one running head per page. However, in some cases, such as in dictionaries, multiple running
 heads are printed on each page to indicate contents.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In general, there will be only one page number per page. However in some cases multiple page numbers are printed								on each page as in the following examples:</p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>
 
 
 <p>When a horizontally set index and/or <a href="#term.bibliography" class="termref">bibliography</a> appears at the end of a volume in a vertically set book, both <a href="#term.reverse-pagination" class="termref">reverse pagination</a> and <a href="#term.continuous-pagination" class="termref">continuous pagination</a> are printed.</p>
 
 </li>
								<li>
 
 
 <p>For <a href="#term.multivolume-work" class="termref">multivolume works</a>, both serial page numbers throughout the work and page numbers per volume are printed.
</p>
 
 </li>
							</ol>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>In the double running head method, a higher-level title, such as that of the chapter or book, is used for the running heads on the even pages, and a lower-level title, such as that for a section, on the odd pages. Where there are no differing levels of titles, such as on the page containing the table of contents, the same <a href="#term.running-head" class="termref2nd">running head</a> is used on both even and odd pages.</p>
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>Which information is used for the running heads depends on the content of the book. Given that the main purpose
 of running heads is to signpost to readers what is written on each page, or the content of the current page, it does not
 make much sense to use the book title for the running head. The most common approach for a book with three levels of headings, such as chapter, section and subsection, is to use the highest  level heading (i.e. chapter) and the second level heading (i.e. section).</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>In the single running head method, one of the headings between the top and third levels is used.</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>In principle, the contents of running heads will be the same as those of headings with the following differences:</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Numbers and words in Latin alphanumeric characters in vertically set headings in vertically set books should be changed to horizontal notation for horizontally set running heads (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#major_differences_between_vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode">2.3.2 Major Differences between Vertical Writing Mode and Horizontal Writing Mode</a>).</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>If headings are too long, they should be made shorter by paraphrasing them in fewer characters. Running heads with too many characters
 will not look good.
</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>For certain publications, such as a collection of monographs, the names of authors may be added in parentheses at the end of the running head.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>In principle, the <a href="#term.text-direction" class="termref">text direction</a> of running heads and page numbers should be the same as that of the kihon-hanmen. For vertically set books,  however, it is more common to set running heads and page numbers horizontally.</p>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>In principle, for the single running head method running heads are printed on all odd pages, and for the double running head method on all even and odd pages. However, for the sake of appearance, running heads may be omitted as follows:</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages on which running heads <em>should</em> be hidden:</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.naka-tobira" class="termref">Naka-tobira</a> and <a href="#term.han-tobira" class="termref">han-tobira</a>.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages where a running head overlaps with other elements such as illustrations.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.blank-page" class="termref">Blank pages</a>.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages on which running heads <em>may</em> be hidden:</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages where a figure or a table is positioned adjacent to the running head.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages with a heading right after a <a href="#term.new-recto" class="termref">new recto</a> or <a href="#term.page-break" class="termref">new page</a>.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>In principle, page numbers are printed on all pages. However, for the sake of appearance, they may be omitted as follows:
</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages on which page numbers <em>should</em> be hidden:</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages on which a illustration or a table is positioned adjacent to the page number.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p><a href="#term.blank-page" class="termref">Blank pages</a>.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages on which page numbers <em>may</em> be hidden:</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
	
	<p>Divisional title and simplified divisional title
pages.</p>
</li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Pages in horizontally set books   with a page number placed in the margin at the top of the page, and with a heading at the beginning of a new recto or new page. (In this case, it is also possible to move the page numbers to the center of the margin at the foot of the page.)</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </li>
 </ol>
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>Pages are not counted in cases such as the following:</p>
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>If a different type or color of paper is used for the main title page, </p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>if a frontispiece is inserted in the opening page of a book; or</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>if an illustration of the enclosure or a divisional title is present in the <a href="#term.main-text" class="termref">main text</a>.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
					<li>
 
 
 <p>There are two types of page numbering. "<a href="#term.continuous-pagination" class="termref">Continuous pagination</a>" means that page numbers continue throughout the whole book.
 "<a href="#term.independent-pagination" class="termref">Independent pagination</a>" means that page numbers start from "1" separately at beginning of the <a href="#term.front-matter" class="termref">front matter</a> and <a href="#term.back-matter" class="termref">back matter</a>. There is also,
 for example in manuals, the method of starting each chapter from page number "1". (In such cases, it is
 common that the name of the chapter is added as a prefix before the page number.)</p>
 
 <table class="t_note">
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 1)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>If the front matter and the main text have different page numbers, each starts with page number "1". In this case, it
 is common to use Roman numerals for the pages of the front matter, in order to distinguish them from the main text.</p>
 
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>(note 2)</p>
 
 </td>
 <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
 
 
 <p>For vertically set books  with indexes in horizontal writing mode, the following methods are available.</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Reverse pagination. The index reads from the end of the book, and page numbers are added starting with "1" from the end of the book and flow in the same order as the index.</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Continuous pagination. The index reads from the end of the book, but page numbers start with "1" and flow in the same order as the book.
 (The index pages flow in the reverse order to the page numbers.)</p>
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 
 <p>Both reverse pagination
and continuous pagination. In this case, the page numbers for continuous pagination are in the same position as the page numbers of the main text, and page numbers in reverse pagination are in a different position (for example, if serial pagination is in the foot of the page, reverse pagination is in the head). Often other methods are applied to distinguish the different paginations. For example,  Arabic numbers are used for both continuous pagination and reverse pagination, but for reverse pagination, brackets are added around the numbers.</p>
 
 </li>
 </ol>
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
		</div>
		
	</div><div class="div1" id="chapter_3">
		
			
			<h2 id="line-composition">3 <span class="heading"><span id="en-heading2">Line Composition</span></span></h2><hr class="chapter-ruler" />
		
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec1">
			
				
				<h3 id="line_composition_rules_for_punctuation_marks">3.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_1">Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="differences_in_vertical_and_horizontal_composition_in_use_of_punctuation_marks">3.1.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_1_1">Differences in Vertical and Horizontal Composition in Use of Punctuation Marks</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>There are some <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a> that are used uniquely in either <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a>
or <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>. In this document, characters and symbols are treated as members of a character class, classified by their behavior for <a href="#term.composition" class="termref">composition</a>. Each class name is followed by class id, such as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>. Details are explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>. The following are some typical examples:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">Full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a></p>
   
   <ol>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>In vertical writing mode, <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP "。"</span> and <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span> are used for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>.
 </p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>In horizontal writing mode, there are three conventions in choice of symbols for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>:</p>
    
    <ol>
     <li>
     
     
     <p>Using <span class="character">COMMA "，"</span> and <span class="character">FULL STOP "．"</span> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_1-en">Fig. 3.1</a>).</p>
     
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_1.png" alt="Example text using COMMA and FULL STOP." width="480" height="172" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.1: <span class="caption-body">Example text using COMMA and FULL STOP.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
     </li>
     <li>
     
     
     <p>Using <span class="character">COMMA "，"</span> and <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP "。"</span>
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2-en">Fig. 3.2</a>).</p>
     
     
     
     <div id="fig2_2-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2.png" alt="Example text using COMMA and IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP." width="480" height="172" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.2: <span class="caption-body">Example text using COMMA and IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
     </li>
     <li>
     
     
     <p>Using <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span>
and <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP "。"</span>
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3-en">Fig. 3.3</a>).</p>
     
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3.png" alt="Example text using IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA and IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP." width="480" height="172" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.3: <span class="caption-body">Example text using IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA and IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
     </li>
    </ol>
    <table class="t_note">
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 1)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>
In horizontal writing mode, there are many cases of composition that mixes Japanese and Western text. The convention shown in (i) is a way to apply the same
comma and full stop
to both Western and Japanese texts for consistency, and is common in books on science and technology. The convention shown in (ii) was invented because in (i) <span class="character">FULL STOP "."</span>
appears too small for Japanese texts and using <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP "。"</span>
for period looks better. This convention has been adopted for Japanese official publications. (In the past, <span class="character">COMMA ","</span>
and <span class="character">FULL STOP "."</span>
were used for some official publications.)</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
    </table>
    
    </li>
   </ol>
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span>, <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span>, <span class="character">LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK "“"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK "”"</span></p>
   
   <ol>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>In vertical writing mode, <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span>
and <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span>
are used for quotations (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4-en">Fig. 3.4</a>).</p>
    
    
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_4.png" alt="Examples of quoted text using LEFT CORNER BRACKET and RIGHT CORNER BRACKET." width="150" height="480" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.4: <span class="caption-body">Examples of quoted text using LEFT CORNER BRACKET and RIGHT CORNER BRACKET.</span></div></div></div></div>
    
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>
In horizontal writing mode, pairs of <span class="character">LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK "“"</span>
and <span class="character">RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK "”"</span>
or pairs of <span class="character">LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK "‘"</span>
and <span class="character">RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK "’"</span>
may be used in place of <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span>
and <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5-en">Fig. 3.5</a>).</p>
    
    
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5.png" alt="Examples of quoted text using LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK and RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK." width="480" height="148" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.5: <span class="caption-body">Examples of quoted text using LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK and RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK.</span></div></div></div></div>
    
    
    <table class="t_note">
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 1)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>
 This is because <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span> and (especially) <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span> may not look good in horizontal writing mode, but adoption of corner brackets for horizontal writing mode seems to be increasing.</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 2)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     

<p>Though <span class="character">REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK
"〝"</span> and <span class="character">LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK
"〟"</span> are similar to double quotation marks in appearance (see <a
class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6-en">Fig. 3.6</a>) they are
exclusively used for vertical writing mode and are not to be used in
horizontal writing mode.
</p>
     </td>
     </tr>
</table>
     
      
      <div class="figure" id="fig2_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6.png" alt="Examples of quoted text using REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION
MARK and LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK." width="24" height="264" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.6: <span class="caption-body">Examples of quoted text using REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK and LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
<table class="t_note">
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 3)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p><span class="character">LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK "“"</span>
and <span class="character">RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK "”"</span> are exclusively for horizontal writing mode and not to be used in vertical writing mode. Also, <span class="character">LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK "‘"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK "’"</span> are exclusively for horizontal writing mode and not to be used in vertical writing mode. However, in vertical writing mode, when <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> are composed rotated 90 degrees  clockwise, these quotation marks are sometimes used.</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
    </table>
    
    </li>
   </ol>
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><span class="character">LEFT SQUARE BRACKET "［"</span>, <span class="character">RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET "］"</span>, <span class="character">LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET "〔"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET "〕"</span></p>
   
   
    
    <p>
   <span class="character">LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET "〔"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET "〕"</span> are vertical variants of <span class="character">LEFT SQUARE BRACKET "［"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET "］"</span>, which are used in horizontal writing mode. Square brackets should be used in horizontal writing mode except for special
 cases.
 </p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
The position of the <a href="#term.letter-face" class="termref">letter face</a> of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>
within the <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frame</a> differs in vertical and horizontal writing modes. The same letter face can be used for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphens (cl-03)</a>
in both vertical and horizontal writing mode by rotating clockwise 90 degrees to the inline direction. The position of the <a href="#term.letter-face" class="termref">letter face</a> of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a>
symbols within the character frame is different in vertical and horizontal writing modes. For <span class="character">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK "ー"</span>, the difference between vertical and horizontal writing modes is not only in the orientation of the <a href="#term.character-shape" class="termref">letter form</a> to the inline direction, but also the shape of the symbol
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7-en">Fig. 3.7</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7.png" alt="KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK for vertical and horizontal writing modes." width="439" height="160" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.7: <span class="caption-body">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK for vertical and horizontal writing modes.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_punctuation_marks">3.1.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_1_2">Positioning of Punctuation Marks (Commas, Periods and Brackets)</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
The positioning of punctuation marks (commas, periods and brackets) in a line proceeds as follows.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Basic processing of characters and symbols, including punctuation marks, which are subject to considerations of <a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a> wrapping, <a href="#term.line-end" class="termref">line end</a> wrapping and inter-character space adjustment, will be described in detail in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.
All combinations of character class are provided as a complete table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>
The <a href="#term.character-advance" class="termref">character advance</a> of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> and
<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>
is <a href="#term.half-width" class="termref">half-width</a> (half em). But when those punctuation marks are placed side-by-side with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters, in principle, a given amount of space will be inserted before or after the symbols, which makes them appear as if they were intrinsically <a href="#term.full-width" class="termref">full-width</a> (one em) (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_8_1-en">Fig. 3.8</a>). Space is inserted before and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>. This principle makes the symbols consistent with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters in character width, and at the same time the space for punctuation helps to make the organization of text clearer. The space size added before or after punctuation marks is subject, in principle, to <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustment</a> and may eventually be removed, except for that added after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>. (Details of line adjustment are discussed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_8_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_8_1.png" alt="Character widths of commas, periods, and the space size appended before and/or after the symbols." width="399" height="456" /><br /><img src="Images-en/img2_8_2.png" alt="Character widths of commas, periods, and the space size appended before and/or after the symbols." width="462" height="397" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.8: <span class="caption-body">Character widths of commas, periods, and the space size appended before and/or after the symbols.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref">half em space</a> is added, in principle.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, in the middle of a line, a half em space is added. At the end of a line, a half em space is added, in principle.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
Before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, a half em space is added, in principle.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, a half em space is added, in principle.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
Before and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>, a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref">quarter em space</a> is added, in principle.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In <a href="#term.font" class="termref2nd">font</a> implementations, <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref2nd">punctuation marks</a> can be given a different character width, but it is expected that the font is capable of following the line composition rules explained here to produce the final result. For example, when <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> are implemented with full-width size, it is possible  that a minus half em space is inserted between adjacent <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
(Some implementations prepare minus <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref">half em spaces</a> and <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref">quarter em spaces</a>).  In <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref">letterpress printing</a>, it was also common practice to combine punctuation marks with a half-width body and half em spaces in order to make it easier to remove the space later for adjustment. Because of that, the types were picked up except for the punctuation marks at the <a href="#term.type-picking" class="termref">type-picking</a> phase, following the manuscript, and the punctuation marks were picked only when they were necessary in composing a page. Later, with the increasing adoption of Monotype machines, punctuation marks with a full-width body became popular and both full-width and half-width punctuation marks have been used, mixed together, since then.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
Among <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <span class="character">LEFT PARENTHESIS "("</span>, <span class="character">RIGHT PARENTHESIS ")"</span>, <span class="character">LEFT ANGLE BRACKET "〈"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET "〉"</span>
are used to indicate supplementary explanations, and in that case their usage differs slightly from other <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>. To reflect the difference, there is an alternative convention  to not append a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> before or after the parentheses and angle brackets, and instead just set them <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_9-en">Fig. 3.9</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_9.png" alt="Positioning of parentheses and brackets. (The left-hand side shows an example of setting them solid.)" width="380" height="384" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.9: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of parentheses and brackets. (The left-hand side shows an example of setting them solid.)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="exceptional_positioning_of_ideographic_comma_and_katakana_middle_dot">3.1.3 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_1_3">Exceptional Positioning of Ideographic Comma and Katakana Middle Dot</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The space usually added after <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span> and the space before and after <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span> are omitted, in principle,
 for cosmetic reasons in the following cases.
 </p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In vertical writing mode, <a href="#term.ideographic-numerals" class="termref">ideographic numerals</a> and <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span>
used as a decimal separator are <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">set solid</a> (as in the right line in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_11-en">Fig. 3.10</a>).</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_11.png" alt="Example of  exceptional positioning of the IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA." width="144" height="360" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.10: <span class="caption-body">Example of  exceptional positioning of the IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>In vertical writing mode, ideographic digits used with <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span>
to represent an approximate number are expected to be <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref2nd">set solid</a> too (as in the right line in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_10-en">Fig. 3.11</a>).</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_10.png" alt="Example of the positioning of IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA with ideographic digits to represent an approximate number." width="144" height="144" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.11: <span class="caption-body">Example of the positioning of IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA with ideographic digits to represent an approximate number.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In vertical writing mode, ideographic digits and <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span>
representing a decimal point are <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref2nd">set solid</a> (as in the right line in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_12-en">Fig. 3.12</a>).</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_12.png" alt="Example of the exceptional positioning of KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT." width="144" height="216" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.12: <span class="caption-body">Example of the exceptional positioning of KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>In vertical writing mode, when <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span> is used as a member of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a> in unit symbols, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> in mathematical and chemical formulae, before and after <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span> is set solid.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_consecutive_opening_brackets_closing_brackets_comma_full_stops_and_middle_dots">3.1.4 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_1_4">Positioning of Consecutive Opening Brackets, Closing Brackets, Commas, Full Stops and Middle Dots</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
In cases where multiple punctuation marks, such as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>, come one after the other, the following space adjustments are made for aesthetic reasons (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a>). Note also that the half em and <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em spaces</a> added before or after punctuation marks, including the <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>
appearing in the middle of a line, are subject, in principle, to line adjustment and may eventually be removed, except for those added after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>. (See <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a> for more about line adjustment.) For more information about the positioning of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> at line end, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end">3.1.9 Positioning of Closing Brackets, Full Stops, Commas and Middle Dots at Line End</a>.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>
come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, remove the default <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> between them and, in principle, add a half em space after the closing brackets (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ①).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, remove the default <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> between them and, in principle, add a half em space after the comma. When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, remove the default half em space between them and, in middle of a line, add a half em space after the full stop; at the end of a line, in principle, add a half em space after the full stop (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ②).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, in principle, add a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> between them (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ③). When  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> in the middle of a line, add a half em space between them. Note that when <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>
come in the bottom of lines, in principle, insert a half space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, in principle, add a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> between them (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ④).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> come immediately after other <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, set them <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref2nd">solid</a> and, in principle, add a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> before
    the first one (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ⑤).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> come immediately after other <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, set them <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref2nd">solid</a> and, in principle, add a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> after
    the last closing bracket (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ⑥).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, in principle, add a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> before the following middle dot
    (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ⑦).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
come immediately after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>, in principle, add a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> after the preceding middle dot (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_13-en">Fig. 3.13</a> ⑦).</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_13.png" alt="Examples of line adjustment with multiple opening brackets, closing brackets, commas, full stops or middle dots." width="449" height="425" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.13: <span class="caption-body">Examples of line adjustment with multiple opening brackets, closing brackets, commas, full stops or middle dots.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>The line adjustment rules shown above have been established because the default <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> before or after consecutive punctuation marks, or <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> before and after them, makes the line look sparse and doesn't make the line appear well-proportioned (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_14-en">Fig. 3.14</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_14.png" alt="Examples of bad line composition with unadjusted spaces between multiple opening brackets, closing brackets, commas, full stops or middle dots." width="307" height="457" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.14: <span class="caption-body">Examples of bad line composition with unadjusted spaces between multiple opening brackets, closing brackets, commas, full stops or middle dots.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Japanese composition is based on the design of full-width characters, but strictly following full-width based composition
     sometimes produces an unbalanced appearance. In such exceptional cases, the appearance of the resulting composition must
     be given higher priority than the full-width design principle. When and how to invoke such exceptional procedures has a direct
     bearing on the quality of the text layout. In other words, it is a matter of how to resolve the conflicts between the principle
     and the products of it.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head">3.1.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_1_5">Positioning of Opening Brackets at Line Head</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>When starting a <a href="#term.paragraph-break" class="termref">new line</a> with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> there are some patterns as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_15-en">Fig. 3.15</a>. Note that the amount of line indent after the line feed (the first line indent of a new paragraph) is assumed to be a <a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref">one em space</a> across all the patterns.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>The first line indent after the line feed is set full-width (one em) and the next line after the first line break starts with no space (so-called <a href="#term.tentsuki" class="termref">tentsuki</a>) (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_15-en">Fig. 3.15</a> ①).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>The first line indent after the line feed is set one and a half em and the next line indent after the first line
    break is set to a half em (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_15-en">Fig. 3.15</a> ②).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>The first line indent after the line feed is set at a half em and the next line after the first line break is set tentsuki (see
    <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_15-en">Fig. 3.15</a> ③).</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_15.png" alt="Examples of positioning of opening brackets at line head." width="646" height="360" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.15: <span class="caption-body">Examples of positioning of opening brackets at line head.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Because the inherent character width of a bracket is half-width, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_15-en">Fig. 3.15</a>
① can be explained as the result of applying the principle that any line should start with no space. On the other hand, the principle represented by <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_15-en">Fig. 3.15</a>
② is to assume that opening brackets should be always accompanied by the preceding half em
space
as if they were full-width and then apply the same principle as in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_15-en">Fig. 3.15</a>
①. JIS X 4051 adopts the principle shown in ① (the patterns shown in ② is offered as options) . The pattern shown in ③ was first invented in books such as novels, which use frequent line feeds and corner brackets in dialogues, for which the first line indent with one em

	space
or one and a half em
space
(then this pattern was accepted and adopted by general books). Major Japanese publishers who deal with literature, such as Kodansha, Shinchosha, Bungei Shunju, Chuoh Kouronsha, and Chikuma Shobo, have adopted the pattern shown in ③. By contrast, Iwanami Shoten and other publishers adopted the pattern shown in ①. Because Iwanami Shoten once adopted pattern ② in vertical composition, there used to be many examples of it, but few examples of ② can be found today.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The first line indent of a new paragraph is full-width in principle. However, the following exceptions can be found.</p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>
     
     
     <p>The most popular scheme is to set the first line indent of all new paragraphs to full-width. However, even if there is a paragraph break and the new line looks  like the beginning of new paragraph,  in contexts where the new line is a continuation of the preceding  line, the new line is set tentsuki as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_16-en">Fig. 3.16</a>. (There are books such as novels which adopt full-width line indent without exception.) Similarly, in horizontal writing mode, the line indent is set tentsuki where the new line continues the preceding line of a mathematical expression connected by conjunctions such as "therefore".</p>
     
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_16-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_16.png" alt="Examples of line indent followed by the preceding line with quoted text (as in dialogues)." width="575" height="285" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.16: <span class="caption-body">Examples of line indent followed by the preceding line with quoted text (as in dialogues).</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
    </li>
								<li>
     
     
     <p>When <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">headings</a> have no line indent, the first line indent of the first paragraph after the heading can be also
     set tentsuki, for cosmetic reasons. However, it is not recommended to set the first line indent to tentsuki for all paragraphs,
     because it would make paragraph breaks unclear.
 </p>
     
    </li>
							</ol>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_dividing_punctuation_marks">3.1.6 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_1_6">Positioning of Dividing Punctuation Marks (Question Mark and Exclamation Mark) and Hyphens</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a> (<span class="character">QUESTION MARK "?"</span> and <span class="character">EXCLAMATION MARK "!"</span>) should be  full-width, and they are typeset as follows.
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Basically, add no space before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a> at the end of a sentence and add a <a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref2nd">one em space</a> after them (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_17-en">Fig. 3.17</a>). However when a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing bracket (cl-02)</a> follows right after the dividing punctuation mark, add no space after the dividing punctuation
 mark  and add a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> after the closing bracket (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_17-en">Fig. 3.17</a>).</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_17-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_17.png" alt="Positioning of dividing punctuation marks (Examples in vertical writing mode)." width="246" height="376" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.17: <span class="caption-body">Positioning of dividing punctuation marks (Examples in vertical writing mode).</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>Many implementations use <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-14">full-width ideographic space (cl-14)</a> for the <a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref2nd">one em space</a> appended after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a>.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 2)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>No <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> should be appended after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a> at the end of a sentence.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 3)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>There are some cases where <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a>
are used in the middle of a sentence, not at the end. In those cases, either add no space or a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> before and after the dividing punctuation mark see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_18-en">Fig. 3.18</a>).</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
</table>
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_18-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_18.png" alt="Examples of positioning of dividing punctuation marks in the middle of a sentence (in vertical writing mode)." width="253" height="262" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.18: <span class="caption-body">Examples of positioning of dividing punctuation marks in the middle of a sentence (in vertical writing mode).</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
<table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 4)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>The details of composition rules for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphens (cl-03)</a>
are described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a> as a complete table,  in accordance with the descriptions of character classes in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a> at the end of a sentence reach the end of a line, apply the following rules (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_20-en">Fig. 3.19</a>).
</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_20-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_20.png" alt="Examples of positioning of dividing punctuation marks at the end of a line (in vertical writing mode)." width="363" height="338" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.19: <span class="caption-body">Examples of positioning of dividing punctuation marks at the end of a line (in vertical writing mode).</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <ol>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>If the <a href="#term.line-length" class="termref">line length</a> is 13 character widths and a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation mark (cl-04)</a> occurs in the 12th character position, a one em space should be appended after it.</p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>If the line length is 13 character widths and a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation mark (cl-04)</a> occurs in the 13th character position, no
 space should be appended after it. In addition, do not carry over the one em space usually appended after the dividing punctuation
   marks to the line head of the next line; the line in this case should be set tentsuki.</p>
    
    </li>
   </ol>
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>The character width of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphens (cl-03)</a>
varies according to the type of hyphen. <span class="character">HYPHEN "‐"</span>
should be <a href="#term.quarter-em-width" class="termref">quarter em width</a> (i.e. one quarter of an em width), <span class="character">EN DASH "–"</span>
and <span class="character">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN "゠"</span>
should be <a href="#term.half-width" class="termref2nd">half-width</a> (a half em width), <span class="character">WAVE DASH "〜"</span>
should be <a href="#term.full-width" class="termref2nd">full-width</a>. Basically there should be no space before and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphens (cl-03)</a>. However, a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> should be appended, in principle, when <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> follow right after a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphen (cl-03)</a> and a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> when <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> follow a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphen (cl-03)</a>.</p>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="characters_not_starting_a_line">3.1.7 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_1_7">Characters Not Starting a Line</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>In principle, no line should begin with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphens (cl-03)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-09">iteration marks (cl-09)</a>, a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a> or  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-29">warichu closing brackets (cl-29)</a> (<a href="#term.line-start-prohibition-rule" class="termref">line-start prohibition rule</a>). Otherwise the line would have an odd appearance.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Not a small number of books adopt a less strict  set of rules which allow <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> (one of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-09">iteration marks (cl-09)</a>), <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a> to start a line.
  There is another method whereby <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> is replaced by a kanji character when it would otherwise be set at the head of a line. For example, 家 (at the end of a line) + 々 (at the head of the next line) will be changed to 家 (at the end of a line) + 家 (at the head of the next line).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is yet another less strict rule that allows <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span> to start a line.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In the layout of newspaper text, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a> (<span class="character">QUESTION MARK "?"</span> and <span class="character">EXCLAMATION MARK "!"</span>) are allowed to start a line. This is due to the fact
 that the line lengths are shorter in newspapers. When the line is very short, there are fewer opportunities for inter-character
 space adjustment, which makes it difficult to preserve the number of characters per line. It is thought
 that this is the reason why the less strict set of line head wrapping rules was adopted in newspaper text layout. </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The details of the <a href="#term.line-start-prohibition-rule" class="termref2nd">line-start prohibition rules</a> and <a href="#term.line-end-prohibition-rule" class="termref">line-end prohibition rules</a> are described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>
as a complete table,  in accordance with the description of character classes in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="characters_not_ending_a_line">3.1.8 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_1_8">Characters Not Ending a Line</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>No line should end with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> or  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-28">warichu opening brackets (cl-28)</a> (<a href="#term.line-end-prohibition-rule" class="termref">line-end prohibition rules</a>). Otherwise the line would have an odd appearance.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The process of formatting lines to avoid <a href="#term.characters-not-starting-line" class="termref2nd">non-starter characters at the line head</a>, <a href="#term.characters-not-ending-line" class="termref2nd">non-ending characters at the line end</a>, spaces
     before and/or after inseparable characters, <a href="#term.line-breaking-rules" class="termref">line breaking</a> before and/or after unbreakable characters, etc., is generally called kinsokushori.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end">3.1.9 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_1_9">Positioning of Closing Brackets, Full Stops, Commas and Middle Dots at Line End</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>In principle, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>
at the line end have a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> after them (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_21-en">Fig. 3.20</a>). This half em space can be deleted for line adjustment (for more about line adjustment, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>). However, the possibilities are only half em space or solid. Other spaces, such as a quarter em space should not be used.  In principle, the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a>
character at the line end also has a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> before and after, and is handled like a full-width character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_21-en">Fig. 3.20</a>).  This quarter em space can also be deleted for line adjustment, namely  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> can be set solid before and after (about line adjustment, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>). However,  in this case also, the only possibilities are quarter em space or solid setting. Other intermediate-sized spacing should not be used.</p>
				
				
					
					<div id="fig2_21-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_21.png" alt="Example of handling closing brackets, full stops, commas and middle dots at the line end like full-width characters." width="357" height="274" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.20: <span class="caption-body">Example of handling closing brackets, full stops, commas and middle dots at the line end like full-width characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>With regard to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> at line end, the following processing  is defined in JIS X 4051 (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_1_2-en">Fig. 3.21</a>).</p>
							
							<table class="t_sample">
								<tr>
									<td class="ft">
										
											
											<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a></p>
										
									</td>
									<td>
										
											
											<p>After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, there must be a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a>, including at the line end. This half em space must not be a target for reduction during line adjustment.</p>
										
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td class="ft">
										
											
											<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a></p>
										
									</td>
									<td>
										
											
											<p>After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>，solid setting is applied.</p>
										
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td class="ft">
										
											
											<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a></p>
										
									</td>
									<td>
										
											
											<p>After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, solid setting is applied.</p>
										
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td class="ft">
										
											
											<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a></p>
										
									</td>
									<td>
										
											
											<p>In principal, before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> there  is a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a>, and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> solid setting is applied.</p>
										
									</td>
								</tr>
							</table>
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div id="fig2_1_2-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_1_2.png" alt="Example of handling closing brackets, full stops, commas and middle dots at the line end in JIS X 4051." width="356" height="282" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.21: <span class="caption-body">Example of handling closing brackets, full stops, commas and middle dots at the line end in JIS X 4051.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In the <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref2nd">letterpress printing</a> era, the following methods were common (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_22-en">Fig. 3.22</a>).
</p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>
     
     
     <p>For <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, if possible, a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> was preserved. Using a half em space was the general approach. For <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>, if possible, <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> was preserved. Using a quarter em space was the general approach.</p>
     
    </li>
								<li>
     
     
     <p>If the line length was not sufficient or too great and line adjustment processing became necessary (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>), the first priority was to replace the <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> after  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> with solid setting. The reason was that this was at the line end, and no problems would arise, even
     though the half em space became set solid. The option of replacing the half em space after punctuation marks with a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a>, instead of removing the whole half em space was not used. That meant that there was the choice between either a half
     em space after punctuation marks or solid setting. The second priority was to replace quarter em spaces before and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> with solid setting.</p>
     
    </li>
							</ol>
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div id="fig2_22-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_22.png" alt="Examples of closing brackets, commas and full stops at the end of a line with either a half em space after or set solid." width="447" height="480" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.22: <span class="caption-body">Examples of closing brackets, commas and full stops at the end of a line with either a half em space after or set solid.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In some DTP systems etc., after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>
at the line end, the line end is always set solid (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_23-en">Fig. 3.23</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div id="fig2_23-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_23.png" alt="Example of always applying solid setting after closing brackets, full stops, and commas at the line end." width="315" height="282" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.23: <span class="caption-body">Example of always applying solid setting after closing brackets, full stops, and commas at the line end.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="unbreakable_character_sequences">3.1.10 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_1_10">Unbreakable Character Sequences</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>If the following characters and symbols appear in sequence there will be <a href="#term.unbreakable-characters-rule" class="termref">no line break</a> between them. The reason is that these characters and symbols are to be handled as one unit.
</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Both <a href="#term.line-start-prohibition-rule" class="termref2nd">line head wrap</a> and <a href="#term.line-end-prohibition-rule" class="termref2nd">line end wrap</a> mean that there will be no line break between characters or symbols. For line head wrap
     there is no break between the <a href="#term.characters-not-starting-line" class="termref">line head wrap character</a> and the character or symbol before. For line end wrap, there is no break between the <a href="#term.characters-not-ending-line" class="termref">line end wrap character</a> and the following character or symbol.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The details of unbreakable character sequences are described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#possibilities_for_linebreaking_between_characters">Appendix C Possibilities for  Line-breaking between Characters</a>
as a complete table,   in accordance with the description of character classes in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Between a sequence of <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span> characters (to be more specific, for a double dash, see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_24-en">Fig. 3.24</a>). Note that some systems implement <span class="character">HORIZONTAL BAR "―"</span> with very similar behavior to <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span>.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_24-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_24.png" alt="Sequence of EM DASH characters is unbreakable." width="504" height="311" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.24: <span class="caption-body">Sequence of EM DASH characters is unbreakable.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
						<tr>
							<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
								
									
									<p>(note 1)</p>
								
							</td>
							<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
								
									
									<p>Other characters and punctuation marks before and after <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span> are set solid. However, in the following cases some space should be set between <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span> and other characters. As mentioned in the next note, <span class="character">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…"</span>, <span class="character">TWO DOT LEADER "‥"</span>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-12">prefixed abbreviations (cl-12)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-13">postfixed abbreviations (cl-13)</a> behave similarly to <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span>.</p>
								
								<ol>
									<li>
     
     
     <p>Where <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> are followed by <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span>, a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> is inserted between them, in principle. Also, in the middle of lines, where <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> are followed by <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span>, a half em space is inserted between them. However, when <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> are placed at the end of a line a half em space is added after the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>.</p>
     
    </li>
    <li>
     
     
     <p>Where <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span> is followed by <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> is inserted between them, in principle.</p>
     
    </li>
    <li>
     
     
     <p>Where <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> are set side by side, a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> is inserted between them, in principle.</p>
     
    </li>
								</ol>
							</td>
						</tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 2)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>A double dash is handled as one unit, hence a line break between them is forbidden. In letterpress printing, breaking of the double
     dash was forbidden very strongly by the fact that the double dash was created as a double full body (so it was actually not possible
     to break it). Nevertheless, if it was not possible to avoid a break, two EM DASH characters were used instead the double dash. That made it
     possible to have a line break between them. </p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Between sequences of <span class="character">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…"</span>
or <span class="character">TWO DOT LEADER "‥"</span>
(to be more specific, double HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "……" or double TWO DOT LEADER "‥‥").</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_25-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_25.png" alt="Unbreakable sequence of HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS." width="324" height="401" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.25: <span class="caption-body">Unbreakable sequence of HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>In the <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref2nd">letterpress printing</a> era, double HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS etc. was created as a sequence of HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS. Hence, compared
     to double dash, the line break between them was not so strongly forbidden.
 </p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Between <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_26-en">Fig. 3.26</a>, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_27-en">Fig. 3.27</a>, and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_28-en">Fig. 3.28</a>.). European numerals indicate ranks via the position of a numeral.</p>
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>It is possible to have a line break between ideographic numerals. Also it is possible to have a line break after <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span>
used as a decimal separator or an indicator for approximate number, and <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span>
as a decimal point. However, the position between ideographic numerals and <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span>
used as a decimal separator or an indicator for approximate number, and <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span>
used as a decimal point is unbreakable. The reason is that the natural usage of ideographic numerals is to write them like "二百三十五", that is with inserted rank indicators (Explanation: "二" means "two", "百" means "hundred". "二百" means "two hundred". "三" means "three", "十" means "ten". "三十" means "thirty"."五" means "five". The complete sequence "二百三十五" means "Two hundred and thirty five".). Hence, it is not necessary to express rank via position. In contrast, line breaks are forbidden for European numerals, since it is necessary to express the rank via the position. Furthermore, if in vertical writing mode European numerals are placed in an upright position like ordinary Japanese characters, they are used like the ideographic numerals, and it is possible to have a line break between them.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 2)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>When writing European numerals, <span class="character">FULL STOP "."</span> is used as a decimal point, <span class="character">COMMA ","</span> or space is used as a rank indicator. Line breaks cannot occur before and after these characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_28-en">Fig. 3.28</a>: the space before "4" expresses a rank). </p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-12">prefixed abbreviations (cl-12)</a>
(<span class="character">YEN SIGN "¥"</span>，<span class="character">DOLLAR SIGN "$"</span>，<span class="character">CENT SIGN "¢"</span> etc.) and the following arabic or ideographic numeral (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_26-en">Fig. 3.26</a>). The reason is that such character sequences are to be handled as one unit.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_26-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_26.png" alt="Unbreakable sequences between prefixed abbreviations and the following European numeral." width="171" height="74" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.26: <span class="caption-body">Unbreakable sequences between prefixed abbreviations and the following European numeral.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-13">postfixed abbreviations (cl-13)</a>
(<span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span>, <span class="character">PER MILLE SIGN "‰"</span>
etc.) and the preceding <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref2nd">European numeral</a>
or <a href="#term.ideographic-numerals" class="termref2nd">ideographic numeral</a>
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_27-en">Fig. 3.27</a>). The reason is that such character sequences are to be handled as one unit.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_27-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_27.png" alt="Unbreakable sequences between postfixed abbreviations and the preceding European numeral." width="153" height="73" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.27: <span class="caption-body">Unbreakable sequences between postfixed abbreviations and the preceding European numeral.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>Some people think that it is appropriate to have a line break between the <span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span> and the preceding arabic or ideographic numeral. The reason seems to be that <span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span> has a high level of independence. Furthermore it is possible to have a line break between "0" and "パ" in cases like "50パーセント" (meaning "50 percent", where "percent" is written in katakana).</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Inter-letter space among <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> in a word (or, sequence of letters, which it is not possible to <a href="#term.hyphenation" class="termref">hyphenate</a>),  or unit indicators (km, kg, mm etc.) in Latin letters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_28-en">Fig. 3.28</a>).
</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_28-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_28.png" alt="It is not possible to break a line between letters in unit symbols using Latin letters." width="264" height="72" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.28: <span class="caption-body">It is not possible to break a line between letters in unit symbols using Latin letters.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>When using <span class="character">HYPHEN "‐"</span> at the end of a line, it becomes possible to have a line break within <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 2)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>In this document, description of units with proportional Western characters, such as km and kg, are treated as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a>.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 3)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>In <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_28-en">Fig. 3.28</a>, there is a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> between "4" and "k", because of the convention to insert a quarter em between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a> and following European numerals or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>. It is permitted to break a line between "4" and "k". In this case, there is no quarter em space in either the head or the end of the line. Note that the space size between "3" and "4" in  <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_28-en">Fig. 3.28</a> is explained in c of (note 2).</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Inter-letter space
among ruby letters, when composed as <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref">mono-ruby</a>. Note that it is possible to break a line between <a href="#term.base-characters" class="termref">base characters</a> with mono-ruby (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_29-en">Fig. 3.29</a>).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Inter-letter space
among ruby letters or base characters, composed as <a href="#term.group-ruby" class="termref">group-ruby</a>
 (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_29-en">Fig. 3.29</a>).</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_29-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_29.png" alt="Example of unbreakable sequences of ruby." width="262" height="257" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.29: <span class="caption-body">Example of unbreakable sequences of ruby.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>With  <a href="#term.ruby" class="termref2nd">ruby</a> used for compound words (<a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref">jukugo-ruby</a>), a group of ruby characters is attached to each base character. It is possible to have a line break between such groups
     of ruby letters and base characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_30-en">Fig. 3.30</a>), however,  a line break should not occur between ruby characters related to a given base character.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_30-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_30.png" alt="Example of a line break for jukugo-ruby." width="501" height="258" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.30: <span class="caption-body">Example of a line break for jukugo-ruby.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Between a subscript or superscript and an adjacent base character (preceding  or following) (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_31-en">Fig. 3.31</a>), or between base characters with <a href="#term.ornament-characters" class="termref">ornament characters</a>, or between ornament characters themselves.  The reason is that these character sequences are to be handled as one object.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_31-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_31.png" alt="Unbreakable sequences between a character and its related subscripts." width="127" height="65" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.31: <span class="caption-body">Unbreakable sequences between a character and its related subscripts.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In order to create a correspondence between <a href="#term.note" class="termref">notes</a> and the related main text,  <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref">reference marks</a> (aijirushi) are often added. Line breaks are not allowed before the reference mark or between letters of the reference mark itself (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_32-en">Fig. 3.32</a>). The application of the no-line-break rule here is a matter of style.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_32-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_32.png" alt="Unbreakable sequences before an aijirushi (reference marks, European numerals or ideographic numerals)." width="421" height="433" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.32: <span class="caption-body">Unbreakable sequences before an aijirushi (reference marks, European numerals or ideographic numerals).</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>In this document, characters in <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref2nd">reference marks</a> are treated as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a>.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 2)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>Often there are <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> after <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref2nd">reference marks</a>. In these cases, line breaks are not allowed between the reference marks and the
   full stops. The reason is that full stops should not be set at the head of lines (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_32-en">Fig. 3.32</a>).</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-28">warichu opening brackets (cl-28)</a>, which open <a href="#term.warichu" class="termref">warichu</a>, or before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-29">warichu closing brackets (cl-29)</a>, which close warichu.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>A unit of <a href="#term.furiwake" class="termref">furiwake</a>. A unit of furiwake is handled as one object.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="character_sequences_which_do_not_allow_space_insertion_as_part_of_line_adjustment_processing">3.1.11 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_1_11">Character Sequences which Do Not Allow Space Insertion as Part of Line Adjustment Processing</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>For line adjustment processing, space must not be added between the following characters.
(This  is called the <a href="#term.inseparable-characters-rule" class="termref">inseparable characters rule</a>.)
The reason is that these characters or symbols should appear as one unit (for more about line adjustment, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>).</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The main places where solid setting may be dropped for line adjustment processing are the spaces among <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>, and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>. Furthermore, things such as the amount of space
 between words in Western text are also a target for space adaptation. </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Combinations of character classes which allow spaces to be inserted for line alignment, are described as a complete table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment">Appendix E Opportunities for  Inter-character Space Expansion during Line Adjustment</a>, following <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>There must be no space between any characters described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#unbreakable_character_sequences">3.1.10 Unbreakable Character Sequences</a>.
</p>
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>Some people think that it is only permissible to increase space between letters in Western words for cases where there is no possibility of regular line adjustment processing.</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In addition to the cases mentioned above, the inseparable character rule has to be applied to the following cases.</p>
   
   <ol>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>Before or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>.</p>
    
    <table class="t_note">
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 1)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>After <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> or before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> the inseparable characters rule is always applied. In contrast, before opening brackets or after
 closing brackets the rule is not applied. <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">Full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> are handled the same as closing brackets.</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
    </table>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>Before or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>.</p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>Before or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>.</p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>Before or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a>.</p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>Before or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">hyphens (cl-03)</a>.</p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>Before or after one em, etc. spaces between Japanese characters.</p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>Among base characters with <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref">jukugo-ruby</a>.</p>
    
    </li>
   </ol>
   </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="examples_of_line_adjustment">3.1.12 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_1_12">Examples of Line Adjustment</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Methods of line adjustment processing are discussed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>. However, since layout processing
   of punctuation marks is one reason for the need for line adjustment processing, we will here introduce two main examples of cases where
   line adjustment processing is necessary, and show adjustment examples (see  <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_33-en">Fig. 3.33</a>).</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>The principal approach in Japanese composition is that with the exception of the last line of a paragraph, the length of all lines
    is the same, so all lines are aligned. As explained before, the line length is set to be n-times the character size established for the kihon-hanmen. Hence, as long as only full-width
    characters are used, all lines have the same length (see ① at <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_33-en">Fig. 3.33</a>).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_33-en">Fig. 3.33</a>
at ②, there is an <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span>
followed by a <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span>, and  the total space taken by the two characters is one and a half em. That means that the line overshoots or runs short of the edge of the kihon-hanmen by a half em. To restore a uniform line length, line adjustment is applied as shown at ③ in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_33-en">Fig. 3.33</a>. The <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> overshoot or shortage is recovered by <a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-reduction" class="termref">reducing inter-character space</a> to a quarter em before the <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span> and after the <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span>.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>At ④ in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_33-en">Fig. 3.33</a>, the 15th character is an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening bracket (cl-01)</a>. This should not appear  at the line end. Ideally, a full
 width space reduction would be applied, and the character "前" on the second line would be moved onto the first line in the
 15th position. In that way, the problem could be avoided. However, in this example a full-width space reduction is not possible,
 so line adjustment processing is applied as shown at ⑤ in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_33-en">Fig. 3.33</a>. The <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening bracket (cl-01)</a> is moved to the second line, and <a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-expansion" class="termref">line adjustment by inter-character space expansion</a> is applied. That means that space is inserted in the first line at places where it is allowed.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_33-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_33.png" alt="Examples of line adjustment." width="540" height="352" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.33: <span class="caption-body">Examples of line adjustment.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec2">
			
				
				<h3 id="japanese_and_western_mixed_text_composition">3.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_2">Japanese and Western Mixed Text Composition (including Horizontal-in-Vertical Text Composition)</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="composition_of_japanese_and_western_mixed_texts">3.2.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_2_1">Composition of Japanese and Western Mixed Texts</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>There are a lot of examples of Japanese text in which Western and/or Greek letters are mixed among Japanese letters. Examples
   are as follows:
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Using one Latin letter as a symbol for something, like "A" and "B".</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Using a Western word in a Japanese context, like "editor".</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Using acronyms of things and organization names, like "DTP" and "GDP".</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Writing Western book titles and authors in lists of referred books with original spelling.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>Latin letters are also used in <a href="#term.itemization" class="termref">itemized lists</a> and numbering of <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">headings</a>, as well as symbols for units, symbols for chemical elements,
   and mathematical symbols. As can be judged from these examples, mixtures of Latin letters among Japanese letters are in daily use
   in Japanese composition.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There are some examples which include whole Western paragraphs in Japanese documents.  However, there are few ordinary books that
     include such paragraphs. There are a lot of examples of textbooks for foreign languages,
     in which one or more Western paragraphs are followed by annotations in Japanese language. Also, there are some examples in treatises and journals, which contain whole Western paragraphs.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a>, symbols for units are usually described with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>, such as センチメートル (centimeter) or センチ(abbreviation of centimeter in katakana, "senchi"). In <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>, the International System of Units (SI) is usually used, such as "cm". </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The treatment of mixtures of Japanese and Western characters is also described in JIS X 4051 4.7.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="mixed_text_composition_in_horizontal_writing_mode">3.2.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_2_2">Mixed Text Composition in Horizontal Writing Mode</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>In horizontal writing mode the basic approach is to use <a href="#term.proportional" class="termref">proportional</a> Western fonts (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_1-en">Fig. 3.34</a>). For <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a>, both <a href="#term.half-width" class="termref">half-width</a> fonts and proportional fonts are used.   Note that <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> is a one third em space, in principle, except at line head, line head of warichu, line end and line end of warichu. <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> at line head, line head of warichu, line end and line end of warichu, is set solid.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_1.png" alt="Example of proportional Western fonts used in Japanese in horizontal writing mode." width="480" height="172" /><div class="figureCaption" id="f1-en">Fig. 3.34: <span class="caption-body">Example of proportional Western fonts used in Japanese in horizontal writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_2.png" alt="Example of Western full-width fonts used in Japanese in horizontal writing mode. (In horizontal writing mode, Western full-width fonts are usually not recommended.)" width="480" height="208" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.35: <span class="caption-body">Example of Western full-width fonts used in Japanese in horizontal writing mode. (In horizontal writing mode, Western full-width fonts are usually not recommended.)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>As shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_2-en">Fig. 3.35</a>, there are some examples of Western <a href="#term.full-width" class="termref">full-width</a>  fonts used in horizontal Japanese typesetting, this usage is
     not recommended, for cosmetic reasons.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Usually, in horizontal Japanese text, fonts  are used with European numeric glyphs that are easy to balance and harmonize with Japanese
     fonts. Considering <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustment</a>, the use of fonts with half-width numeric glyphs is recommended. There are some cases of Japanese fonts with half-width glyphs for European digits.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There are two choices for including glyphs of Latin letters and numerals in Japanese and Western <a href="#term.mixed-text-composition" class="termref2nd">mixed text compositions</a>.
     One way is to use the glyphs for Western characters built into the same Japanese font. The other is to combine an independent
     Western font for Western characters with a Japanese font for Japanese characters. (Example: <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_3-en">Fig. 3.36</a> is composed using proportional glyphs for Latin letters and numerals included in Ryumin R-KL. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_4-en">Fig. 3.37</a> is composed with Ryumin R-KL for Japanese characters and Times New Roman for Latin letters and numerals.)</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_3.png" alt="Example of Japanese and Western mixed text with the same font Ryumin R-KL for both Japanese characters and proportional Western&#xA;     characters." width="480" height="172" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.36: <span class="caption-body">Example of Japanese and Western mixed text with the same font Ryumin R-KL for both Japanese characters and proportional Western
     characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_4.png" alt="Example of Japanese and Western mixed text with two distinct fonts - Ryumin R-KL for Japanese characters and Times New Roman&#xA;     for Western characters." width="480" height="172" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.37: <span class="caption-body">Example of Japanese and Western mixed text with two distinct fonts - Ryumin R-KL for Japanese characters and Times New Roman
     for Western characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
							
							<p>The value of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> mentioned here is only applicable for western texts among Japanese texts in Japanese common books. In general, the value of western word space shall be decided with the consideration of the kind of western typeface, the font size and the value of line gap.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="mixed_text_composition_in_vertical_writing_mode">3.2.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_2_3">Mixed Text Composition in Vertical Writing Mode</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>As explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#major_differences_between_vertical_writing_mode_and_horizontal_writing_mode">2.3.2 Major Differences between Vertical Writing Mode and Horizontal Writing Mode</a>, there are three different styles for setting Latin letters and European
numerals in vertical writing mode:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Setting Latin letters and/or European numerals one by one in inline direction with <a href="#term.japanese-characters" class="termref">Japanese characters</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_2_2_50-en">Fig. 3.38</a>). This style is typically adopted when composing a single Latin letter or European numeral between the adjacent Japanese
    letters. Full-width glyphs are specified for Latin letters and European numerals in this style.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig_2_2_50-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_50.png" alt="Example of Latin letters in normal orientation." width="115" height="432" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.38: <span class="caption-body">Example of Latin letters in normal orientation.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Setting Latin letters and/or European numerals rotated 90 degrees clockwise in vertical text mode (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_6-en">Fig. 3.39</a>). This style is usually adopted when Latin letters compose a word or sentence. Proportional fonts are specified for
    characters in this style, as in horizontal writing mode (or half-width fonts for European numerals).</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_2_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_6.png" alt="Example of Latin letters rotated 90 degrees clockwise." width="121" height="507" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.39: <span class="caption-body">Example of Latin letters rotated 90 degrees clockwise.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Setting Latin letters and/or European numerals in <a href="#term.tate-chu-yoko" class="termref">tate-chu-yoko</a> (horizontal-in-vertical setting, see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_7-en">Fig. 3.40</a>). Tate-chu-yoko layout is usually adopted when dealing with a two-digit number in European numerals, or a combination of
    two or three Latin letters, the length of which is equal to the default size of the line in paragraph direction or longer
    than that just to an acceptable extent. (A combination of two or three Latin letters may be rotated 90 degrees clockwise rather
    than set it in tate-chu-yoko layout.) Proportional glyphs (or half-width glyphs for European numerals) are used
    for characters in tate-chu-yoko layout.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_2_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_7.png" alt="Example of European numerals in tate-chu-yoko (horizontal-in-vertical setting)." width="121" height="326" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.40: <span class="caption-body">Example of European numerals in tate-chu-yoko (horizontal-in-vertical setting).</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>Acronyms, such as "GNP", and abbreviations like "Web", are usually set one by one, character-wise in normal orientation (see
     <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_5-en">Fig. 3.41</a>). However, there are some cases where acronyms and abbreviations are rotated 90 degrees clockwise (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_52-en">Fig. 3.42</a>).
 </p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
</table>
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_2_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_5.png" alt="Example of acronyms set one by one in normal orientation." width="115" height="360" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.41: <span class="caption-body">Example of acronyms set one by one in normal orientation.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
     
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_2_52-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_52.png" alt="Example of acronyms rotated 90 degrees clockwise." width="115" height="346" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.42: <span class="caption-body">Example of acronyms rotated 90 degrees clockwise.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
<table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 2)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>The <a href="#term.ideographic-numerals" class="termref">ideographic numerals</a> were traditionally used in vertical writing mode instead of European numerals. (Road numbers
     and car registration numbers were examples of a couple of exceptions). However, the more newspapers and other publications have been adopting European     numerals in vertical writing mode, the more the use of tate-chu-yoko layout for European numerals has also been increasing. </p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="method_for_setting_fullwidth_latin_letters_and_european_numerals">3.2.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_2_4">Method for Setting Full-width Latin Letters and European Numerals</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>When <a href="#term.full-width" class="termref2nd">full-width</a>
and <a href="#term.fixed-width" class="termref2nd">fixed-width</a>
Western characters or European numerals are set in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref2nd">vertical writing mode</a>
as "quasi" Japanese characters, <a href="#term.inter-character-space" class="termref2nd">inter-character spaces</a>
between these characters and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>
are <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">set solid</a>, similar to ordinary <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_8-en">Fig. 3.43</a>). Also, in principle, when full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European
numerals are set after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, or before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, insert a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, or before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>. In addition, in these cases, insert a half em space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>. When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European
numerals are set before a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing bracket (cl-02)</a>, or after an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening bracket (cl-01)</a>, the inter-character space before the full stop, comma or closing bracket, or after the opening bracket is set solid.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_8.png" alt="Setting example of full-width Latin letters and European numerals." width="189" height="324" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.43: <span class="caption-body">Setting example of full-width Latin letters and European numerals.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In this document, full-width and fixed-space Western characters and European
numerals are treated as members of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>
class. Accordingly, when <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span>
 appears before or after full-width and fixed-space Western characters and Western numerals, in principle, a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref">quarter em space</a> is inserted between <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span> and Western characters or Western numerals. However, when <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span>
is used as a ranking symbol between Western numerals,  in principle, it is set solid, like ideographic numerals.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_53-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_53.png" alt="Example of setting KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT as a ranking symbol among full-width, fixed-space European numerals." width="88" height="127" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.44: <span class="caption-body">Example of setting KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT as a ranking symbol among full-width, fixed-space European numerals.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The details of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, including full-width and fixed-width Western characters and European
numerals, are described as a complete table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>,  in accordance with  <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="handling_of_tatechuyoko">3.2.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_2_5">Handling of Tate-chu-yoko (Horizontal-in-Vertical Settings)</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>To set strings as tate-chu-yoko (horizontal-in-vertical setting), first set from left to right using <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>, then align the whole string to the center of the vertical line (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_9-en">Fig. 3.45</a>). When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>
are set before/after tate-chu-yoko, the inter-character space is set solid. In principle, when tate-chu-yoko is set after a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing bracket (cl-02)</a>, or before an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening bracket (cl-01)</a>, a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref">half em space</a> is inserted. In addition, when tate-chu-yoko is set after a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a>
in the middle of a line, a half em space is inserted. When a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a> is set at the end of a line, a half em space is inserted after it, in principle. When tate-chu-yoko is set before full stops, commas or closing brackets, or after opening brackets, the inter-character space is set solid.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_9.png" alt="Example of setting tate-chu-yoko (horizontal-in-vertical text setting)." width="197" height="360" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.45: <span class="caption-body">Example of setting tate-chu-yoko (horizontal-in-vertical text setting).</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The details of handling of inter-character spaces between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-30">characters in tate-chu-yoko (cl-30)</a> and adjacent other character classes are described as a complete table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>,  in accordance with   <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="handling_of_western_text_in_japanese_text_using_proportional_western_fonts">3.2.6 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_2_6">Handling of Western Text in Japanese Text using Proportional Western Fonts</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Composition rules for Western characters, Western text and European numerals, set rotated 90 degrees clockwise in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref2nd">vertical writing mode</a>, and <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref2nd">horizontal writing mode</a>, are as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>A sequence of Western characters in a Western word should not <a href="#term.break" class="termref">be broken</a> across a line-break, except  where <a href="#term.hyphenation" class="termref">hyphenation</a> is allowed.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When line adjustment is done with <a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-reduction" class="termref">line adjustment by inter-character space reduction</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> is used as first priority. Also, when line adjustment is done with <a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-expansion" class="termref">line adjustment by inter-character space expansion</a>, Western word spaces are used as first priority.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>When line adjustment by inter-character space addition is used, inter-character spaces within Western words and European numerals are not used for expansion.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><a href="#term.inter-character-space" class="termref2nd">Inter-character space</a>, between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> and Western characters or European numerals, is a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref">quarter em space</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_10-en">Fig. 3.46</a>). The issue as to whether the quarter em space can be used for line end adjustment or not is discussed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#reduction_and_addition_of_intercharacter_space">3.8.2 Reduction and Addition of Inter-Character Space</a> and <a class="sec_ref" href="#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_expansion">3.8.4 Procedures for Inter-Character Space Expansion</a>.</p>
   
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_10.png" alt="Example of a quarter em inter-character space between hiragana, katakana and ideographic characters, and Latin characters." width="300" height="384" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.46: <span class="caption-body">Example of a quarter em inter-character space between hiragana, katakana and ideographic characters, and Latin characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
	


<p>In the following cases, a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> is not inserted (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_12-en">Fig. 3.47</a>).</p>

				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>At the start of a line, there is no space before Latin characters or European numerals. At the end of the line,
    there is no space after Latin characters or European numerals.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In the case where Latin characters and European
numerals follow a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing bracket (cl-02)</a>, or are followed by <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, in principle, a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref2nd">half em space</a> is inserted. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals follow a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a> in the middle of a line, a half em space is inserted. When the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a> is set at the end of a line, in principle, a half em space is inserted after the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a>.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In the case where Latin characters and European numerals are set before a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing bracket (cl-02)</a>, or after an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening bracket (cl-01)</a>, the inter-character space is set solid.</p>
   
   </li>
</ol>
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_12.png" alt="Example of no inter-character space before and after Latin characters and European numerals." width="493" height="337" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.47: <span class="caption-body">Example of no inter-character space before and after Latin characters and European numerals.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In this document, proportional Western characters and European numerals are treated as members of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> class. Note that half- and fixed-width European numerals, when mixed  with Japanese text, are treated as members of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> class.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The reason a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref2nd">quarter em space</a> is needed between Western characters or European numerals and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, is that the design concept of Latin fonts and Japanese fonts are different from each other, so it looks too tight without the spaces (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_2_11-en">Fig. 3.48</a>).
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_2_11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_2_11.png" alt="Example of solid setting between, katakana and ideographic characters and Latin characters and European numerals. (This method is&#xA;     not recommended)." width="302" height="388" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.48: <span class="caption-body">Example of solid setting between, katakana and ideographic characters and Latin characters and European numerals. (This method is
     not recommended).</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
			</div>
			
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec3">
			
				
				<h3 id="ruby_and_emphasis_dots">3.3 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_3">Ruby and Emphasis Dots</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="usage_of_ruby">3.3.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_3_1">Usage of Ruby</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a class="termref" href="#term.ruby">Ruby</a>
is a small-sized, supplementary text attached to a character or a group of characters in the main text. A run of ruby text, usually attached to the right of the characters in <a class="termref" href="#term.vertical-writing-mode">vertical writing mode</a>
or immediately above them in <a class="termref" href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode">horizontal writing mode</a>, indicates the reading or the meaning of those characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_1-en">Fig. 3.49</a>). The characters in the main text that are annotated by ruby are called "<a class="termref" href="#term.base-characters">base characters</a>".
 Mainly <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">Hiragana (cl-15)</a>
characters are often used for ruby to indicate how to read
<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>; this is known as ruby annotation or as "<a class="termref" href="#term.furigana">furigana</a>".</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_1.png" alt="Ruby and base characters." width="324" height="401" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.49: <span class="caption-body">Ruby and base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Societal change in the use of kanji  when composing Japanese and changes in the use of ruby implementations in text layout methods
     have been affecting the usage of ruby itself. Ruby was not very popular while the Touyou Kanji Table  (当用漢字表) (the list of kanji characters for everyday use, issued by the
     Government on November 16, 1946) was in effect because, in principle, it discouraged the use of furigana in its 'directions     for use' section. The <a href="#term.jouyou-kanji-table" class="termref">Jouyou Kanji Table</a> (常用漢字表) (the list of kanji characters in common use, issued by the Government to replace the <a href="#term.touyou-kanji-table" class="termref">Touyou Kanji Table</a> on October
     10, 1981) has changed the scope of the list. (The Touyou Kanji Table defined the list of all kanji characters that can be used for
     any documents, while the Jouyou Kanji Table was designed to be a 'reference guide' for the use of kanji to compose contemporary
     Japanese for general use in society.)
     For example, the preface of the Jouyou Kanji Table states that one may consider the use of 'furigana (annotations to indicate pronunciation)'  when the text appears too
     difficult to read. This is why the use of ruby has been increasing today. The use of ruby is common in magazines and books,
     and even newspapers have begun to use ruby these days.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     The specification of ruby composition was first introduced in the second revision of JIS X 4051, which was further revised
     in 2004 to add <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref">jukugo-ruby</a>, <a href="#term.katatsuki" class="termref">katatsuki-ruby</a> and the dual ruby composition with which two distinct runs of ruby are attached
     to the same base characters (4.12 Ruby Composition).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>There are three methods to treat ruby as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>

<p>Mono-ruby : ruby letters are set in connection with each base character (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_monoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.5 Positioning of Mono-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a>).</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>Jukugo-ruby : ruby letters are set not only in connection with each base character but also treated as a group as kanji compound word  (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.7 Positioning of Jukugo-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a> and <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby">Appendix F Positioning of Jukugo-ruby</a>).</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>Group-ruby : The connection between ruby letters and base characters is treated as group-to-group (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_groupruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.6 Positioning of Group-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a>).</p>
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>Because of different purposes and different functionalities, there are several complicated methods for ruby as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    PURPOSE: Ruby annotation with kana (usually <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>) to provide readings of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>.
    There are two types of ruby for this purpose depending on the type of base character:
</p>
   
   <ol>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>
     Add one or more <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>  ruby character to indicate the reading (Japanese onyomi or kunyomi) for each base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>     (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_2-en">Fig. 3.50</a>).
      This method, attaching one or several hiragana or katakana characters for each base ideographic character, is called <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref">mono-ruby</a>.</p>
    
    
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_2.png" alt="Example of ruby annotation  per ideographic character." width="192" height="288" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.50: <span class="caption-body">Example of ruby annotation  per ideographic character.</span></div></div></div></div>
    
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>In the Japanese writing system, <a class="termref" href="#term.compound-word">kanji compound words</a>
(jukugo) occasionally appear, usually constructed with a couple of

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>. There are two different methods of attaching ruby letters to base

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>
for these compound words.</p>
    
    <ol>
    <li>
     
     
				 <p><a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">Mono-ruby</a>. Ruby letters are attached to each base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>, similarly to the previous section (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_3-en">Fig. 3.51</a>).</p>
     
    
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_3.png" alt="Example of mono-ruby method. Ruby letters are attached to each base ideographic character in a compound word." width="117" height="369" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.51: <span class="caption-body">Example of mono-ruby method. Ruby letters are attached to each base ideographic character in a compound word.</span></div></div></div></div>
    
    
    <table class="t_note">
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 1)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>In <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_3-en">Fig. 3.51</a>, there is a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref">quarter em space</a> between the base characters "凝" and "視". So when this line happens to appear in the middle of a paragraph, there needs to be some <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustment</a> processing.</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
    </table>
    
    </li>
    <li>
     
     
     <p><a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref">Jukugo-ruby</a>. Pronunciation is indicated for each <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>, but the positioning takes into account the fact that together they make up a <a href="#term.compound-word" class="termref2nd">compound word</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_4-en">Fig. 3.52</a>). The intention when using jukugo-ruby is to handle the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> phrase as one object.</p>
     
    
     
     <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_4.png" alt="Example of jukugo-ruby method. Ruby letters are attached to groups of ideographic characters in compound words." width="242" height="360" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.52: <span class="caption-body">Example of jukugo-ruby method. Ruby letters are attached to groups of ideographic characters in compound words.</span></div></div></div></div>
    
    
    <table class="t_note">
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 1)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>There is no difference between <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_3-en">Fig. 3.51</a>
of <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">mono-ruby</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_4-en">Fig. 3.52</a>
of <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">jukugo-ruby</a>, when the
number of ruby letters for each base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> is one or two. When the mono-ruby approach is adopted, the inter-character space between base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> can be expanded for line adjustment (in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_3-en">Fig. 3.51</a>, the inter-character space between "鬼" and "門", or, "方" and "角" can be expanded). When the jukugo-ruby approach is  adopted, line adjustment cannot be applied to the base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>.</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 2)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>The following examples show the relationship between ruby letters and base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>.</p>
     
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example of mono-ruby:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>"凝+(ぎよう)" "視+(し)"</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example of jukugo-ruby 1:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>"凝+(ぎよう) 視+(し)"</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example of jukugo-ruby 2:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>"(凝視)+(ぎよう/し)"</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
     </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 3)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>
      Books commonly adopt kana-based jukugo-ruby for ideographic <a href="#term.compound-word" class="termref2nd">compound words</a>. However, due to technical difficulties for rendering jukugo-ruby in machine-assisted text layout, the adoption of kana-based mono-ruby is increasing. For example, newspapers do not use jukugo-ruby, and study aids generally use mono-ruby because it is considered more important to show the readings of each <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> for students than to be concerned about the beauty of the layout.</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 4)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>
      Multiple ideographic  <a href="#term.compound-word" class="termref2nd">compound words</a> can form one compound phrase. In this case, there are two ways to attach ruby, i.e. attaching ruby
      to the compound phrase as a whole, or to each word which forms the compound (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_5-en">Fig. 3.53</a>). Similarly, a Japanese personal name consists of a given name and a family name, which together form a compound of a full
      name, and it is an editorial decision whether to attach two runs of ruby, one each for given name and family name, or to attach the
      full ruby text to the compound which represents the reading of the full name.
  </p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
</table>
     
      
      <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_5.png" alt="Examples of ruby attachment for a compound phrase." width="284" height="126" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.53: <span class="caption-body">Examples of ruby attachment for a compound phrase.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
<table class="t_note">
     <tr>
     <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>(note 5)</p>
     
     </td>
     <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
      
      <p>
      In most cases, the reading of a ideographic compound word  is just a concatenation of the readings of each individual <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>, but some phrases
      have their own native readings (known as jukuji readings) (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_6-en">Fig. 3.54</a>), which cannot be derived from the readings of each character. Attaching
      ruby to those phrases, which are usually sequences of two or three <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, is essentially the same as attaching ruby in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> and/or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> base characters  (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_6_2-en">Fig. 3.55</a>).</p>
     
     </td>
     </tr>
    </table>
     
      
      <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_6.png" alt="Examples of ruby for jukuji readings." width="227" height="108" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.54: <span class="caption-body">Examples of ruby for jukuji readings.</span></div></div></div></div>
     
     
    
    </li>
    </ol>
    </li>
   </ol>
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>PURPOSE: Ruby annotation that annotates a

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>
word with

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
to provide its meaning, together with it's reading. In terms of ruby layout, attaching ruby text to a single character in

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>
is essentially the same as attaching the reading to a

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>
(e.g. attaching ruby text "バザール", 'Bazaar', in

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
to a

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>
"市" is just like attaching the reading "いち" to that character). When attaching
<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
ruby text to a run of base text consisting of two or more characters in

<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> and/or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, the ruby text needs to be positioned as if it corresponds to the annotated text itself, no matter how the ruby characters are distributed across each base character. The most typical example of this is attaching ruby text to a kanji compound word to indicate a corresponding loan word in katakana (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_6_2-en">Fig. 3.55</a>). The use of ruby text of this kind is on the increase in proportion to the growing need for translations and loan words. This type of ruby, namely ruby letters that are attached to two or more base characters as one object (note that ruby characters are not limited to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_6-en">Fig. 3.54</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_7-en">Fig. 3.56</a>), is called <a class="termref" href="#term.group-ruby">group-ruby</a>. Group-ruby and it's base characters are unbreakable, because of their behavior as one object (it is possible to break a line in the middle of the base characters where <a class="termref2nd" href="#term.jukugo-ruby">jukugo-ruby</a>
is in use).</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_6_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_6_2.png" alt="Examples of ruby for compound ideographic character words to indicate corresponding words in katakana." width="317" height="147" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.55: <span class="caption-body">Examples of ruby for compound ideographic character words to indicate corresponding words in katakana.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>
     Having said that, the layout of ruby text to a single <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> is not entirely the same depending on the use of ruby, and may differ according to
     whether it is for indicating the reading or the meaning. In fact, the <a href="#term.katatsuki" class="termref">katatsuki</a>, one of ruby layout per character which will
     be described in the later section, does allow the <a href="#term.nakatsuki" class="termref">nakatsuki</a> layout for those ruby which indicate  meaning.
 </p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    PURPOSE: Ruby annotation, usually with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters, to indicate the reading or the meaning of a Western word used in
    base text (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_7-en">Fig. 3.56</a>).
    There are opposite cases where a synonymous Western word in Latin characters is attached as a ruby annotation to a Japanese
    word in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>  and so on (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_7-en">Fig. 3.56</a>). These cases are less used than a and b, however they are quite common in study guides, translated books and travel guides.
</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_7.png" alt="Examples of Latin characters used either in  base text or ruby text for Western words." width="250" height="185" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.56: <span class="caption-body">Examples of Latin characters used either in  base text or ruby text for Western words.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
There is no difference in the positioning of ruby text whether attaching ruby characters in
<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>
to a Western word in Latin characters or attaching ruby in Latin to a Japanese word in
<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>. The ruby text in either case should be positioned relative to a run of base text to be annotated as in b). However, there is a difference in cases where the lengths of the base text and the ruby text are different. Details are described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#adjustments_of_ruby_with_length_longer_than_that_of_the_base_characters">3.3.8 Adjustments of Ruby with Length Longer than that of the Base Characters</a>. When the length of a ruby text in
 <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
is shorter than the corresponding base text, the ruby text is, in general, stretched by adding inter-character spaces between ruby characters, and when the length of a ruby text in
 <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
is longer than the corresponding base text, the base text is, in general, stretched by adding inter-character spaces between base characters, so that the ruby and base text look similar in length (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_6_2-en">Fig. 3.55</a>). On the other hand, when the base text or ruby text is Latin word, the word is set with western solid setting, and no inter-character space will be added to any ruby or base text in Latin characters no matter how different the ruby and base text look in length (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_7-en">Fig. 3.56</a>). Details will be explained later.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    PURPOSE:  Ruby annotation using <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> for a base text word in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>. This is called <a href="#term.furikanji" class="termref">furikanji</a>, and is very rarely found.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p> Hereafter, mainly the usage of (a) and (b) will be explained.</p>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="choice_of_base_characters_to_be_annotated_by_ruby">3.3.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_3_2">Choice of Base Characters to be Annotated by Ruby</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   There are several methods of choosing how to attach ruby annotations to which base characters.
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    '<a href="#term.general-ruby" class="termref">General-ruby</a>' is the method of attaching ruby annotations to all  base characters in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    '<a href="#term.para-ruby" class="termref">Para-ruby</a>' is the method of attaching ruby annotations to only those base characters in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> for which readings are
    difficult.
</p>
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>
     The '<a href="#term.para-ruby" class="termref2nd">para-ruby</a>' method is further divided into the method of attaching ruby annotations regardless of multiple occurrences of
     the same base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>, and the method of attaching ruby annotations to only the first instance of the same base
     <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>. Furthermore, the latter method has several variations in counting the first instance for the entire book,
     each chapter, or each <a href="#term.spread" class="termref">spread</a>, etc.
 </p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>
   Note that ruby should be attached to all <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> in a compound word, to reflect the unitary nature of the text. To attach ruby to only some of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> in a compound word is not recommended (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_8-en">Fig. 3.57</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_8.png" alt="Examples of ruby on kanji characters in a compound word. (Left side, recommended. Right side, not recommended.)" width="160" height="180" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.57: <span class="caption-body">Examples of ruby on kanji characters in a compound word. (Left side, recommended. Right side, not recommended.)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="choice_of_size_for_ruby_characters">3.3.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_3_3">Choice of Size for Ruby Characters</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   The <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">character size</a> of ruby characters is, in principle, the half size of the base characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_9-en">Fig. 3.58</a>).
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_9.png" alt="Examples of ruby with half the size of the base characters." width="394" height="150" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.58: <span class="caption-body">Examples of ruby with half the size of the base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>
   The '<a href="#term.one-third-ruby" class="termref">one-third-ruby</a>' characters are  used on rare occasions to attach three ruby characters to one <a href="#term.full-width" class="termref">full-width</a> <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>. One-third-ruby for vertical layout has the dimension of the half of the base character in width and the one third in height. Those
   for horizontal writing mode have the dimension of half of the base characters in height and one third in width (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_10-en">Fig. 3.59</a>).
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_10.png" alt="Examples of one third ruby." width="230" height="233" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.59: <span class="caption-body">Examples of one third ruby.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>
   When ruby is attached to twelve point or larger base characters (usually used for headings), the size of the ruby letter is generally smaller than half the size of the base characters, considering the proportion of the sizes
   of base characters and ruby. When all is said and done, these cases are very rare.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_11.png" alt="Examples of ruby at a size smaller than half the size of the base characters." width="269" height="218" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.60: <span class="caption-body">Examples of ruby at a size smaller than half the size of the base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     There are cases where the body size is twelve points in books designed for infants or aged people. In these cases, the
     size of ruby can be six points, exactly the half size of the base characters.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     When the size of base characters is very small (for e.g. smaller than seven points), ruby which is half the
     size, will be even more small and illegible. In such cases where the size of base characters is very small, ruby is not
     a suitable method of annotation. In those cases, consider other annotation methods such as adding the reading in parenthesis immediately
     after the base character.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     Slightly different from the question of the size of ruby, there is a question of whether or not <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a> characters should be used
     in ruby annotations. Because the size is so small, there was no choice of using small kana in <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref">letterpress printing</a>.
     Today there are cases where small kana are used in ruby annotations, but taking legibility into consideration, these cases should be
     limited to those where accurate readings are needed, such as for proper nouns.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="choice_of_sides_for_ruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.4 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_3_4">Choice of Sides for Ruby with Respect to Base Characters</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   In principle, ruby is attached to the right of base characters in vertical writing mode, and above in horizontal writing mode.
</p>
				
				
					
					<p>
   In some special cases, ruby can be seen to the left of base characters in vertical writing mode, and below in horizontal writing mode, but this is very rare.
</p>
				
				
					
					<p>
   There are cases where two kinds of ruby are attached, one to either side of the base characters, one for readings and the other for
   meanings (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_12-en">Fig. 3.61</a>). This is also very rare.
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_12.png" alt="An example of ruby attached to both sides of the base characters." width="72" height="180" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.61: <span class="caption-body">An example of ruby attached to both sides of the base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>
   In the following sections, the ruby composition methods will be explained on the assumption that the size of ruby is half the size of the
   base characters, and they will be attached to the right in vertical writing mode and above in horizontal writing mode. First we look at
   the basic composition rules of <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">mono-ruby</a>, <a href="#term.group-ruby" class="termref2nd">group-ruby</a> and <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">jukugo-ruby</a>, then the rules of positioning of ruby with respect to
   those characters which come before and after the base characters, and finally the composition rules at the <a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a>
   and at the <a href="#term.line-end" class="termref">line end</a>.
</p>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_monoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_3_5">Positioning of Mono-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   When <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">mono-ruby</a> characters are Japanese, they are <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">set solid</a>. If mono-ruby characters have their own character widths such as
   Western characters or <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a>, they are set according to their own widths and then the ruby text is placed so that its center
   matches that of its base character. There are more variations depending on the combination of the base character
   and ruby text and accordingly various composition rules have been invented, which will be explained with examples.
</p>
				
				
					
					<p>
   When attaching two <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> ruby characters to a single base character, the lengths of the ruby text and the base text are the same and they are positioned as shown
   in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_13-en">Fig. 3.62</a>.
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_13.png" alt="An example of composition with two ruby characters." width="195" height="147" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.62: <span class="caption-body">An example of composition with two ruby characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>
   When attaching a single <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> ruby character to a single base character, there are two ways of positioning the ruby character.
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    In <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref2nd">vertical writing mode</a>, attach a ruby character so that its vertical center matches that of the base character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_14-en">Fig. 3.63</a>).
    In <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref2nd">horizontal writing mode</a>, attach a ruby character so that its horizontal center matches that of the base character (see
    <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_14-en">Fig. 3.63</a>).
    This positioning of a ruby character is called '<a href="#term.nakatsuki" class="termref">nakatsuki</a>' (center-alignment).
</p>
   
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_14.png" alt="Examples of nakatsuki and katatsuki alignment." width="453" height="454" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.63: <span class="caption-body">Examples of nakatsuki and katatsuki alignment.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    In vertical writing mode, attach a ruby character so that the top of its virtual body is aligned with the top of that of the base
    character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_14-en">Fig. 3.63</a>). This positioning of a ruby character is called 'katatsuki' (top-alignment).
    For horizontal writing mode, '<a href="#term.katatsuki" class="termref2nd">katatsuki</a>' should not be adopted. If a ruby character is attached so that the left-edge of its virtual
    body is aligned with the left-edge of that of the base character, it would result in the loss of the center of balance, which
    doesn't look good (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_15-en">Fig. 3.64</a>).
</p>
   
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_15.png" alt="Example of katatsuki alignment in horizontal layout (this is intentionally wrong and should not be applied)." width="370" height="139" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.64: <span class="caption-body">Example of katatsuki alignment in horizontal layout (this is intentionally wrong and should not be applied).</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
   </li>
				</ol>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     Katatsuki alignment was commonly used in the <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref2nd">letterpress printing</a> era, but today the adoption of nakatsuki alignment is increasing
     even in vertical writing mode. However, there is still an opinion favoring katatsuki alignment, because it is familiar and
     readable.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>
   When attaching three or more <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> ruby characters to a single base character, the ruby characters are set solid. In this
   case, where the length of a ruby text is longer than that of its base character, positioning of the ruby text depends
   on which alignment has been adopted for a single ruby character. There is another issue: how to maintain the spatial balance
   of the ruby characters hanging over those characters which are not related base characters. The adjustment of inter-character
   spacing for those characters which come before and after the base character will be explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#adjustments_of_ruby_with_length_longer_than_that_of_the_base_characters">3.3.8 Adjustments of Ruby with Length Longer than that of the Base Characters</a>.
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    When nakatsuki alignment is adopted for a single ruby character, position a ruby text so that its vertical center is aligned
    with that of its base character in vertical writing mode (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_16-en">Fig. 3.65</a>). In horizontal writing mode, position a ruby text so that its horizontal center is aligned with that of its base character
    (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_16-en">Fig. 3.65</a>).
</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_16-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_16.png" alt="Example 1 of positioning of ruby text with three or more  characters." width="223" height="342" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.65: <span class="caption-body">Example 1 of positioning of ruby text with three or more  characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    When katatsuki alignment is adopted for a single ruby character, there are two methods, as follows.
</p>
   
   <ol>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>
     Position the ruby text so that its vertical center is aligned with that of its base character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_16-en">Fig. 3.65</a>).</p>
    
    </li>
    <li>
    
     
     <p>
     Depending on the type of script of the adjacent characters to the base character, and the number of ruby characters, a decision
     is made about whether  ruby hangover is allowed on the character before its base character, or on the character after, or
     on both adjacent characters. At break-even situation, the hangover is usually on the character after its base character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_17-en">Fig. 3.66</a>).
 </p>
    
    </li>
   </ol>
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_17-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_17.png" alt="Example 2 of positioning of ruby text with three or more characters (vertical writing mode)." width="437" height="293" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.66: <span class="caption-body">Example 2 of positioning of ruby text with three or more characters (vertical writing mode).</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     The terms katatsuki and nakatsuki were originally used for ruby alignment only when a single ruby character is attached
     to a single base character. However there are cases where the meaning is stretched so that the terms can be used when
     three or more ruby characters are involved. We use the terms katatsuki and nakatsuki with their original meaning throughout
     this document.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     The preference for the choice of hanging the ruby over the character after its base character is due to the preference
     to avoid adjustment of inter-character spacing between base characters and their adjacent characters, which was common
     in letterpress printing.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>For <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">mono-ruby</a>, base characters and   attached  ruby characters are handled as one object, and internal line-breaks are prohibited.</p>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_groupruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.6 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_3_6">Positioning of Group-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   When the length of a sequence of base characters (number of characters * advance-width of each character) and that
   of the ruby text are the same, each text is set solid and the center of both texts are aligned with each other (see
   <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_18-en">Fig. 3.67</a>).
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_18-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_18.png" alt="Examples of group-ruby where the length is the same as that of the base text." width="267" height="346" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.67: <span class="caption-body">Examples of group-ruby where the length is the same as that of the base text.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>When the length of the ruby text is shorter than that of its base characters, set the base text solid and  attached ruby character, so that both texts balance each other. To be more specific, where 2 units of inter-character space are used between ruby characters, add 1 unit of space between the start of  the base text and the start of the ruby text, and between the end of the ruby text and the end of the base text. This  will give a balanced appearance, and is the method specified in JIS X 4051 (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_19-en">Fig. 3.68</a>). Another way is to first align the leading characters for both the base text and ruby text and the ends of both trailing characters, and then add the same amount of inter-character space between the rest of the ruby characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_20-en">Fig. 3.69</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_19-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_19.png" alt="Example 1 of distribution of group-ruby alongside base characters where the length of the ruby is shorter than that of the base characters." width="591" height="221" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.68: <span class="caption-body">Example 1 of distribution of group-ruby alongside base characters where the length of the ruby is shorter than that of the base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_20-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_20.png" alt="Example 2 of distribution of group-ruby alongside base characters where the length of the ruby is shorter than that of the base characters." width="280" height="193" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.69: <span class="caption-body">Example 2 of distribution of group-ruby alongside base characters where the length of the ruby is shorter than that of the base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     In letterpress printing, there were not many choices for adjustment of inter-character space between ruby characters. Therefore,
     depending on the number of characters in the base text and its ruby text, the choice was whether to add a certain amount of space
     before the leading ruby character and after the trailing character, or not. In the former case it had been said that for 2
     units of inter-character space between each c ruby characters, adding 1 unit of the leading and trailing space would
     give a balanced appearance.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     When the length of the ruby text is far shorter than that of the base text, the method specified in JIS X 4051 could
     result in space twice the size of a ruby character for the leading and the trailing space, which might give a misleading appearance.
     Therefore, a criterion for deciding whether or not to adopt the method of JIS X 4051 is to see if the amount of the leading and the trailing
     space exceeds the full-width size (or up to 1.5 times the size) of a ruby character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_21-en">Fig. 3.70</a>).
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_21-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_21.png" alt="Examples of distribution of group-ruby where the length is much shorter than that of the base text." width="252" height="168" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.70: <span class="caption-body">Examples of distribution of group-ruby where the length is much shorter than that of the base text.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
					
					<p>When the length of the ruby text is longer than that of the base characters, balance the base characters with the ruby text by setting the ruby text solid and adding a certain amount of inter-character space between each adjacent base character. To be more specific, for 2 units of inter-character space, add 1 unit of space between the start of the ruby text and the start of the base text, and between the end of the base text and the end of the ruby text, as specified in JIS X 4051 (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_22-en">Fig. 3.71</a>). Another way is to first align the start of both the leading characters and the end of the trailing characters, and then add a certain amount of inter-character space between each adjacent base character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_23-en">Fig. 3.72</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_22-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_22.png" alt="Example 1 of distribution of group-ruby where the length is longer than that of the base characters." width="457" height="224" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.71: <span class="caption-body">Example 1 of distribution of group-ruby where the length is longer than that of the base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_23-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_23.png" alt="Example 2 of distribution of group-ruby where the length is longer than that of the base characters." width="362" height="166" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.72: <span class="caption-body">Example 2 of distribution of group-ruby where the length is longer than that of the base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>For <a href="#term.group-ruby" class="termref2nd">group-ruby</a>, base characters and  attached ruby characters are handled as one object, and internal line-breaks are prohibited. Also, for an object constructed with base characters and  attached ruby characters it is prohibited to insert additional spaces between each character for line adjustment.
</p>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_of_jukugoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.7 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_3_7">Positioning of Jukugo-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   If the number of ruby characters are two or less for each <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> which participates in a kanji compound word (or jukugo), then for each run of ruby text associated with each base character, compose ruby characters as described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_monoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.5 Positioning of Mono-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_24-en">Fig. 3.73</a>).
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_24-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_24.png" alt="Example 1 of distribution of jukugo-ruby." width="243" height="308" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.73: <span class="caption-body">Example 1 of distribution of jukugo-ruby.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>If there is any <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> in a given kanji compound word
which needs three or more ruby characters, the <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">jukugo-ruby</a> layout cannot be used. In this case, attach the ruby text
to the kanji compound word as a whole. The available methods include the layout as specified in JIS X 4051, which is similar to the <a href="#term.group-ruby" class="termref2nd">group-ruby</a> method described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_groupruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.6 Positioning of Group-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a>
(see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_25-en">Fig. 3.74</a>), and layout decided by the phonetic structure of the kanji compound word
and the type of script of the adjacent characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_26-en">Fig. 3.75</a>). The latter method can be used unless a run of ruby text for the base character hangs over another base character more than a full character width (or one and a half times the full-width) of a ruby character.
(The detail of this method is described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby">Appendix F Positioning of Jukugo-ruby</a>.)</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_25-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_25.png" alt="Example 2 distribution of jukugo-ruby." width="357" height="341" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.74: <span class="caption-body">Example 2 distribution of jukugo-ruby.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_26-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_26.png" alt="Example 3 distribution of jukugo-ruby." width="357" height="323" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.75: <span class="caption-body">Example 3 distribution of jukugo-ruby.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     There are often cases where the <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">jukugo-ruby</a> consists of one ruby character followed by three ruby characters, and vice versa, for
     a kanji compound word of two base characters. If the <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">mono-ruby</a> layout were chosen for these cases, it would look like as shown
     in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_27-en">Fig. 3.76</a>, which wouldn't be very beautiful.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_27-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_27.png" alt="Example of distribution as mono-ruby for jukugo." width="131" height="332" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.76: <span class="caption-body">Example of distribution as mono-ruby for jukugo.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
					
					<p>
   <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">Jukugo-ruby</a> can be split into two lines at the boundary of each unit of ruby text attached to one <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>. When a kanji compound word consists of two characters, each unit will be processed using the <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">mono-ruby</a> method. When dividing a compound word that  consists of three <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, use the mono-ruby method for the first <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> and use the jukugo-ruby method for the remaining
   two <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, and vice versa. In order to maintain the correspondence of each <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> to its ruby annotation, the layout
   of the ruby may be different after the division (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_28-en">Fig. 3.77</a>).
   Note that jukugo-ruby and its base characters  cannot be the subject of inter-character space expansion for line adjustment.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_28-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_28.png" alt="Examples of distribution of jukugo-ruby split across two lines." width="336" height="275" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.77: <span class="caption-body">Examples of distribution of jukugo-ruby split across two lines.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The composition of <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">jukugo-ruby</a> changes in accordance with  the construction of the jukugo, the position at the head, middle  or bottom of the line, and adjacent characters before or after. The detail of this issue is too complicated to discuss here, so it is discussed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby">Appendix F Positioning of Jukugo-ruby</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The complexes of base characters with ruby characters are classified as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-22">simple-ruby character complex (cl-22)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-23">jukugo-ruby character complex (cl-23)</a>. The handling and positioning of these complexes with adjacent characters is discussed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>   as a complete table in accordance with  <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="adjustments_of_ruby_with_length_longer_than_that_of_the_base_characters">3.3.8 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_3_8">Adjustments of Ruby with Length Longer than that of the Base Characters</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   When the length of any ruby text is shorter than that of the base characters, the main text can be just set solid because
   there is no need for any adjustment of the inter-character spacing between base characters  and
   their adjacent characters in the main text.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_29-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_29.png" alt="Set solid when the length of ruby text is shorter than that of base characters." width="153" height="325" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.78: <span class="caption-body">Set solid when the length of ruby text is shorter than that of base characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>
   When the length of the ruby text is longer than that of the base characters, the method of composing the main text depends on how
   much the ruby text hangs over the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a>, which are  attached to the base
   characters. The following are the general rules (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_30-en">Fig. 3.81</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_31-en">Fig. 3.82</a>). They were established especially in order to avoid misreading and to maintain the beauty of the layout.
Noted that the detailed value of spaces between characters for cases of ruby letters hanging over the base characters is described in <a href="#spacing_between_characters">"Appendix B Spacing between Characters"</a> as Table 1 in accordance with <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    Ruby text shall not hang over the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> adjacent to the base characters.
</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
  When the adjacent character is a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a>, the ruby text may overhang the character up to the full-width size of the ruby characters.  </p>
   

				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Because ruby letter may go over the base characters and overhang to adjacent <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> etc. up to the full-width size of a ruby letter, ruby letters from before and from after a base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> may be consecutive without space like <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_29_2-en">Fig. 3.79</a>. Such cases are not recommended because of the possibility of misreading. It is recommended to insert one em space between former ruby letters and latter ruby letters. There are to ways to carry out this. One is to reduce the maximum size of overhang to the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> base character of before ruby letter and after ruby letter, and the other is to reduce the maximum size of overhang to the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> base character of after ruby letter. The latter case is carried over to differently set the limit of overhang from before and from after. Firstly, set the ruby letters from before as usual, i.e. ruby letter may overhang up to the full-width size of a ruby letter. Secondly, ruby letter from after shall be set with one em space before, namely, the ruby letter from after can not go over the base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> letter in between. Hence, appropriate size space shall be inserted between base characters themselves (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_29_3-en">Fig. 3.80</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_29_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_29_2.png" alt="An example of not recommended case that two different group of ruby letters are consecutive without space" width="153" height="181" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.79: <span class="caption-body">An example of not recommended case that two different group of ruby letters are consecutive without space</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_29_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_29_3.png" alt="An example of  two different group of ruby letters are consecutive with space" width="153" height="199" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.80: <span class="caption-body">An example of  two different group of ruby letters are consecutive with space</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
The ruby letter may go over the base characters and overhang the <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref">half em spaces</a> which are inserted after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, set before the target ruby object, up to the  full-width size of a ruby letter. Also, the ruby letter may go over the base characters and hang over the half em spaces which are inserted before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, set after the target ruby object, up to the  full -width size of a ruby letter. Note that when the half em spaces are reduced for line adjustment, the room for ruby letter overhang is also compressed to the reduced space size. (For example, if the space is a quarter em in the base character size, the ruby letter can overhang by a <a href="#term.half-em" class="termref">half em</a> in ruby letter size.)</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
  When the adjacent character is an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-08">inseparable character (cl-08)</a>, the ruby text may overhang the character up to the full-width size
 of a ruby character.
 </p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
  When the adjacent character is one of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>, the ruby text may overhang the middle dots, in principle, up to the full-width
size of a ruby character. But if there is any reduction of space size before and after the middle dots as a result of the line
 adjustment, the amount of the extension shall be up to the amount of space size after the middle dots plus 1/2 a ruby character size when the middle dots are set before the ruby object, or the space size before the middle dots plus 1/2 a ruby character size when the middle dots are set after the ruby object.
 </p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
  When the adjacent character is one of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, the ruby text may go over the base characters up to the full-width size of a ruby character. Note that the overhang must not go beyond the closing bracket itself.
 </p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
  When the adjacent character is a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a>, the ruby text may go over the base characters and overhang the comma or full stop up to the full-width
 size of a ruby character. Note that the overhang must not go beyond the comma or the period itself.
 </p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
Also, when the adjacent character is one of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> before the ruby object, the ruby text may go over the base characters and hang over the opening brackets up to the full-width size of a ruby character. Note that the overhang must not go beyond the opening brackets.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_30-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_30.png" alt="Example 1 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters." width="201" height="684" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.81: <span class="caption-body">Example 1 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_31-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_31.png" alt="Example 2 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters." width="127" height="684" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.82: <span class="caption-body">Example 2 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is an opinion that it is not good style to hang ruby characters over <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, especially <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span>. When this opinion holds, there are two possibilities. One is not  allow ruby characters to overhang the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>. The other is allow ruby characters to overhang the opening brackets up to 1/2 the size of a ruby character.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
JIS X 4051 classifies katakana characters and kanji characters in same class. Accordingly, in JIS X 4051 it is prohibited for ruby characters to overhang adjacent katakana characters.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     
   There is another variation that allows ruby text to overhang any <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> up to the full-width
 size of a ruby character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_32-en">Fig. 3.83</a>).
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_32-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_32.png" alt="Example 3 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters." width="136" height="702" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.83: <span class="caption-body">Example 3 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     
 There is a further variation that does not allow  ruby text to overhang any  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters (see
 <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_33-en">Fig. 3.84</a>).
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_33-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_33.png" alt="Example 4 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters." width="136" height="747" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.84: <span class="caption-body">Example 4 of distribution of ruby characters overhanging adjacent characters.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
					
					<p>
   
   When the line head starts with ruby annotated text where the ruby text length is shorter than that of the base characters,
   compose the text so that the first base character is aligned with the line head. Similarly, when ruby annotated
   text ends at the line end and the ruby length is shorter than that of the basic characters, compose the text so that the
   last basic character is aligned with the line end.
</p>
				
				
					
					<p>
   
   When the line head starts with ruby annotated text where the ruby text length is longer than that of the base characters, compose the text so that the first ruby character
   which overhangs the base text is aligned with the line head, and vice versa (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_34-en">Fig. 3.85</a>). Alternatively, there is a variation by which the text is composed so that the first base character is aligned with the line head,
   and vice versa (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_35-en">Fig. 3.86</a>).
</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_34-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_34.png" alt="Example 1 of positioning of ruby characters at the line head and at the line end." width="245" height="264" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.85: <span class="caption-body">Example 1 of positioning of ruby characters at the line head and at the line end.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_35-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_35.png" alt="Example 2 of positioning of ruby characters at the line head and at the line end." width="244" height="264" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.86: <span class="caption-body">Example 2 of positioning of ruby characters at the line head and at the line end.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>
   
   When aligning the first base character to the line head and the last base character to the line end, ruby text
   is not allowed to extend beyond the hanmen or the area of the <a href="#term.column" class="termref">column</a>. If it does, the following adjustments should be considered
   in positioning base characters and ruby characters.
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    
    <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">Mono-ruby</a> at the line head: Make adjustments so that the top of the ruby text is aligned with that of the base
    characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_35-en">Fig. 3.86</a>).
</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    
    <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">Mono-ruby</a> at the line end: Make adjustments so that the bottom of the ruby text is aligned with that of the last base
    character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_35-en">Fig. 3.86</a>).
</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><a href="#term.group-ruby" class="termref2nd">Group-ruby</a> at the line head: Make adjustments so that the top of the ruby text is aligned with that of the first base character, and add the same amount of inter-character space between the base characters and between the end of the last base character and the end of the last ruby character after the last base character (the method specified in JIS X 4051) (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_36-en">Fig. 3.87</a>).</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_3_36-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_36.png" alt="Example 3 of positioning of ruby characters at the line head and at the line end." width="244" height="264" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.87: <span class="caption-body">Example 3 of positioning of ruby characters at the line head and at the line end.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Group-ruby at the line end: Make adjustments so that the end of the ruby text is aligned with that of the last base character  and add the same amount of inter-character space between the base characters and the space between the start of the base text and the start of the ruby text (the method specified in JIS X 4051) (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_36-en">Fig. 3.87</a>).</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">Jukugo-ruby</a> at the line head or at the line end: Make the same adjustments as described in (c) or (d) for the <a href="#term.group-ruby" class="termref2nd">group-ruby</a>.
</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">Jukugo-ruby</a> at the line head: Make adjustments so that the top of the ruby text is aligned with that of the first base
    character. A run of ruby characters for a base character may overhang the adjacent base characters of the same    kanji compound word, up to the full-width size (or one and a half of it) of a ruby character. If the extension should go
    beyond the limit, just force the ruby text out of the base characters, or make a further adjustment by adding inter-character
    space between the base characters.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">Jukugo-ruby</a> at the line end: Make adjustments so that the end of the ruby text is aligned with that of the last
    base character. A run of ruby characters for a base character may overhang the adjacent base characters of
    the same kanji compound word, up to the full-width size (or one and a half of it) of the ruby characters. If the extension should
    go  beyond the limit, just force the ruby text out of the base characters, or make a further adjustment by adding
    inter-character space between the base characters.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref2nd">Jukugo-ruby</a> split across two lines: jukugo-ruby can be split across two lines, with one part  at the line end and the other at the line head.
    In the case of a compound word with two <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, it is as the same as dealing with one <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> with a <a href="#term.mono-ruby" class="termref2nd">mono-ruby</a>
    text at the line end and the other <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> with another mono-ruby text at the next line head. In the case of a phrase
    with three <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, handle one <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> with mono-ruby text and the remaining two <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> with jukugo-ruby,
    and vice versa. The layout of one <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> with mono-ruby text will be composed by method (a) or (b) described above.
    The layout of two <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> with jukugo-ruby text will be composed by method (f) or (g) above.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="composition_of_emphasis_dots">3.3.9 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_3_9">Composition of Emphasis Dots</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>
   <a href="#term.emphasis-dots" class="termref">Emphasis dots</a> (also known as bouten or side dots) are symbols placed alongside a run of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> characters to emphasize
   the text.
</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     There are many ways to emphasize a run of text in Japanese composition. Besides attaching emphasis dots, one may emphasize
     a certain run of text by selecting a different <a href="#term.typeface" class="termref">typeface</a> (for example, Mincho face for normal text and <a href="#term.japanese-gothic-face" class="termref">Japanese gothic face</a> for emphasis),
     a different color (for example, turning to red for emphasis), by enclosing the text within brackets (for example, <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span>
     or <span class="character">LEFT ANGLE BRACKET "〈"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET "〉"</span>), by drawing a line alongside the text (or <a href="#term.bousen" class="termref">bousen</a>, <a href="#term.underline" class="termref">underlining</a> the text), and so on. It is an editorial decision
     which emphasis method to adopt. Selecting a different typeface and enclosing text within brackets are generally used and
     popular emphasis methods. Attaching emphasis dots is not very common but one of the long-established and traditional methods typically
     used in <a href="#term.kanbun-composition" class="termref">kanbun composition</a> (classic Chinese text).
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     
   In practice, emphasis dots are not used for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>.
 </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>
   
   Composition of emphasis dots is as follows (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_3_37-en">Fig. 3.88</a>).
</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    
    The <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">character size</a> of emphasis dots is the half size of the <a href="#term.base-characters" class="termref">base characters</a> to be emphasized.
</p>
   
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_3_37-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_3_37.png" alt="Composition of emphasis dots." width="433" height="614" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.88: <span class="caption-body">Composition of emphasis dots.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
    
    Emphasis dots are attached to the right of the base characters in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a>, or above them in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>. The center of emphasis dots is aligned with that of the base characters.
</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>
There are many symbols that could be specified for use as <a href="#term.emphasis-dots" class="termref2nd">emphasis dots</a>. <span class="character">SESAME DOT "﹅"</span>
in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref2nd">vertical writing mode</a> and <span class="character">BULLET "•"</span>
in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref2nd">horizontal writing mode</a> are those used for emphasis dots in general.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec4">
			
				
				<h3 id="inline_cutting_note">3.4 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_4">Inline Cutting Note (Warichu)</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="where_the_inline_cutting_note_is_used">3.4.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_4_1">Where the Inline Cutting Note (Warichu) is used</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a href="#term.warichu" class="termref">Warichu</a> (inline cutting note) is a type of inline notation, where two lines of small characters are inserted into the text. Warichu divides a line into two sub lines. The frequency of use of the inline cutting note is not so high. However,
   the inline cutting note is very important for study guides, travel guides, reference books, encyclopedias and manuals,  because it is very effective for inserting notes at the point in the text where they are needed (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_1-en">Fig. 3.89</a>). Inline cutting note is usually used in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a>. It is very infrequently used in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_4_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_4_1.png" alt="Warichu (inline cutting note)." width="248" height="477" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.89: <span class="caption-body">Warichu (inline cutting note).</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>JIS X 4051 specifies inline cutting note in 4.16 "Handling of inline cutting note".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="character_size_for_inline_cutting_notes_and_line_gaps">3.4.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_4_2">Character Size for Inline Cutting Notes and Line Gaps</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">Character size</a> for an inline cutting note depends on the  character size established for the kihon-hanmen. Usually, around six point size is used (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_1-en">Fig. 3.89</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<p>The space between adjacent lines in an inline cutting note is zero, that is to say, there is no <a href="#term.line-gap" class="termref">line gap</a> between them (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_2-en">Fig. 3.90</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<p>As shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_2-en">Fig. 3.90</a>, an inline cutting note usually has two lines, and is surrounded by <span class="character">LEFT PARENTHESIS "("</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT PARENTHESIS ")"</span> characters that are double the size of the characters in the inline cutting note itself. There is no space between the surrounding text and parentheses for the inline cutting note.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is a style of inline cutting note, which has no <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, but is surrounded by spaces that have been added explicitly to act as delimiters.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Handling of inter-character spacing between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-28">warichu opening brackets (cl-28)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-29">warichu closing brackets (cl-29)</a> and adjacent characters is described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a> as a complete table, using the concept of character class described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_4_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_4_2.png" alt="Example of construction of an inline cutting note." width="197" height="478" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.90: <span class="caption-body">Example of construction of an inline cutting note.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Symbols, like <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>
are also used in inline cutting note text. In such cases, the handling of such symbols is the same as for the <a href="#term.main-text" class="termref">main text</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>In vertical text, the horizontal width of the inline cutting note area is wider than the width of a <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a> line. The horizontal centers of the kihon-hanmen line and inline cutting note area are aligned. The line gap used to establish the kihon-hanmen should not be affected by the horizontal
   width of the inline cutting note area.
   In other words, the line gap for the kihon-hanmen needs to be designed wider than usual in preparation for the use of the  inline cutting note. (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_18-en">Fig. 3.35</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_1-en">Fig. 3.89</a>) Warichu is used also in horizontal text, however it is not so common, and usually occurs only in study guides and encyclopedias.
   In other words, the line gap for the kihon-hanmen needs to be designed wider than usual in preparation for the use of the  inline cutting note. (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_18-en">Fig. 2.35</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_1-en">Fig. 3.89</a>)</p>
				
				
					
					<p>The length of the two lines of the inline cutting note should be as near as possible the same. When the inline cutting note can be set in one kihon-hanmen line, the whole inline note text should be broken at a position where line breaking is permitted, and where the two resulting lines are as close as possible to the same length. The length of the second line should not be longer than the length of the first line. Note that the same line breaking rules are used as for basic text  (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_3-en">Fig. 3.91</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_4_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_4_3.png" alt="Examples showing how the inline cutting note can be set in one line of base text." width="140" height="312" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.91: <span class="caption-body">Examples showing how the inline cutting note can be set in one line of base text.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="handling_an_inline_cutting_note_when_it_straddles_two_kihonhanmen_lines">3.4.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_4_3">Handling an Inline Cutting Note when it Straddles Two Kihon-hanmen Lines</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>When an inline cutting note will not fit on a single kihon-hanmen line, it will wrap onto the following line, and  will be set as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_4-en">Fig. 3.92</a> or <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_4_5-en">Fig. 3.93</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_4_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_4_4.png" alt="Example of an inline cutting note straddling two base text lines." width="413" height="280" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.92: <span class="caption-body">Example of an inline cutting note straddling two base text lines.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_4_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_4_5.png" alt="Example of an inline cutting note straddling three base text lines." width="296" height="298" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.93: <span class="caption-body">Example of an inline cutting note straddling three base text lines.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Normally, an inline cutting note is short, and will therefore fit on a single kihon-hanmen line. There are cases where the note wraps onto the following line, but it is rare that it extends over three or more of the kihon-hanmen lines. If the note is too large, other styles of notation should be considered.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec5">
			
				
				<h3 id="paragraph_adjustment_rules">3.5 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_5">Paragraph Adjustment Rules</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="line_head_indent_at_the_beginning_of_paragraphs">3.5.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_5_1">Line Head Indent at the Beginning of Paragraphs</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>A <a href="#term.paragraph" class="termref">paragraph</a>, a section of a document which consists of one or more sentences to indicate a distinct idea, usually begins on
   a <a href="#term.paragraph-break" class="termref">new line</a>. For the related <a href="#term.line-head-indent" class="termref">line head indent</a> at the beginning of paragraphs (in JIS 4051, this is called the "paragraph line head
   indent") the following methods are available. The amount of space used for the indentation is, in principle,  <a href="#term.one-em-space" class="termref">one em space</a> using the <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">character size</a> in the paragraph.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The definition of line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs is provided in JIS X 4051, sec. 4.17 "paragraph appearance
     processing". Note that "paragraph appearance processing" includes "line head indent", "line end indent" and "indent" in general.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The layout processing for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>  in the case of full-width line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs,
 is described in this document, <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head">3.1.5 Positioning of Opening Brackets at Line Head</a>.
 </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs is applied to all paragraphs. Nearly all books and magazines make use of
    this method (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_1-en">Fig. 3.94</a>).
</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_5_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_1.png" alt="Example of line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs." width="546" height="477" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.94: <span class="caption-body">Example of line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   <table class="t_note">
    <tr>
    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>(note 1)</p>
     
    </td>
    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
     
     
     <p>In the case of written conversational text followed by, for example, "she said", if the conversational part is bounded by <span class="character">LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「"</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」"</span> and the "she said" text appears after a line-break, the conversational text and the "she said" text are considered to be one continuous phrase. Hence, there is no line head indent at
   the beginning of the "she said" phrase, after the conversation part, i.e. so-called tentsuki (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_2-en">Fig. 3.95</a>). When you have a (mathematical) formula on a separate line in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>, and a following line containing text such as "will be" there is also no line head indent at the beginning of the paragraph. On the other hand, there is also an approach in novels etc., where the first line indent is applied to paragraphs (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_3-en">Fig. 3.96</a>).</p>
     
    </td>
    </tr>
   </table>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_5_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_2.png" alt="Layout example 1 of a line immediately following a written conversation." width="172" height="345" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.95: <span class="caption-body">Layout example 1 of a line immediately following a written conversation.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_5_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_3.png" alt="Layout example 2 of a line immediately following a written conversation." width="180" height="339" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.96: <span class="caption-body">Layout example 2 of a line immediately following a written conversation.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>Line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs is not applied for any paragraph at all, and the tentsuki position is used
    (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_4-en">Fig. 3.97</a>). There are examples of this method being used in certain books and magazines for the sake of styling, but this is rather hard
    to read.
</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_5_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_4.png" alt="Example of no line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs." width="530" height="494" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.97: <span class="caption-body">Example of no line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p>In principle, <a href="#term.line-head-indent" class="termref">line head indent</a> is applied at the beginning of a paragraph.  However, a paragraph immediately following a tentsuki-set <a href="#term.heading" class="termref">heading</a> is also  set <a href="#term.tentsuki" class="termref">tentsuki</a>, so that the beginning of the heading and the paragraph are  aligned (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_5-en">Fig. 3.98</a>).  In some books and magazines this method is applied to text in  horizontal writing mode.</p>
   
   
    
    <div class="figure" id="fig2_5_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_5.png" alt="Example of no line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs immediately following headings." width="575" height="495" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.98: <span class="caption-body">Example of no line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs immediately following headings.</span></div></div></div></div>
   
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>On the other hand, for example with <a href="#term.itemization" class="termref">itemization</a>, there is also the method that indents the second and following lines of  the paragraph (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_6-en">Fig. 3.99</a>). This is the so-called "questions and answer" (Q&amp;A) form. It has the effect that numbers (if used) stand out.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_5_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_6.png" alt="Layout example for itemization." width="620" height="497" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.99: <span class="caption-body">Layout example for itemization.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The definition of itemization is provided in JIS X 4051, sec. 8.4 "itemization processing".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="line_head_indent_and_line_end_indent">3.5.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_5_2">Line Head Indent</span> and <span class="index" id="d5e14260">Line End Indent</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The <a href="#term.line-head-indent" class="termref">line head indent</a> is the indentation of the line head by a fixed amount, starting from the <a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a> side of the hanmen (in the case of one column) or of the <a href="#term.column" class="termref">column</a> area (in the case of several columns). In contrast, the indentation of the <a href="#term.line-end" class="termref">line end</a> position by a fixed amount, starting from the line head, is called <a href="#term.line-end-indent" class="termref">line end indent</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>There are examples of <a href="#term.line-head-indent" class="termref2nd">line head indent</a> for <a href="#term.quotation" class="termref">quotations</a> in separate lines (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_7-en">Fig. 3.100</a>) or for headings in separate lines. <a href="#term.line-end-indent" class="termref2nd">Line end indent</a> is used, for example, for headings or for quotations in separate lines.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_5_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_7.png" alt="Example of line head indent for a quotation in a separate line." width="477" height="554" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.100: <span class="caption-body">Example of line head indent for a quotation in a separate line.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>
     For <a href="#term.quotation" class="termref2nd">quotations</a> on separate lines, there are the following approaches: either (a) the character size is the same as for the main text, and the difference from the main text is expressed only by the line head indent; or (b) the character size is made smaller than that of the main text. The former approach is applied frequently. With this approach, the line head indent is often set at double the normal character size of the main text. If large quotations are inserted frequently, there is also an approach that uses a full-width line head indent with an empty line inserted before and after the quotation. The approach where characters are made smaller than the main text is &lt;ins&gt;same as the processing of endnotes&lt;/ins&gt; , see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_endnotes_in_vertical_writing_mode_or_horizontal_writing_mode">4.2.4 Processing of Endnotes in Vertical Writing Mode or Horizontal Writing Mode</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					
				</table>
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="single_line_alignment_processing">3.5.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_5_3">Single Line Alignment Processing</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The Japanese "<a href="#term.single-line-alignment-method" class="termref">single line alignment method</a>" is a process for setting alignment for a run of text that is shorter than a given line length. This method is frequently used for headings and poems. The following methods are available (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_8-en">Fig. 3.101</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_5_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_8.png" alt="Single line alignment processing." width="476" height="526" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.101: <span class="caption-body">Single line alignment processing.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The single line alignment method is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 4.18 "Single Line Alignment Processing".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><a href="#term.centering" class="termref">Centering</a>: The <a href="#term.space" class="termref">space</a> between adjacent characters is, in principle, <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">set solid</a>. (If space is needed between Japanese text and western text, before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, that space is inserted based on the table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.) Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the amount of space at the line head and line end is made equal, and the center of the character sequence is unified with the center of the line.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><a href="#term.line-head-alignment" class="termref">Line head alignment</a>: The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. (If space is needed between Japanese text and western text, before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, that space is inserted based on the table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.) Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the start of the character sequence is unified with the line head, and if the line is not full, the line end is kept empty.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><a href="#term.line-end-alignment" class="termref">Line end alignment</a>: The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. (If space is needed between Japanese text and western text, before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, that space is inserted based on the table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.) Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the end of the character sequence is unified with the line end, and if the line is not full, the line head is kept empty.</p>
   
   </li>
					<li>
   
    
    <p><a href="#term.even-inter-character-spacing" class="termref">Even inter-character spacing</a>: The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. (If space is needed between Japanese text and western text, before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, that space is inserted based on the table in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.) Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. In addition, using the space made available during line adjustment processing, equal character spacing is applied where possible. The start of the character sequence is aligned to the position of the line head, and the end of the character sequence to the position of the line end.</p>
   
   </li>
				</ol>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Several justification methods are applied for positioning of headings or items of <a href="#term.table" class="termref">tables</a>. For example, <a href="#term.centering" class="termref2nd">centering</a> is often used for headings
     in horizontal writing mode, taking the left-right balance is taken into account. However, there are also
     examples of <a href="#term.line-head-alignment" class="termref2nd">line head alignment</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a href="#term.even-inter-character-spacing" class="termref2nd">Even inter-character spacing</a> is often used for printing Haiku in separate lines (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_9-en">Fig. 3.102</a>).
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_5_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_9.png" alt="Example of Haiku positioning with even inter-character spacing." width="528" height="515" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.102: <span class="caption-body">Example of Haiku positioning with even inter-character spacing.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
			</div>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="widow_adjustment_of_paragraphs">3.5.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_5_4">Widow Adjustment of Paragraphs</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The intent of <a href="#term.widow-adjustment" class="termref">widow adjustment</a> of paragraphs is to avoid that the last line of a paragraph contains less than a
   given number of characters. This is also called "<a href="#term.widow" class="termref">widow</a>" processing.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a href="#term.widow-adjustment" class="termref2nd">Widow adjustment</a> of paragraphs is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 4.20 "Widow Adjustment of Paragraphs".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a href="#term.widow-adjustment" class="termref2nd">Widow adjustment</a> of paragraphs is not regarded as very important in Japanese composition. However, care is taken to avoid cases
     such as a single character in the last line of a paragraph (often this is tolerated), or - even more extreme -
     just one character on a page just before a <a href="#term.page-break" class="termref">page break</a> or a <a href="#term.new-recto" class="termref">new recto</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_10-en">Fig. 3.103</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_5_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_5_10.png" alt="Example of just one character on a page just before a page break (to be avoided)." width="732" height="540" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.103: <span class="caption-body">Example of just one character on a page just before a page break (to be avoided).</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
			</div>
			
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec6">
			
				
				<h3 id="tab_setting">3.6 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_6">Tab Setting</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="usage_of_tab_setting">3.6.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_6_1">Usage of Tab Setting</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a href="#term.tab-setting" class="termref">Tab setting</a> is useful for alignment of <a href="#term.table" class="termref">table</a>
            data, <a href="#term.itemization" class="termref">itemized lists</a>, etc. where a series of characters need to be set at specific alignment positions within a line (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_1-en">Fig. 3.104</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_6_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_1.png" alt="Example of tab setting." width="547" height="255" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.104: <span class="caption-body">Example of tab setting.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p> Tab Setting is described in "JIS X 4051 4.21 Tab Setting".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>For <a href="#term.tab-setting" class="termref2nd">tab setting</a>, it is necessary to identify tab positions, tab types (how to align the characters in the tab position), and
            the characters to be set. For this purpose, it is necessary to insert a tab sign before the tabbed character. The series of
            characters just after the tab sign are the target characters (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_2-en">Fig. 3.105</a>). If there is more than one tab sign, it is necessary to set the same numbers of tab positions and tab types as the
            number of tab signs.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_6_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_2.png" alt="Tab signs and the target text of tab setting." width="452" height="113" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.105: <span class="caption-body">Tab signs and the target text of tab setting.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="types_of_tab_settings">3.6.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_6_2">Types of Tab Settings</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>There are the following types of tab setting to align texts.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
              <p>Start alignment tab setting: the start position of the text is aligned to the tab position (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_3-en">Fig. 3.106</a>).</p>
              
              <div class="figure" id="fig2_6_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_3.png" alt="Examples of start alignment tab settings." width="534" height="252" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.106: <span class="caption-body">Examples of start alignment tab settings.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
					<p>End alignment tab setting: the end position of the text is aligned to the tab position (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_4-en">Fig. 3.107</a>).</p>
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_6_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_4.png" alt="Examples of end alignment tab settings." width="510" height="256" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.107: <span class="caption-body">Examples of end alignment tab settings.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
              <p>Center alignment tab setting: the center of the text is aligned to the tab position (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_5-en">Fig. 3.108</a>)．</p>
              
              <div class="figure" id="fig2_6_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_5.png" alt="Examples of center alignment tab settings." width="513" height="258" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.108: <span class="caption-body">Examples of center alignment tab settings.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
              <p>Alignment with a specified character
	tab setting: the start position of a specified character or sign (for example, a period) in the text is aligned to the tab position (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_6-en">Fig. 3.109</a>).</p>
	
	<div class="figure" id="fig2_6_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_6.png" alt="Examples of specified character alignment tab settings." width="486" height="213" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.109: <span class="caption-body">Examples of specified character alignment tab settings.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="the_method_of_setting_the_target_text">3.6.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_6_3">The Method of Setting the Target Text</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Set the text from the <a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a> to the position before the tab sign in the first tab position, set the text from the
      first tab sign to the next tab sign in the second tab position, and so on. The behavior of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, etc. is
 same as for the <a href="#term.main-text" class="termref">main text</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Following are some examples. The behavior of text before and after the tab positions are very difficult to anticipate, so it is necessary to design using trial and error.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
              <p>If the target string is the first series of the line, the characters should be set in the first tab position from the start
               of the line, and so on, one after another (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_7-en">Fig. 3.110</a>).
             </p>
              <div class="figure" id="fig2_6_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_7.png" alt="Example of tab setting 1." width="488" height="119" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.110: <span class="caption-body">Example of tab setting 1.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
              <p>If the target string of text is too long to be set before the next tab position and overflows, the next string of text is aligned
               to the tag position after the end of the preceding string (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_8-en">Fig. 3.111</a>).
             </p>
              <div class="figure" id="fig2_6_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_8.png" alt="Example of tab setting 2." width="496" height="288" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.111: <span class="caption-body">Example of tab setting 2.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
              <p> If the beginning of the string overlaps with the end of the preceding string as the result of the tab setting indication,
               the following string is set just after the preceding string (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_9-en">Fig. 3.112</a>).
             </p>
              <div class="figure" id="fig2_6_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_9.png" alt="Example of tab setting 3." width="566" height="283" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.112: <span class="caption-body">Example of tab setting 3.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
              <p>If there is no tab position corresponding to the target string, the string should be set from the tab position of the next
               line, and so forth (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_6_10-en">Fig. 3.113</a>).
             </p>
              <div class="figure" id="fig2_6_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_6_10.png" alt="Example for tab setting 4." width="619" height="297" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.113: <span class="caption-body">Example for tab setting 4.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec7">
			
				
				<h3 id="other_rules_of_japanese_typesetting">3.7 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_7">Other Rules of Japanese Typesetting</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="superscripts_and_superscripts">3.7.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_7_1">Superscripts and Superscripts</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a href="#term.superscript" class="termref">Superscripts</a> and <a href="#term.subscript" class="termref">subscripts</a> are small letters associated with base characters, and typically used to indicate SI unit symbols, or
            used for mathematical or chemical formulae.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Superscripts and subscripts are described in JIS X 4051 sec.4.13.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>Superscripts and subscripts are usually set after the <a href="#term.base-characters" class="termref">base character</a>, with some exceptions for chemical formulae (which appear before the base character). They should be <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">set solid</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>For examples of superscripts and subscripts see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_1-en">Fig. 3.114</a>.
           In this document, superscripts and subscripts and their base characters are handled as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> characters.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_1.png" alt="Examples of superscripts and subscripts." width="243" height="255" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.114: <span class="caption-body">Examples of superscripts and subscripts.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Inter-letter space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> and adjacent characters is described in detail in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a> in accordance with the character class concept in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>JIS X 4051 specifies the <a href="#term.character-size" class="termref">character size</a> and the <a href="#term.block-direction" class="termref">block direction</a> positioning of superscripts and subscripts alongside the base character to be implementation definable parameters. However it is recommended that the size of superscripts
            and subscripts are around 60% of the base character, depending on the size of the base character.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>It is prohibited to <a href="#term.break" class="termref">break lines</a> within an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> sequence. Also, it is prohibited to use inter-character spacing within an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> sequence for <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustment</a>.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a>, characters with superscripts or subscripts, that is <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> characters, are rotated 90 degrees clock-wise. If the length
                 of the sequence is short enough, the sequence can be set as <a href="#term.tate-chu-yoko" class="termref">tate-chu-yoko</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>When both the <a href="#term.superscript" class="termref2nd">superscript</a> and the <a href="#term.subscript" class="termref2nd">subscript</a> follow the base character, usually the subscript is set first and set solid, followed by the superscript set with solid space. For chemical formulae sometimes both superscript and subscript are set vertically in the same position with respect to the base character, and with solid space between them and the base character.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="furiwake_processing">3.7.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_7_2">Furiwake Processing</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a href="#term.furiwake" class="termref">Furiwake</a> is a typesetting style for setting multiple phrases or sentences in the middle of a line. Furiwake is also used to indicate
            options (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_2-en">Fig. 3.115</a>). Study guides, manuals and reference books sometimes use furiwake. In many furiwake styles, multiple lines are indicated with
 <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, etc.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_2.png" alt="Example of furiwake." width="167" height="438" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.115: <span class="caption-body">Example of furiwake.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
					
					<p>Furiwake is usually done as follows (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_3-en">Fig. 3.116</a>). In this document, the lines which combine to make the furiwake are called furiwake-gyou.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p>The character size of the furiwake-gyou is usually the same as that of the base paragraph. Sometimes, the furiwake-gyou
               is a little bit smaller than the size of the base paragraph. Sometimes, the font style of the furiwake-gyou is different <a href="#term.typeface" class="termref">typeface</a> the
               style of the base paragraph.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>In the same furiwake block, the top positions of all the furiwake-gyou lines are aligned.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The line length of the furiwake block is the line length of the longest furiwake-gyou. However, it is permitted to indicate
               the length of the furiwake block, and break the furiwake-gyou lines. In this style, the start positions of the broken lines should be
               explicitly indicated. When there are line break marks in the furiwake-gyou, the line is broken in the indicated places. In this style,
               the start positions of the wrapped lines are aligned to the first line. The space between wrapped lines should be set solid.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The line-feed space of each furiwake block should be explicitly indicated.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The center line of the furiwake block should be aligned with the center line of the <a href="#term.main-text" class="termref">main text</a>.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>When the furiwake block is enclosed by <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, etc. the width of brackets should be the same as
 the width of the furiwake block.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>One furiwake block should be set per base text line. One furiwake block should not be extended across multiple base text lines.</p></li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_3.png" alt="Setting method of furiwake." width="315" height="492" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.116: <span class="caption-body">Setting method of furiwake.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
					
					<p>The size of the line-feed space of the paragraph which contains the furiwake block, should be explicitly indicated.
The space should be decided by considering the content of the furiwake block, and may therefore differ from the size of the line-feed space  of kihon-hanmen.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>In general, the width of the furiwake block is larger than the width of an inline cutting note block. However, unlike in the case of the inline cutting block, the whole furiwake block should
            be set inside of the kihon-hanmen, or a <a href="#term.column" class="termref">column</a> of the kihon-hanmen Setting a furiwake block that extends beyond the border of the kihon-hanmen
            is prohibited.</p>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="jidori_processing">3.7.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_7_3">Jidori Processing</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>In cases such as lists of names of Japanese people, the length of some part of the text may be explicitly defined. In such cases, different numbers of characters are set, using adjustment of the inter-character spacing, so that they are all aligned to the same length. This is called <a href="#term.jidori" class="termref">jidori</a> processing
            (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_4-en">Fig. 3.117</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_4.png" alt="Example 1 of jidori processing." width="254" height="314" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.117: <span class="caption-body">Example 1 of jidori processing.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
					
					<p>Sometimes, in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>, text in <a href="#term.running-head" class="termref">running heads</a> (with the exception of chapter and section numbers) are set using jidori processing. For example, three to six characters are set in a 7 character space (based on the size of the characters in the running head (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_5-en">Fig. 3.118</a>). Two characters are set in a 6 character space to avoid too much space. Seven characters are set solid in a seven character space, and eight or more characters are set solid in a space of eight or more characters. This rule can be applied to other numbers of characters, such as five, six and eight.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_5.png" alt="Example 2 of jidori processing." width="432" height="377" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.118: <span class="caption-body">Example 2 of jidori processing.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
					
					<p>Jidori processing should be done as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p>The length for the jidori processing should be defined as a whole number of full-width characters at the size defined for the surrounding text.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The jidori text should be adjusted using spacing between characters so that the sides of the text are aligned at the defined length. The following, however, should be set solid:</p><ol><li>
               
               <p>Positions where line breaks are prohibited: inter-character spaces between European numerals; between two <span class="character">EM DASH "—"</span> characters; between two <span class="character">TWO DOT LEADER "‥"</span> characters; between two <span class="character">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…"</span> characters; and so on. These sequences should be treated as a single block.</p>
<table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">

<p>The handling of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> in jidori processing is also very controversial. Usually, the space before
 <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> is set solid. In jidori processing, the space before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and the space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> may be used for line adjustment, but the space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
 and the space before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> should not used for adjustment, because it is prohibited to break lines in these positions.           <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_52-en">Fig. 3.119</a> shows one example with even spacing for all characters, a second example as explained here, and a third example that is set solid before and after the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>.</p></td></tr></table>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_52-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_52.png" alt="Examples of jidori processing including opening brackets and closing brackets." width="254" height="222" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.119: <span class="caption-body">Examples of jidori processing including opening brackets and closing brackets.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
</li>
<li>
<p>Where <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-14">full-width ideographic space (cl-14)</a> are inserted, add the same space as for other inter-character spaces to the value of the Western word space or the full-width ideographic space.</p></li></ol></li>
					<li>
					<p>If there is only one character, it should be aligned to the left of the jidori block.</p></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_math_symbols_and_math_operators">3.7.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_7_4">Processing of Math Symbols and Math Operators</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Math symbols and math operators, such as <span class="character">EQUALS SIGN "="</span>, <span class="character">APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF "≒"</span>, <span class="character">PLUS SIGN "+"</span> and <span class="character">MINUS SIGN "−"</span> are commonly used not only for scientific and technical documents but also for ordinary books. In the Japanese composition system, there are two different groups of math symbols, which are each treated differently. So in this document math symbols are classified into two different classes; <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a>.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The members of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> classes are described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>. Also, the handling of inter-character spaces between these math symbols and adjacent characters is described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#character_classes">Appendix A Character Classes</a> as a complete table, in accordance with the concept of character class, described in  <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Because the math symbols, such as <span class="character">SQUARE ROOT "√"</span>, <span class="character">INTEGRAL "∫"</span> and <span class="character">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA "Σ"</span>, are not frequently used in common books, the handling of these math symbols is considered to be out of scope for this document. Also, mathematical and scientific notations like numerical formulae are out of scope for this document.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>Composition rules for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> are as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p>The width of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> is full-width, i.e. one em (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_6-en">Fig. 3.120</a>).</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The inter-character space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a>
and before and after adjacent characters, such as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>, and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a>
in one line is set solid (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_6-en">Fig. 3.120</a>). However, when the top and/or the bottom of the mathematical formula is <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>, the space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
is <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref">quarter em space</a>.</p>

<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_6.png" alt="Example of math symbols and math operators set within an ordinary line." width="532" height="193" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.120: <span class="caption-body">Example of math symbols and math operators set within an ordinary line.</span></div></div></div></div><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">

<p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">

<p>The inter-character space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a>
is solid. However, it is better to insert a quarter em space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>,<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
and adjacent <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> when the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a>
are followed by <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>
which represent some mathematical value (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_7_62-en">Fig. 3.121</a>).</p></td></tr></table>
					
						
						<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_62-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_62.png" alt="Example of math symbols and math operators set within an ordinary line." width="469" height="446" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.121: <span class="caption-body">Example of math symbols and math operators set within an ordinary line.</span></div></div></div></div>
					
</li>
					<li>
					<p>When math formulae or chemical formulae are set in one independent line, the inter-character space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> and adjacent <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> is quarter em. Also, when math formulae or chemical formulae are set in an individual line, the inter-character space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> and adjacent <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> is set solid.</p>
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_7.png" alt="Example of math symbols and math operators in one independent line." width="540" height="382" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.122: <span class="caption-body">Example of math symbols and math operators in one independent line.</span></div></div></div></div><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>In most case when a math formula or chemical formula is set in one independent line, the position of the formula is the center of the line in horizontal writing mode, and has is indented by some indicated number of characters from the head of line in vertical writing mode.</p></td></tr><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>(note 2)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>In the formula in one independent line, there is another method to set the inter-character space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a>, solid or half em. When the inter-character space before and after the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> is set to a quarter em or a half em, there is another method to set the inter-character space, between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>, that is, a quarter em.</p></td></tr></table>
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_7_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_7_8.png" alt="Another example of setting math symbols  and math operators in one independent formula line." width="540" height="383" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.123: <span class="caption-body">Another example of setting math symbols  and math operators in one independent formula line.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
					<p>A line can be broken between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> and adjacent <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a>.</p><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>In an independent formula line, when there are more than one place where the line can be broken the first priority is before the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a>, and the next is before the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a>.</p></td></tr><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>(note 2)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>The inter-character space before and after <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span>, before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> in an independent formula line is set solid, except for the case to set space between these characters and adjacent <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a>.</p></td></tr></table></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec8">
			
				
				<h3 id="line_adjustment">3.8 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_8">Line Adjustment</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="necessity_for_line_adjustment">3.8.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_8_1">Necessity for Line Adjustment</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p><a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">Line adjustment</a> processing is applied where inter-character adjustments are needed to bring the line end into the correct alignment, e.g. because of <a href="#term.line-breaking-rules" class="termref">line wrap</a> or other reasons. Within a paragraph, lines are created by separating character sequences at places where line breaking is not prohibited. Except for the end
of the last line of a paragraph, it is necessary to set the head
and end
of each line at predicable,
aligned positions. For the last line of the paragraph, it is still necessary to set the head at the aligned position, however the line end  need not aligned to the other alignment position. To achieve this, only inter-character spacing indicated in the table of <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>, or explicitly chosen  space sizes, are inserted, and other inter-character spaces are set solid.
</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In Japanese composition, there is no concept corresponding to the Western "ragged right (flush left)", "ragged left (flush right)", or "ragged center". In Japanese composition, especially common book composition, usually only "justification" is applied. Note that, in Western composition, "justification" is usually applied for only word space sizes. In Japanese composition, it is applied for not only <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a>
but also in several other places as explained in following text.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Usually, the last line of a paragraph needs no adjustment. However, when the last line of a paragraph is a little bit longer than the line length, inter-character space
reduction is applied for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>
and at other places, if possible.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is another adjustment processing, besides line adjustment, called "single line alignment". Single line alignment is applied to align a run of the text that is shorter than a given line length to designated positions. Details are explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#single_line_alignment_processing">3.5.3 Single Line Alignment Processing</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>There are various reasons for line adjustment processing. Examples of the most important ones will be given below.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
              <p>Mixed use of characters and symbols (e.g. <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>) where not all characters are full-width
               (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_51-en">Fig. 3.124</a>).
             </p>
              <div class="figure" id="fig2_51-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_51.png" alt="Example of grouped numerals and Western characters." width="241" height="76" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.124: <span class="caption-body">Example of grouped numerals and Western characters.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
					<p>Sequences of <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a>. For example, a sequence of a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing bracket (cl-02)</a>
and a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a>
takes one and a half em spaces together (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_52-en">Fig. 3.125</a>). However, if an <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening bracket (cl-01)</a>
follows immediately after the full stop, these punctuation marks will need two em size spaces together. Hence, no adjustment is needed to correctly align the line end (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_52-en">Fig. 3.125</a>).</p>

<div class="figure" id="fig2_52-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_52.png" alt="Examples of sequences of punctuation marks." width="218" height="241" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.125: <span class="caption-body">Examples of sequences of punctuation marks.</span></div></div></div></div></li>
					<li>
					<p>Mixtures of characters with different sizes (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_53-en">Fig. 3.126</a>).</p>
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_53-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_53.png" alt="Example of characters within brackets which are made a level smaller than the normal character size." width="75" height="271" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.126: <span class="caption-body">Example of characters within brackets which are made a level smaller than the normal character size.</span></div></div></div></div><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
					
					<p>In cases where  additional information like page references, explanations of terminology, etc. appear within brackets, sometimes the character
                    size is a level smaller than the character size established by the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a>.
                 </p></td></tr></table></li>
					<li>
					<p>Cases where <a href="#term.line-start-prohibition-rule" class="termref">line head wrapping</a>, <a href="#term.line-end-prohibition-rule" class="termref">line end wrapping</a> or <a href="#term.unbreakable-characters-rule" class="termref">unbreakable character sequences</a> should not be broken (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_33-en">Fig. 3.33</a>).
             </p></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="reduction_and_addition_of_intercharacter_space">3.8.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_8_2">Reduction and Addition of Inter-Character Space</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>Line adjustment processing targets places with a predefined space size  or solid setting. Methods for line adjustment are as follows.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p><a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-reduction" class="termref">Line adjustment by inter-character space reduction</a>. This means that a <a href="#term.half-em-space" class="termref">half em space</a> is reduced after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, or before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> is reduced
within a defined limit.</p></li>
					<li>
              <p><a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-expansion" class="termref">Line adjustment by inter-character space expansion</a>. Line adjustment by inter-character space expansion means expanding inter-character space for line adjustment, where inter-character space is allowed to be extended up to a defined limit, such as for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> or other places where it is not prohibited to extend inter-character space.</p></li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>Normally line adjustment by inter-character space reduction is preferred. Only when there are no spaces that can be reduced is line adjustment by inter-character
            space expansion applied. The reason for the preference of line adjustment by inter-character space reduction comes from
            the thinking that characters in solid setting should not have more inter character space, if at all possible.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-hanging-punctuation" class="termref">Line adjustment by hanging punctuation</a> is a method of avoiding line head wrap of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>. This method is not formally defined in JIS X 4051, however JIS
 X 4051 does provide explanatory material about it.
</p>
							
							
								
								<p><a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-hanging-punctuation" class="termref">Line adjustment by hanging punctuation</a> is a method which is only applied to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>. These touch the <a href="#term.hanmen" class="termref">hanmen</a> and
 are set in  a place outside the defined line length (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_54-en">Fig. 3.127</a>). This is also applied, for example, in books, in order to avoid the addition of inter character space and maintain  solid setting. However,
                 line adjustment by hanging punctuation is not an appropriate method for dealing with a mixture of Japanese and Latin script text, since the latter principally does not apply line adjustment by hanging punctuation. In addition, there is another argument against
                 line adjustment by hanging punctuation. Originally it was a method used in letterpress printing, to make the task of line
                 adjustment easier. Furthermore, as shown at the end of line 1 and 5 of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_54-en">Fig. 3.127</a>, if possible the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> are placed at the line end (the 18th position). In DTP there are examples of hanging punctuation
 like in line 3, but this may be regarded as unnecessary processing.
</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig2_54-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_54.png" alt="Examples of line adjustment by hanging punctuation." width="407" height="455" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.127: <span class="caption-body">Examples of line adjustment by hanging punctuation.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
							
							<p>The processing mentioned here that the value of Western word spaces are reduced or added between indicated range is only applicable for the cases that Western texts are inserted into the Japanese texts in common Japanese books. In general, the value of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> shall be decided with the consideration of the kind of typeface, font size and the value of line gap. In Western typography, there is a method to decide only the minimum word space value (ex. a fourth em) and add appropriate space values, not using space reduction.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="procedures_for_intercharacter_space_reduction">3.8.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_8_3">Procedures for Inter-Character Space Reduction</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>For line adjustment by inter-character space reduction decisions must first be made about
 the preferred order in which reduction processing options
	are applied, and the maximum amount of space reduction needed. Inter-character space reduction is processed with following priorities.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>JIS X 4051 provides also definitions for the adaptation of <a href="#term.warichu" class="termref">inline cutting note</a>, but for the purpose of this section, these are rather
                 complex and hence left out.
              </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The details of inter-character spaces and where reduction processing may be applied are described in the table of <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment">Appendix D Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment</a>, following <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a>, which is usually one third em,
is reduced by equal amounts, to leave a minimum of a <a href="#term.quarter-em-space" class="termref">quarter em space</a> between words. The same space reduction is applied to all spaces on the target line at the same time.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The half em space after  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>,<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>
at the end of a line, is deleted and set solid.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The quarter em spaces both before and after the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> are deleted and set solid.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The quarter em space before or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>, in the middle of a line, is reduced equally with proportional character size as far as solid setting.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The half em spaces before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>,
in the middle of a line, are reduced equally with proportional character size, as far as solid setting.</p><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">

<p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">

<p>With the exception of the line end position, the half space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> should not adapted, since it plays an important role as a sentence separator.
        </p></td></tr><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
         
         <p>(note 2)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
         
         <p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">Commas (cl-07)</a>
fulfill different roles to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>. Hence, there are examples where it is preferred to reduce the half em space before or after brackets, rather than to reduce the half em space after commas.</p></td></tr><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">

<p>(note 3)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">

<p>The reduction of the half em space before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
or after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>
up to solid setting is regarded as too much reduction. Hence, there are examples where the maximum amount of space reduction is up to quarter em space.</p></td></tr></table></li>
					<li>
					<p>The quarter em space between Japanese text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>) and Latin script text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a>), is reduced equally
              with proportional character size, as far as one eighth em space.</p><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
              <p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
              
              <p>There are also examples where the quarter em space between Japanese text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>) and Latin script text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a>) is regarded as fixed size space, and space adaptation is not applied.
                 </p></td></tr></table></li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>In JIS X 4051, the space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> at the end of a line are set solid, and the space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> at the end of a line is set to a half em. Accordingly, JIS X 4051 defines the priority of processing as follows:</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The details of the inter-character spaces, where the inter-space reduction processing can be applied, which is defined in JIS X 4051, is described in detail in the Table 5 of <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment">Appendix D Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment</a>
in accordance with the character class concept in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a>, which is usually one third em, is reduced by equal amounts, to leave a minimum of a quarter em space between words.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The quarter em space before and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a>
is reduced equally with proportional character size as far as solid setting.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The half em spaces before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>
and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>
or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>, are reduced equally with proportional character size as far as solid setting.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The quarter em spaces between Japanese text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>) and Latin script text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a>) are reduced equally with proportional character size, as far as a 1/8th em space.</p></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="procedures_for_intercharacter_space_expansion">3.8.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_8_4">Procedures for Inter-Character Space Expansion</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>As with line adjustment by inter-character space reduction, for line adjustment by inter-character space expansion at first
            the order of processing and the maximum amount of space to be added are defined. In JIS X 4051, the following processing order
            is defined.
          </p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a>, which is usually one third em, is added equally with proportional character size up to a maximum of a half em size for each space.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>The quarter em space between Japanese text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>) and Latin script text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a>) is increased equally
               with proportional character size, up to half em space (or <a href="#term.one-third-em-space" class="termref">one third em space</a>).</p><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
               <p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
               
               <p>Like with inter-character space reduction, there are also examples there the quarter em space between Japanese text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>) and Latin
                    script text (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbols (cl-25)</a>) is regarded as a fixed space size, and space
                    adaptation is not applied.
                 </p></td></tr></table></li>
					<li>
              <p>For places which do not fall under (a) or (b) and which do not have
the inseparable character rule (bunrikinshi), space is added equally with proportional character size up to a quarter em space.</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>In addition to the adaptation in the manner of (a), (b) and (c), in cases where such processing is not possible, space is added
               equally with proportional character size, with the exception of places which require the inseparable character rule (bunrikinshi).
             </p><table class="t_note"><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
              <p>(note 1)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
              
              <p>JIS X 4051 provides a definition in addition to (d). This says that it depends on each layout processing system whether inter-character space should be added equally. This includes the space between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>.
                 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                  <p>(note 2)</p></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                  
                  <p>The detail of the places where space expansion is possible for line adjustment is described in <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment">Appendix E Opportunities for  Inter-character Space Expansion during Line Adjustment</a> as a complete table, in accordance with the concept of character class in <a class="sec_ref" href="#about_character_classes">3.9 About Character Classes</a>.</p></td></tr></table></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="line-composition-sec9">
			
				
				<h3 id="about_character_classes">3.9 <span class="heading"><span id="en-subheading2_9">About Character Classes</span></span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="differences_in_positioning_of_characters_and_symbols">3.9.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_9_1">Differences in Positioning of Characters and Symbols</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>The positioning of characters and symbols may vary depending on the following.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					<p>Is the character width <a href="#term.full-width" class="termref">full-width</a>, <a href="#term.half-width" class="termref">half-width</a>, or something else?</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>Is it allowed or forbidden to place the character or symbol at the <a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a>? If it is allowed, how will it be placed?</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>Is it allowed or forbidden to place the character or symbol at the <a href="#term.line-end" class="termref">line end</a>? If it is allowed, how will it be placed?</p></li>
					<li>
					<p>Are characters and symbols appearing in sequence in <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">solid setting</a>, or will there be a fixed size space between them? For example,
               sequences of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> are set solid, and for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> following <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> there will be quarter em space.
             </p></li>
					<li>
					<p>Is it allowed to have a line break within a sequence of characters? For example, there must not be a line break in a sequence
               of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a>.
             </p></li>
					<li>
					<p>Is it allowed to use the space between characters in a sequence during <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustment</a> processing? For example, is inter-character
               space reduction or addition possible between the characters appearing in sequence? Another issue to be decided is the preferred
               order for adjustment processing, and the amount of the allowed adjustment.
             </p></li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning">3.9.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_9_2">Grouping of Characters and Symbols depending on their Positioning</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>During layout processing, the issues mentioned in the previous section are addressed by grouping characters and symbols according
            to their characteristics, and handling them as character classes.
          </p>
				
				
					
					<p>JIS X 4051 also provides similar  character classes but that are slightly different from this document. Furthermore JIS X 4051 states that it is implementation-defined how to handle characters that are not explicitly mentioned, e.g. whether they should belong to either class or not.
          </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051 Annex 1, the member  characters and symbols of each character class are specified as a mapping table to JIS X 0213 character names.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>A few character classes of this document are modified from JIS X 4051. In <a class="sec_ref" href="#character_classes">Appendix A Character Classes</a>, there is a whole mapping table to ISO/IEC 10646 Annex A collection 285 (BASIC JAPANESE) and collection 286 (JAPANESE NON IDEOGRAPHIC EXTENSION). All character classes of this document are as follows:</p>
				
				<ol class="decimal">
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-01-en">Opening brackets (cl-01)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">‘“（〔［｛〈《「『【</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-02-en">Closing brackets (cl-02)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">’”）〕］｝〉》」』】</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span> and <span class="character">COMMA ","</span> are classified as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, because they have similar positioning methods. However, in this document, the handling of <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、"</span> and <span class="character">COMMA ","</span>
               are described as an independent class, named <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-03-en">Hyphens (cl-03)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">‐〜</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-04-en">Dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">？！</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-05-en">Middle dots (cl-05)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">・：；</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-06-en">Full stops (cl-06)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">。．</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-07-en">Commas (cl-07)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">、，</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-08-en">Inseparable characters (cl-08)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">—…‥</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-09-en">Iteration marks (cl-09)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">ヽヾゝゞ々</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, iteration marks such as <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> are classified as "no line break allowed before" characters. In this document, <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> etc. are classified as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-09">iteration marks (cl-09)</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is another method where it is permitted to  break a line before <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span>. In this case, <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> is regarded as a member of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-10-en">Prolonged sound marks (cl-10)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">ー</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, <span class="character">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK "ー"</span> is a member of "Japanese characters with no line break allowed before". In this document <span class="character">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK "ー"</span> is the only  member of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, it is permitted to exclude <span class="character">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK "ー"</span> from the "Japanese characters with no line break allowed before" character class.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>When it is permitted to break a line before <span class="character">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK "ー"</span>, <span class="character">KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK "ー"</span> is regarded as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> class.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-11-en">Small kana (cl-11)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">ぁぃぅぇぉァィゥェォっゃゅょッャュョ</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, small katakana letters, such as <span class="character">KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TU "ッ"</span>, are regarded as members of "Japanese characters with no line break allowed before" character class. In this document, small katakana letters are classified in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a>. Accordingly, the "Japanese characters with no line break allowed before" character class in JIS X 4051 is divided to three separate classes; <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-09">iteration marks (cl-09)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, it is permitted to exclude <a href="#term.small-kana" class="termref">small kana</a> letters (ぁぃぅァィゥ etc.) from the "Japanese characters with no line break allowed before" character class as an implementation definable option.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>When it is permitted to break a line before small hiragana (ぁぃぅ etc.) are regarded as members of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> class, and small katakana (ァィゥ etc.) are regarded as members of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> class.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-12-en">Prefixed abbreviations (cl-12)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">￥＄￡＃</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-13-en">Postfixed abbreviations (cl-13)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">°′″℃￠％‰</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-14-en">Full-width ideographic space (cl-14)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>U+3000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-15-en">Hiragana (cl-15)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">あいうえおかがきぎ</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The reason kanji etc. (Japanese characters except 1. to 12.) and hiragana are regarded different classes in JIS X 4051, is the difference in the case of <a href="#term.ruby" class="termref">ruby</a>, and specifically the handling in terms of characters jutting out of the base and overhanging adjacent characters.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-16-en">Katakana (cl-16)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">アイウエオカガキギ</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, katakana and kanji are included in the same class (Japanese characters except for 1. to 12.). However, in this document,  when ruby characters jut out of the base characters and overhang adjacent hiragana or katakana, the handling is same. That is the reason that in this document, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> is an independent character class.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-17-en">Math symbols (cl-17)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">＝≠＜＞≦≧⊆⊇∪∩</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, math symbols (＋－÷×etc.) and math operators (＝≠＜＞≦≧⊆⊇∪∩etc.) are included in the "Japanese characters excluded from 1. to 12." class or Western character class. However, handling of math symbols and math operators adjacent to Western character or Arabic numerals is different from kanji. So, in this document, new <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-18">math operators (cl-18)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-17">math symbols (cl-17)</a> classes are defined.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-18-en">Math operators (cl-18)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">＋－÷×</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-19-en">Ideographic characters (cl-19)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">亜唖娃阿哀愛挨〃仝〆♂♀</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In JIS X 4051, corresponding character class for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> is "Japanese characters excluded from 1. to 12.".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-20-en">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Characters which are inside verification seal (those are characters inside a verification seal that appear in the line just after the item applicable for <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref">reference marks</a> of <a href="#term.note" class="termref">notes</a>). See <a class="sec_ref" href="#note_numbers">4.2.2 Note Numbers</a>.</p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-21-en">Ornamented character complexes (cl-21)</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The name of this class in JIS X 4051 is "Characters included in ornamented base characters complex". The meaning of "base characters complex" is characters in a complex including ruby, <a href="#term.ornament-characters" class="termref">ornament characters</a> and <a href="#term.emphasis-dots" class="termref">emphasis dots</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-22-en">Simple-ruby character complexes (cl-22)</p>
				

				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The name of this class in JIS X 4051 is "Characters included in base characters complex with ruby (excluding jukugo-ruby)".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-23-en">Jukugo-ruby character complexes (cl-23)</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The name of this class in JIS X 4051 is "Characters included in base characters complex with jukugo-ruby".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-24-en">Grouped numerals (cl-24)</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Sequences of European numerals which are not full-width and are handled as Japanese text, the decimal point or the comma and space used as grade indicator in number.</p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-25-en">Unit symbols (cl-25)</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Units described here include combinations of Latin script and Greek script characters used for international units (SI).</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There are units created with combinations of Latin and Greek script characters with a full-width character frame (full-width units). Such units are not part of the characters for units described here. Furthermore, full-width characters for units are mainly used in vertical writing mode. Their usage in horizontal writing mode is regarded as bad style and should be avoided (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_9_1z-en">Fig. 3.128</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig2_9_1z-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img2_9_1.png" alt="Example of a unit which encompasses a full-width unit character (upper part) and characters for Latin script text (lower part)." width="645" height="112" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 3.128: <span class="caption-body">Example of a unit which encompasses a full-width unit character (upper part) and characters for Latin script text (lower part).</span></div></div></div></div>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-26-en">Western word space (cl-26)</p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-27-en">Western characters (cl-27)</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> include punctuation marks, such as commas, used in Western context. Among these punctuation marks, several marks are used both in a Japanese context and Western context. However, these marks have different <a href="#term.character-shape" class="termref">character shapes</a> depending on whether they are used in a Japanese context or Western context. For example, <span class="character">LEFT PARENTHESIS "("</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT PARENTHESIS ")"</span> has not only different width (Japanese, half em, Western, proportional) but are also different in line position (Japanese, center of the <a href="#term.character-frame" class="termref">character frame</a> in the inline direction, Western, <a href="#term.base-line" class="termref">base line</a> and <a href="#term.descender-line" class="termref">descender line</a> dependent) and design (Japanese, slightly bent and  constant line thickness, Western, strongly curved and  dynamic line thickness). The usage of these two differently designed commas should be explicit. Usually, in a Japanese context Japanese design is used, and in Western context Western design is used. However, there are some ambiguous cases, such as "エディター（editor）は……". In this case, English spelling is indicated using parentheses in a Japanese line of text. In this particular case, Japanese design is better.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-28-en">Warichu opening brackets (cl-28)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">（〔［</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-29-en">Warichu closing brackets (cl-29)</p>
				
<table class="t_sample">
<tr><td class="ft">

<p>Example:</p>
</td>
<td>

<p class="asis">）〕］</p>
</td>
<td>

<p>etc.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-28">warichu opening brackets (cl-28)</a>
and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-29">warichu closing brackets (cl-29)</a> are used for surrounding <a href="#term.warichu" class="termref">inline cutting notes</a> and the space. They are in a separate class since they differ from normal brackets with regard to their processing.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p id="cl-30-en">Characters in tate-chu-yoko (cl-30)</p>
				
</li>
				</ol>
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="positioning_methods_for_each_character_class">3.9.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-subheading2_9_3">Positioning Methods for each Character Class</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>For each character class it is possible to describe whether the characters may appear at the line head or line end or not,
            the positioning method for the line head or line end positions (if available), the amount of space between sequences of several
            characters, and the combination with character classes before or after the characters (in a 2 dimensional table). In JIS X
            4051 this is shown in table 5 "Amount of space (between characters)".
          </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>For the presentation as a two dimensional table, it becomes necessary for each class to have separate items about "line head"
                 (the column about the character classes appearing before) and "line end" (the column about the character classes appearing
                 after). If it is forbidden that the characters of the class appear at the line head or line end, JIS X 4051 uses an "X" mark
                 in the columns for "line head" and "line end".
              </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>Also, it can be defined for each combination of the character classes (in a two dimensional table) whether the characters
            of classes appearing in sequence allow for  a line break between them, or whether it is possible during line
            adjustment processing to add inter character space between them. In JIS X 4051 these items are also shown in a two dimensional table.
            Table 6 shows whether a line break is possible, and table 7 shows if it is possible to add inter character space.
          </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>It is also possible to define for each combination of character classes whether it is possible to apply kerning during line
                 adjustment processing for character classes appearing in sequence. However, JIS X 4051 does not provide this information as
                 a two dimensional table, but only as a textual description.
              </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
					
					<p>The width, in principle, of the space between each character or symbol in character classes used in this document is described in the table of <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>The combinations of adjacent characters and symbols in character classes used in this document,  and where text is breakable or not, is described in the table of <a class="sec_ref" href="#possibilities_for_linebreaking_between_characters">Appendix C Possibilities for  Line-breaking between Characters</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>The width of spaces between each character or symbol in character classes used in this document, and which can be reduced, is described in the table of <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment">Appendix D Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment</a>. Also,  expandable spaces are described in the table of <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment">Appendix E Opportunities for  Inter-character Space Expansion during Line Adjustment</a>.</p>
				
			</div>
		</div>
	
	</div><div class="div1" id="chapter_4">
		
			
			<h2 id="hanmen-design">4 <span class="heading"><span id="en-heading3">Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Paragraphs</span></span></h2><hr class="chapter-ruler" />
		

	<div class="div2" id="hanmen-design-sec1">
			
				
				<h3 id="handling_of_headings">4.1 <span class="heading">Handling of Headings (including Page Breaks)</span></h3>
			
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="types_of_headings">4.1.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e67">Types of Headings</span></span></h4>
				
				
			  
				
				  <p>In terms of text composition, there are four types of headings.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Naka-tobira or han-tobira</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Block headings</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Run-in headings</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Cut-in headings</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>JIS X 4051 describes naka-tobira and han-tobira in "8.2 Handling of naka-tobira".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>JIS X 4051 describes block headings, run-in headings and cut-in headings in "8.3 Handling of headings".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Punctuation marks are also used in headings, and usually used in the same manner as in the main text. However, sometimes, half em spaces before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>, and, after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> are changed to solid setting or quarter em spaces because of the larger character size of headings.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Some types of magazine use horizontal headings with extremely large character size, even in vertical writing mode, to emphasize the headings. Even inclined headings can sometimes be seen. However, in common books, only vertically written headings are used in vertical writing mode.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			  
					
				  <p>Naka-tobira is used to separate sections of books. One whole odd page is used for the section title and the following even page is left blank. Naka-tobira sometimes includes author's names and illustrations, in addition to the section title (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_1-en">Fig. 4.1</a>). Some kinds of book, such as  encyclopedias, dictionaries and annual reports, use a different kind of paper from that in the main text.</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_1_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_1.png" alt="An example naka-tobira" width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.1: <span class="caption-body">An example naka-tobira</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Han-tobira is a simplified naka-tobira. The following even page is not blank, and is used for the main text.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Most books are usually set using naka-tobira or han-tobira, even when sections need not be separated with naka-tobira. In such cases, at the very top of the main text, namely just after the front matter, one naka-tobira is commonly set to show the book title itself.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>A block heading is the heading occupying a whole, independent line. The main text is set from the very next line. Top level headings and medium level headings are of this type (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_2-en">Fig. 4.2</a>).
                     </p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_1_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_2.png" alt="An example of block heading" width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.2: <span class="caption-body">An example of block heading</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Headings are sub titles, which separate and indicate  sub parts with one coherent set of content. Headings are usually classified into several levels, like naka-tobira or han-tobira, top level heading, medium level heading and low level heading.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The depth of heading levels depends on the content of the book itself. It is commonly said that the depth should be limited to three or four levels at most to make the structure of content clearer.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
						  
							
							  <p>In multi-column format, block headings sometimes  span multiple columns. This style is called "dan-nuki midashi", which corresponds to "column spanning heading" in accordance with the terminology in Appendix G.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_1_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_3.png" alt="An example with Spanning block heading" width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.3: <span class="caption-body">An example with Spanning block heading</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
					
					<p>A run-in heading is a heading immediately followed by main text without a line break, and is usually used as a low level heading (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_4-en">Fig. 4.4</a>). Note that a low level heading can also appear as a block heading.
                     </p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_1_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_4.png" alt="An example of run-in heading." width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.4: <span class="caption-body">An example of run-in heading.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>A drop heading is a somewhat modified run-in heading style. The footprint of the heading is followed by two or three main text lines without line breaks, like drop caps (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_5-en">Fig. 4.5</a>). Drop headings are usually used for low level headings.
                     </p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_1_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_5.png" alt="An example of cut-in heading" width="304" height="497" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.5: <span class="caption-body">An example of cut-in heading</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="elements_of_block_heading">4.1.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e574">Elements of Block Heading</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>JIS X 4051 describes the elements of a block heading as follows: top level heading, medium level heading and low level heading have to have a label name, number, heading title and heading sub-title (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_6-en">Fig. 4.6</a>). Note that the label name, number and heading sub-title are not mandatory.
                     </p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_1_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_6.png" alt="Elements of block heading" width="403" height="251" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.6: <span class="caption-body">Elements of block heading</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p> There are several different styles of heading as follows: the heading is enclosed with symbols at the top and the bottom, rules (or thin lines) are inserted before and after the heading line, or the heading is enclosed with rectangular rules (or thin lines).
</p>
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
			  
				
				  <h4 id="font_selection_and_font_size_of_heading">4.1.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e653">Font Selection and Heading Font Size </span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Headings have a hierarchical structure. So, each level of heading has to have an appropriate visual style. The following issues have to be considered:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Character size for the heading</p>
                        
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The character size of headings should be selected as appropriate in accordance with the level of headings. For example, when the character size of main text is 9 point, the small-headings are usually set with 10 points, medium-headings are usually set with 12 points and large-headings are usually set with 14 points. The character size of headings is usually larger than main text, and the character size of higher level headings are larger than the size of smaller size headings. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_7-en">Fig. 4.7</a>
is an example of this principle.</p>
                                 
                                 
                                    
                                    <div id="fig3_1_7-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_7.png" alt="An example of different character sizes corresponding to the heading levels" width="274" height="498" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.7: <span class="caption-body">An example of different character sizes corresponding to the heading levels</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 



                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>JIS X 4051 describes the character sizes for different heading levels below as informative.</p>
                                 
                                 <ol>
                                    <li>
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>According to  table 1 in JIS Z 8305 (basic sizes of fonts), use a series of point sizes in the left column (for 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, the differences are 1 point, for 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 point, the differences are 2 points, for 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 point, the differences are 4 points).</p>
                                       
                                    </li>
                                    <li>
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>Based on the character size of main text and scaling sizes with constant ratio. The ratio is usually 15% to 20%.</p>
                                       
                                    </li>
                                 </ol>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Small-headings are sometimes set with a Japanese gothic face and smaller character size than the character size of the main text. For example, for 8 point mincho main text, set the small-headings with 8 point Japanese gothic.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Type faces for headings</p>
                        

                        
                           
                           <p>Both mincho and Japanese gothic are usually used. Other type face designs are seldom used.</p>
                        


                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Usually, the character size for main text mincho is 8 point or 9 point and the weight is light (Hoso-mincho). For such main text, heading font weight sometimes changes to a heavier weight for better balance (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_8-en">Fig. 4.8</a>).
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div id="fig3_1_8-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_8.png" alt="An example of same mincho but different weight for headings" width="357" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.8: <span class="caption-body">An example of same mincho but different weight for headings</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Alignment of headings (inline direction)</p>
                        


                                 
                                    
                                    <p>In the case of horizontal writing mode, large-headings and medium-headings are in most cases centre-aligned. In the case of vertical writing mode, headings are usually aligned to the line head with some indent.</p>
                                 


                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The number of characters of line head indent for a heading depends on the heading level. If the heading level is higher, the indent character number is less, if the heading level is lower, the number of indent characters is more. The character size is based on the main text of the kihon-hanmen. The differences of character numbers are usually around two characters. For example, when the character size of main text is 9 point, the indent of a large heading is 9 point by 4 times, medium-heading is 9 point by 6 times, small-heading is 9 point by 8 times.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The reason the value of the indent is based on the main text is to align the top of the heading to the edge of the character boundary of the main text. Accordingly, so that the main text is set solid, the indent value of a heading is recommended to be an integral multiplication of the main character size (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_9-en">Fig. 4.9</a>).</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div id="fig3_1_9-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_9.png" alt="An example of indented heading" width="302" height="498" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.9: <span class="caption-body">An example of indented heading</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><span class="index" id="d8e1013">Block direction footprint  of headings</span></p>
                        

                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Generally, the block direction footprint  of any element of layout, including figures, notes and headings, should be aligned to the line positions of the kihon-hanmen. Accordingly, the block direction space is set based on a number of lines in the kihon-hanmen. This method is usually called "gyou-dori". "Gyou-dori" is a very complicated issue, and provokes much discussion, so the detail will be discussed in another section with examples. Details will be discussed in   <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_gyoudori">4.1.6 Processing of Gyou-dori</a> and <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_gyoudori_heading_set_in_the_bottom_of_the_page">4.1.7 Processing of Gyou-dori Heading Set at the bottom of the Page</a>.</p>
                                 
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The beginning position of headings around page breaks etc.</p>
                        

                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The handling of headings around page breaks and other places will be discussed in <a class="sec_ref" href="#how_to_handle_headings_with_new_recto_page_break_and_bew_column">4.1.4 How to Handle Headings with New Recto, Page Break and New Column</a>.</p>
                                 


                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>At any level, when the number of characters for a heading is two or three, the heading is sometimes set with fixed inter-character spacing. Examples are shown below (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_10-en">Fig. 4.10</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div id="fig3_1_10-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_10.png" alt="An example of a heading with fixed inter-character spacing" width="274" height="498" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.10: <span class="caption-body">An example of a heading with fixed inter-character spacing</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>Whether to decorate with solid lines, or give a symbol on the top of the heading.</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="how_to_handle_headings_with_new_recto_page_break_and_bew_column">4.1.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e1138">How to Handle Headings with New Recto, Page Break and New Column</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>A large heading sometimes starts with a new page following a page break, to clarify the separation between sections. The processing below should be followed:</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Processing with a new page is described in JIS X 4051 "8.1 New recto, Page break and new column".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Always begin with odd pages, i.e. new recto. Used for  Naka-tobira, han-tobira and large-heading. </p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Books usually begin with page one. Accordingly, vertical writing mode and books bound on the right-hand side begin with a left page,  horizontal writing mode and books bound on the left-hand side begin with a right page after a new recto (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_11-en">Fig. 4.11</a>).</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div id="fig3_1_11-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_11.png" alt="An example of new recto (vertical writing mode)" width="424" height="429" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.11: <span class="caption-body">An example of new recto (vertical writing mode)</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Always begin with new pages, regardless of even pages or odd pages, i.e. page breaking. Used for large-heading.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Always begin with even pages. Used for magazines articles beginning a spread page. Begin with right pages when in vertical writing mode and bound on the right-hand side. Begin with left pages when in horizontal writing mode and bound on the left-hand side.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In multicolumn format, begin with a new column.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Following previous text (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_12-en">Fig. 4.12</a>), i.e. "nariyuki". Medium-headings and small-headings are usually processed with "nariyuki". Note that medium-headings are sometimes processed with a page break. Even when "nariyuki" mode is adopted, small-headings sometimes happen to be set at the top of new pages, also the headings at the very end of pages or columns are sometimes moved to the top of next page or column, for aesthetic reasons. (Details are described at <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_gyoudori_heading_set_in_the_bottom_of_the_page">4.1.7 Processing of Gyou-dori Heading Set at the bottom of the Page</a>.)</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div id="fig3_1_12-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_12.png" alt="An example of a &#34;nariyuki&#34; heading" width="732" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.12: <span class="caption-body">An example of a "nariyuki" heading</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="handling_of_spaces_just_before_the_new_recto_page_breaks_and_new_edges">4.1.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e1372">Handling of Spaces just before the New Recto, Page Breaks and New Edges</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Spaces just before new rectos, page breaks and new columns are treated as follows (the last pages are treated as the same):</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In the case of single column typesetting, the spaces just before the new rectos and page breaks are left as they are (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_12_2-en">Fig. 4.13</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_12_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_12_2.png" alt="An example of processing of the page just before a page break (one column setting)" width="245" height="233" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.13: <span class="caption-body">An example of processing of the page just before a page break (one column setting)</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In the case of multiple columns, the remaining space of preceding columns is left as it is.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In the case of vertical writing mode, columns are filled with text lines from upper right to lower left. There is no need to align line numbers of the upper column and lower column, and remaining spaces are left as they are (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_13-en">Fig. 4.14</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_13.png" alt="An example of text handling for vertical writing mode and multi-column format just before the page break." width="426" height="601" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.14: <span class="caption-body">An example of text handling for vertical writing mode and multi-column format just before the page break.</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In horizontal writing mode and multi-column format, the number of lines for each column is set to be the same, but where the result of the total number of lines divided by the column number chosen for the kihon-hanmen results in an odd number, the last column may have a smaller number of lines and may be followed by blank space (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_14-en">Fig. 4.15</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_14.png" alt="An example of handling of spaces just before page breaks, in the case of horizontal writing mode and multi-column format" width="522" height="389" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.15: <span class="caption-body">An example of handling of spaces just before page breaks, in the case of horizontal writing mode and multi-column format</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_gyoudori">4.1.6 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e1539">Processing of Gyou-dori</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>"Gyou-dori" is the process  of specifying the footprint of headings in the block direction by using the line positions provided by the kihon-hanmen as a basis and by deciding how many times they need to be used. The length of the footprint in the block direction is calculated as follows: (line width in the block direction) × (line number) + (line gap) * (line number − 1). However, when the heading footprint happens to appear in middle of the page or the column, the footprint has adjacent line gaps before and after, and when the heading footprint happens to appear at the top of the page or the column, the footprint has an adjacent line gap after. </p>
				
				
					
					<p>The following procedures are some of the ways "betsugyou" headings are processed based on the "gyou-dori" method: </p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set the heading text at the center of the space specified with multiple lines of the kihon-hanmen. For example, when the heading is set at the center of a three line space, it is called  "center of three lines space". Following are some  examples (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_15-en">Fig. 4.16</a> et al). In these figures, gray rectangles indicate the main text, and dotted rectangles in the heading area indicate the space specified with kihon-hanmen text lines. Also, running headings and page numbers are indicated with gray rectangles.
                           </p>
                        

                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The character size of a sub-title is usually two thirds of the main heading character size. The line gap is usually half the heading character size, narrower than the line gaps of main text lines. In the line head alignment case, the sub heading is indented, and in the centering case, the sub heading is also centered. The main heading and the sub heading should not be separated across two pages or two columns. It is expected that the main heading and the sub heading are treated as one object. </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        

                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When heading text happens to be broken across lines, the break point should be decided with consideration given to the balance of the line head indent and the content itself. It is not aesthetically good that the bottom of  the indented heading reach near the bottom of the kihon-hanmen. For example, proper nouns should not be broken, particles should not set at the top of the line. The line gap should be narrowed to be seen as one object. For example, line gap between  headings that are broken across lines is one third em or a half em of the heading character size. The second line of a heading that breaks across a line is set with inline indent. The  heading lines are treated as one object, and are not separately set across two pages or two columns.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set the heading text at the center of the footprint specified with a multiple number of lines of the kihon-hanmen, and add space size  before and/or after also specified using numbers of lines of the kihon-hanmen. For example, when adding  space corresponding to the size of one line of the kihon-hanmen, it is called a one line blank space. Following are some  examples (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_20-en">Fig. 4.21</a> et al).
                           </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set the heading text in the space specified with multiple number of lines from the kihon-hanmen, with specific specifications regarding size. In this case, the size of  the heading block in the block direction is the total of the previous space, the character size and the after space, and the size should be the same as the space occupied by multiple lines of the kihon-hanmen. Following are some  examples (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_23-en">Fig. 4.24</a> et al).
                           </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set one line heading at the place decided by the kihon-hanmen design and set one blank line before the heading line. Blank lines may be more than one line, but such cases are very rare. This style is commonly used for small-headings. Following are some  examples (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_25-en">Fig. 4.26</a> et al).
                           </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When headings are on multiple levels, set "gyou-dori" headings with different line spaces per heading level. There are two cases. One is the single  heading case, the other is adjacent multiple headings. In these cases, spaces in the block direction should look the same in both the single heading case and in the case of adjacent different level headings. To implement this design, in some cases, same level headings have different spaces depending on whether the heading is single or whether headings are adjacent. There are some examples in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_28-en">Fig. 4.29</a>.
                           </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The heading is set in a block of multiple lines, which is specified by using the line positions provided by the kihon-hanmen as a basis, but is not set in the center of the block but rather specified by specification of line numbers and spaces before and after. See an example in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_28_2-en">Fig. 4.30</a> et al.
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_15.png" alt="Example one of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (the heading is set around the center of the page)." width="361" height="538" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.16: <span class="caption-body">Example one of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (the heading is set around the center of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_18-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_18.png" alt="Example two of a heading set in the center of indicated lines (The heading is set in the top of the page)." width="540" height="553" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.17: <span class="caption-body">Example two of a heading set in the center of indicated lines (The heading is set in the top of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_19-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_19.png" alt="Example three of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (the heading, which is permitted to be set in one column of the hanmen, is set at the bottom of an even page)." width="391" height="529" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.18: <span class="caption-body">Example three of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (the heading, which is permitted to be set in one column of the hanmen, is set at the bottom of an even page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_16-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_16.png" alt="Example four of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (a heading with sub-title is set around the center of the page)." width="408" height="530" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.19: <span class="caption-body">Example four of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (a heading with sub-title is set around the center of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        

                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_17-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_17.png" alt="Example five of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (the heading has two lines and set in around the center of the page)." width="433" height="530" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.20: <span class="caption-body">Example five of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (the heading has two lines and set in around the center of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_20-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_20.png" alt="Example one of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines with a blank line before (the heading is set around the center of the page)." width="361" height="576" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.21: <span class="caption-body">Example one of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines with a blank line before (the heading is set around the center of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_21-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_21.png" alt="Example two of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines with a blank line before (the heading is set in the top of the page)." width="461" height="602" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.22: <span class="caption-body">Example two of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines with a blank line before (the heading is set in the top of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_22-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_22.png" alt="Example  of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines with one blank line after (the heading is set in the top of the page)." width="494" height="602" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.23: <span class="caption-body">Example  of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines with one blank line after (the heading is set in the top of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_23-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_23.png" alt="Example one of a heading set in the specified position relative to multiple lines (the heading is set in around the center of the page)." width="361" height="680" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.24: <span class="caption-body">Example one of a heading set in the specified position relative to multiple lines (the heading is set in around the center of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                      
                        
                         <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_24-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_24.png" alt="Example two of a heading set the specified position relative to multiple lines (the heading is set in the top of the page)." width="424" height="680" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.25: <span class="caption-body">Example two of a heading set the specified position relative to multiple lines (the heading is set in the top of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_25-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_25.png" alt="Example one of a heading with one blank line before (the heading is set in around the center of the page)." width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.26: <span class="caption-body">Example one of a heading with one blank line before (the heading is set in around the center of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_26-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_26.png" alt="Example two of a heading set with one blank line before (the heading is set in the top of the page)." width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.27: <span class="caption-body">Example two of a heading set with one blank line before (the heading is set in the top of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_27-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_27.png" alt="Example three of a heading set with one blank line before (the heading is set in the bottom of even page (This case is limited to vertical writing mode and one column style))." width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.28: <span class="caption-body">Example three of a heading set with one blank line before (the heading is set in the bottom of even page (This case is limited to vertical writing mode and one column style)).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_28-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_28.png" alt="Examples of top level,  medium level and low level heading in gyou-dori style." width="395" height="712" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.29: <span class="caption-body">Examples of top level,  medium level and low level heading in gyou-dori style.</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_28_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_28_2.png" alt="Example one of a heading set with specification of line numbers in kihon-hanmen and blank lines before and after (the heading is set in around the center of the page)." width="409" height="583" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.30: <span class="caption-body">Example one of a heading set with specification of line numbers in kihon-hanmen and blank lines before and after (the heading is set in around the center of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        

                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_28_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_28_3.png" alt="Example one of instruction of line numbers in block direction for headings and blank lines before and after (The heading is set in the top of the page)." width="407" height="678" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.31: <span class="caption-body">Example one of instruction of line numbers in block direction for headings and blank lines before and after (The heading is set in the top of the page).</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        


                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_gyoudori_heading_set_in_the_bottom_of_the_page">4.1.7 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e2176">Processing of Gyou-dori Heading Set at the bottom of the Page</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>When the gyou-dori heading is set at the bottom of the page (or the top of the page), the processing is done as follows in consideration of the visual effect:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Except for (d) of the previous section, when it is not possible to set the heading block at the bottom of the page, the block is set at the top of the next page and the remaining space at the bottom of the former page may be left blank (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_when_one_line_space_before_low_level_heading_is_set">4.1.8 Processing when a One Line Space is Set Before a Low Level Heading</a> for the case of the previous section).</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When there is space for the heading block at the bottom of the page but no space for following main text, in  cases involving vertical writing style on an odd page, horizontal writing style on an odd page and horizontal writing style on an even page, the heading block is set at the top of the next page and remaining space at the bottom of the previous page may be left blank (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_29-en">Fig. 4.32</a>). In the case of vertical writing style on an even page, the heading block is set at the bottom of the page.</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_29-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_29.png" alt="An example of heading blocks set at the top of even page, when the heading block is come to the bottom of odd page of vertical writing style." width="460" height="415" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.32: <span class="caption-body">An example of heading blocks set at the top of even page, when the heading block is come to the bottom of odd page of vertical writing style.</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>In vertical writing style the heading block at the bottom of an even page is naturally followed by the main text on the next odd page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_30-en">Fig. 4.33</a>). Note that there is the style to process to set the heading block to the top of the next page like for the odd page case.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_30-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_30.png" alt="An example of heading set at the bottom of vertical writing style even page" width="608" height="501" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.33: <span class="caption-body">An example of heading set at the bottom of vertical writing style even page</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When the heading block of gyou-dori comes at the bottom of the column, the block is moved to the top of the next for reasons of visual aesthetics. The blank space of the bottom of a previous column needs some processing, however it may be left blank if there is no solution.</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_when_one_line_space_before_low_level_heading_is_set">4.1.8 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e2341">Processing when a One Line Space is Set Before a Low Level Heading</span></span></h4>
				
				
					
					<p>When a one line space is set before a low level heading,  the following different cases apply when the one line space  comes at the top of the page.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When the low level heading with a one line space before comes at the top of the page, the one line space is always set before the heading. The reason is that the heading and the one line space before are regarded as one unified object. </p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>With this policy, the tail of the previous page fall into one of the following  three cases: (1) the lines of the before page are filled with text, (2) the last  line is set blank, (3) the last two lines are set blank. Except (1), in cases (2) and (3), the blank line before the low level heading is doubled (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_31-en">Fig. 4.34</a>).
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_31-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_31.png" alt="Example one of a low level heading where one blank line comes at the top of the page" width="424" height="357" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.34: <span class="caption-body">Example one of a low level heading where one blank line comes at the top of the page</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When a heading with one blank line comes at the top of the page, the blank line before should be deleted. At the top of the page there is already space before the line, so there is no need for an additional blank line.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>With this principle, there are three cases: (1) the previous page is filled with text lines, (2) the bottom of the previous page is one blank line, (3) the bottom of the previous page is two blank lines.  In case (1) there is no blank line, in case (2) and (3) the  blank line before the heading is at the bottom of the previous page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_32-en">Fig. 4.35</a>).
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_32-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_32.png" alt="Example two of a heading with one blank line that comes at the top of the page" width="424" height="354" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.35: <span class="caption-body">Example two of a heading with one blank line that comes at the top of the page</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When a heading with one blank line before comes at the top of the page, if the previous page is filled with lines of text, set the blank line before the heading, and if the bottom of the previous page has one or two blank lines, set no blank line before the heading (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_33-en">Fig. 4.36</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_33-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_33.png" alt="Example three of a heading with one blank line before that comes at the top of the page" width="424" height="356" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.36: <span class="caption-body">Example three of a heading with one blank line before that comes at the top of the page</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_runin_heading">4.1.9 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e2554">Processing of Run-in Headings</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Run-in headings are usually used for low level headings. The following are some examples of run-in headings. Inter-character space between the run-in heading and following main text is usually a one em space of the base character size decided for the kihon-hanmen. Note that the run-in heading may be set at the last line of the page, or of the column in multi column style. </p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The run-in heading is set with the same character size as the main text and with Japanese gothic face (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_34-en">Fig. 4.37</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_34-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_34.png" alt="Example one of run-in heading" width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.37: <span class="caption-body">Example one of run-in heading</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set the run-in heading with one level smaller character size than the main text and use Japanese gothic face (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_35-en">Fig. 4.38</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_35-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_35.png" alt="Example two of run-in heading" width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.38: <span class="caption-body">Example two of run-in heading</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set the run-in heading with the same character size and type-face as the main text. Note that the heading number or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> at the top of the heading are set with Japanese gothic face or bold face, for emphasis  (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_36-en">Fig. 4.39</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_36-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_36.png" alt="Example three of run-in heading" width="369" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.39: <span class="caption-body">Example three of run-in heading</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_cutin_heading">4.1.10 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e2717">Processing of Cut-in Heading</span>s</span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Drop headings are also used for low level headings. A drop heading has no label name or heading number. Processing is as follows (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_37-en">Fig. 4.40</a>):
                     </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>A drop heading is frequently used in Shinsho-ban (Japanese non-fiction paperback style, 105mm*173mm), because it is very easy to recognize the block of low level heading text.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<div id="fig3_1_37-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_37.png" alt="An example of cut-in headings" width="304" height="497" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.40: <span class="caption-body">An example of cut-in headings</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set the cut-in heading with one rank smaller character size than the main text or the same character size as the main text, and with Japanese gothic face.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>It is better that the cut-in heading occupies a maximum of three lines and ten characters per line. JIS X 4051 determines that cut-in headings with up to six characters should be one line, up to twenty characters should be two lines and more than twenty-one characters should be three lines. When the cut-in heading has two lines, each line has half the number of characters of the heading text. When the cut-in heading has three lines, each line has a third of the number of characters of the heading text. If lines have a different number of characters, the last line may have less characters, and the remainder may be blank space. The line gap of two or three lines of cut-in heading is usually a fourth of an em of the heading character size.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The line indent of a cut-in heading is usually a half em of the base character size for the kihon-hanmen. The in-line direction length of a cut-in heading is usually multiples of the character size for the kihon-hanmen. The space between the cut-in heading and the main text is usually more than one em and less than  two em of the character size for the kihon-hanmen. </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When a cut-in heading has one line, the heading is set in the center of a two line space of the kihon-hanmen and  two lines of main text are set following the cut-in heading. When the cut-in heading has two lines or three lines, the heading is set in the center of a three line space of the kihon-hanmen and three lines of main text follow the cut-in heading.</p>
                        

				
					
					<div id="fig3_1_37_2-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_37_2.png" alt="An example of a one line cut-in heading" width="303" height="496" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.41: <span class="caption-body">An example of a one line cut-in heading</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div id="fig3_1_37_3-en" class="figure"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_37_3.png" alt="An example of two lines or three lines cut-in headings" width="304" height="497" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.42: <span class="caption-body">An example of two lines or three lines cut-in headings</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				




                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>A cut-in heading may be set at the end of a page or column. Note that if the space is less than the block direction width of the cut-in heading, the heading should be set on a new page or new column and the blank before the heading may be left as is. One cut-in heading is not set across two pages or two columns.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When a two line cut-in heading comes at the end of a page and only two lines of kihon-hanmen are left for the heading, two lines of main text may follow the cut-in text, in some cases.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_column_spanning_heading">4.1.11 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d8e2942">Processing of Column Spanning Heading</span>s</span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>In multi-column pages, headings spanning multiple columns are processed as follows:</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In multi-column books, the top level heading for the start page  usually spans all columns designed  in the kihon-hanmen. In common magazines, the title of the start page of an article usually spans all columns designed in the kihon-hanmen. There are examples where  medium headings do not span not  all columns. </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>A spanning heading spanning  all columns in the kihon-hanmen is usually set at the top of the page after the page break or new recto. However, there are cases where full spanning headings are set  around the middle of the page. In such cases, main text lines are turned back before the heading block, including before headings that are not full spanning headings (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_38-en">Fig. 4.43</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_38-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_38.png" alt="Example one of spanning block heading turned back before the heading block" width="278" height="367" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.43: <span class="caption-body">Example one of spanning block heading turned back before the heading block</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When turning back main text before a spanning block, if the divided text lines are not same, the last column has less lines and remaining blank lines may be left as is (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_39-en">Fig. 4.44</a>). In vertical writing mode, the  column with the least number of lines is the  column nearest the bottom, and in horizontal writing mode, the column with the least number of lines is the right-most column.
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_39-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_39.png" alt="Example two of turning back of main text lines before spanning block heading" width="288" height="366" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.44: <span class="caption-body">Example two of turning back of main text lines before spanning block heading</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The less spanning block headings are usually set in the middle of the page. In these cases, the way in which  multi column  heading blocks are set is decided as follows:</p>
                        
                        <ol>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>When setting main text lines in multiple columns, if the spanning block heading appears in the first column, the spanning heading block is set to start from the first column (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_40-en">Fig. 4.45</a>).
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_40-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_40.png" alt="Example one of spanning block heading started from the first column" width="388" height="267" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.45: <span class="caption-body">Example one of spanning block heading started from the first column</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>When main text lines are set following the multi column region, if a spanning block heading does not appear in  the top column, the heading is set in that column or in the previous column. If the heading block appears before the block direction center of the column, the heading is set from the previous column (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_41-en">Fig. 4.46</a>). If the heading block appears after the block direction center of the column, the heading is set from that column itself (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_42-en">Fig. 4.47</a>). Note that if the line direction bottom of the heading block runs out of the hanmen, the heading block is set from previous columns (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1_43-en">Fig. 4.48</a>).
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_41-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_41.png" alt="Example two of spanning block heading started from the first column" width="388" height="273" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.46: <span class="caption-body">Example two of spanning block heading started from the first column</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_42-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_42.png" alt="Example three of which  column the spanning block heading is set from" width="388" height="284" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.47: <span class="caption-body">Example three of which  column the spanning block heading is set from</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_1_43-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1_43.png" alt="Example four of which column the spanning block heading is set from" width="388" height="308" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.48: <span class="caption-body">Example four of which column the spanning block heading is set from</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                        </ol>
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Spanning block headings are not set at the bottom of columns. Full spanning block headings are moved to the top of the next page. The bottom of the previous page is processed in the same way as for new recto and page break cases. Less column spanning block headings are moved to other positions, usually one column down. </p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="hanmen-design-sec2">
			
				
				<h3 id="processing_of_notes">4.2 <span class="heading">Processing of Notes</span></h3>
			
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="kinds_of_notes">4.2.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d9e67">Kinds of Notes</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>The following kinds of notes are used in Japanese text layout, besides notes between <span class="character">LEFT PARENTHESIS "("</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT PARENTHESIS ")"</span>  or warichu:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Endnotes: Notes used both in horizontal writing mode and vertical writing mode, set after a paragraph, a clause, a chapter or the whole base text. In vertical writing mode this type is most frequently used (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_1-en">Fig. 4.49</a>). In horizontal writing mode, the frequency of this type is second  after footnotes (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_1_2-en">Fig. 4.50</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_1.png" alt="An example of an endnote in vertical writing mode" width="380" height="533" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.49: <span class="caption-body">An example of an endnote in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_1_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_1_2.png" alt="An example of an endnote in horizontal writing mode" width="437" height="613" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.50: <span class="caption-body">An example of an endnote in horizontal writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>Headnotes (in vertical writing mode) : Notes set above the kihon-hanmen  in vertical writing mode. The area for the headnote is reserved at the upper part of the kihon-hanmen when the kihon-hanmen is designed, and  notes related to a page or spread are set in the same page or spread (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_2-en">Fig. 4.51</a>). Headnotes are frequently used as explanations for words and idioms of Japanese classic texts. Japanese classic texts are sometimes set with three vertical areas, the top area is used for head notes, the middle area is used for the original text and the bottom area is used for a modern Japanese translation.</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_2.png" alt="An example of headnotes in vertical writing mode" width="437" height="613" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.51: <span class="caption-body">An example of headnotes in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Footnotes (in horizontal writing mode) : Notes set beneath the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_3-en">Fig. 4.52</a>). In horizontal writing mode, footnotes are the most frequently used note style.</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_3.png" alt="An example of a footnote in horizontal writing mode" width="437" height="613" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.52: <span class="caption-body">An example of a footnote in horizontal writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Footnotes (in vertical writing mode) : The area for the footnote for vertical writing mode is reserved at the bottom  of the kihon-hanmen beforehand, when the kihon-hanmen is designed, and notes are set in this area. This is similar to a headnote, but the location is beneath the base text. It is used in Japanese classic texts and keimousho (enlightening books), as explanations for technical terms. When illustrations are included in the footnote, basically the illustrations should be set within the footnote area (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_4-en">Fig. 4.53</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_4.png" alt="An example of a footnote in vertical writing mode" width="437" height="613" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.53: <span class="caption-body">An example of a footnote in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Sidenotes (in vertical writing mode) : In vertical writing mode, related notes in a spread are set in the fore-edge of the left (recto) page (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_5-en">Fig. 4.54</a>). In vertical writing mode, sidenotes are not frequently used. However, this style may be used more frequently, because for the reader this style causes minimal disturbance when following the flow of the base text, and the notes can be set very near to the related base text.</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_5.png" alt="An example of a sidenote in vertical writing style" width="743" height="533" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.54: <span class="caption-body">An example of a sidenote in vertical writing style</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>Sidenotes (in horizontal writing mode) : In horizontal writing mode an area for a sidenote is reserved at the fore-edge side when the kihon-hanmen is designed, and the  notes related to the page are set in the sidenote area of the same page (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_6-en">Fig. 4.55</a>). Related illustrations are also set in the area. There are cases where sidenotes in horizontal writing style are set not in the fore-edge but right side of both recto and verso pages (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_7-en">Fig. 4.56</a>). There are not so many cases of sidenotes in horizontal writing style. This style is sometimes used for keimousho (enlightening books) with many illustrations.</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_6.png" alt="Example one of a sidenote in horizontal writing mode" width="856" height="612" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.55: <span class="caption-body">Example one of a sidenote in horizontal writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_7.png" alt="Example two of a sidenote in horizontal writing mode (sidenotes are set in the right side of the pages)" width="856" height="611" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.56: <span class="caption-body">Example two of a sidenote in horizontal writing mode (sidenotes are set in the right side of the pages)</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The processing of endnotes (vertical writing mode, horizontal writing mode), footnotes (horizontal writing mode) and sidenotes (vertical writing mode)  is described in JIS X 4051 clause 9 "The processing of notes". </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Punctuation marks are also used in notes. The behavior of punctuation marks in notes is the same as in base text.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The justification process is also applied to text processing in notes like in base text and paragraph processing. Accordingly, the line adjustment process is also applied to notes like in base text, and the details of the line adjustment process is very much the same as for base text.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Sidenotes in vertical writing mode can be considered as a modified footnote in horizontal writing mode, when conceiving a spread as a page.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 5)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Other than these styles of note, explanations of facts and persons in study aid books and  history texts, and modern translations of Japanese classic texts are sometimes set between lines. These notes are called interlinear notes (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_8-en">Fig. 4.57</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_8.png" alt="An example of a note in inter lines" width="344" height="119" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.57: <span class="caption-body">An example of a note in inter lines</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 6)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The appropriate style of notes is dependent on the purpose of the notes, the volume of the notes and the content of the notes in each book. In general, it is preferable that notes are set as close as possible to the corresponding position of the base text. However, because sometimes notes are skipped to follow the base text stream, notes should not prevent the user reading the base text without reading the notes.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="note_numbers">4.2.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d9e630">Note Numbers</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Some notes have no explicit relationship to the specific position of the base text, and describe issues only vaguely related to the issues on the same page. However, in most cases, notes are explicitly related to specific positions within the base text using note numbers.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There are cases, in the headnote for vertical writing mode and the sidenote for horizontal writing mode, where notes are set without an explicit relationship to the position of the base text.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Western numerals (for both vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode) and ideographic numerals (for vertical writing mode)  are frequently used for note numbers. Beside these numerals, a  series of <span class="character">ASTERISK "＊"</span> characters, like "*", "**" and "***", or <span class="character">a sequence of ASTERISK "＊"</span>, <span class="character">DAGGER "†"</span>, <span class="character">DOUBLE DAGGER "‡"</span>, <span class="character">PILCROW SIGN "¶"</span>, <span class="character">SECTION SIGN "§"</span>, <span class="character">PARALLEL TO "∥"</span>, <span class="character">NUMBER SIGN "＃"</span> in this order are used as note numbers.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Sometimes western numerals and ideographic numerals used as note numbers have accompanying parentheses. Usually, in vertical writing mode they are accompanied by <span class="character">LEFT PARENTHESIS "("</span> and <span class="character">RIGHT PARENTHESIS ")"</span>, and in horizontal writing mode, only <span class="character">RIGHT PARENTHESIS ")"</span>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In vertical writing mode, western numerals used as note numbers are usually set using tate-chu-yoko style (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_9-en">Fig. 4.58</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_9.png" alt="An example of western numerals as note numbers in tate-chu-yoko style." width="164" height="373" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.58: <span class="caption-body">An example of western numerals as note numbers in tate-chu-yoko style.</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 5)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In vertical writing mode, the shapes of ideographic numerals used as note numbers are usually modified to a half em size in height. These ideographic characters are called hiraji (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_10-en">Fig. 4.59</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_10.png" alt="An example of ideographic numerals as note numbers with hiraji shape" width="165" height="349" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.59: <span class="caption-body">An example of ideographic numerals as note numbers with hiraji shape</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
					
					<p>Note numbers in corresponding positions in the base text are called reference marks. The character class of reference mark is <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a>.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>There are several principles related to how to reset the series of note numbers. Endnotes are usually reset every chapter or section. Sidenotes in vertical writing mode are usually reset in every spread. Footnotes in horizontal writing mode are usually reset in every page.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Headnotes (in vertical writing mode), footnotes (vertical writing mode) and sidenotes (in horizontal writing mode) sometimes have no note numbers and are set with corresponding heading text with Japanese gothic typeface at the top of the note text (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_11-en">Fig. 4.60</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_11.png" alt="An example of a footnote (in vertical writing mode), with corresponding heading text with Japanese gothic face" width="437" height="612" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.60: <span class="caption-body">An example of a footnote (in vertical writing mode), with corresponding heading text with Japanese gothic face</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="the_processing_of_the_reference_mark">4.2.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d9e1005">The Processing of the Reference Mark</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>There are two styles for setting reference marks (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a>). One is to set the reference mark adjacent to the target word and on the interlinear right side (in vertical writing mode) or interlinear upper side (in horizontal writing mode). The other is to set the reference mark in the line just after the target word. </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> When the target word is at the bottom of the sentence, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are set before the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>. There is another method that sets the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> after the  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a>, but this method is very rare.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>The method where the reference mark is set on the right side (vertical writing mode) or above (horizontal writing mode) is as follows (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_12-en">Fig. 4.61</a>, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_13-en">Fig. 4.62</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_12.png" alt="An example where reference marks are set in the right inter-line space in vertical writing mode" width="260" height="345" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.61: <span class="caption-body">An example where reference marks are set in the right inter-line space in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_13.png" alt="An example where reference marks are set in inter-line space above in horizontal writing mode" width="396" height="221" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.62: <span class="caption-body">An example where reference marks are set in inter-line space above in horizontal writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Character size of reference marks is around 6 points.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>In vertical writing mode, the bottom edges of the character frames of the target word and the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are aligned. In horizontal writing mode, the right side of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> and the target word are aligned. The <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are not set outside of the area of the hanmen or column, so in such cases, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are aligned at the top of the line. In this case, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a>  may jut out of the bottom of the target word.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The target word corresponding to the reference mark can be  split across a line break where permitted. However, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are not split when including <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> and are treated as one object.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Reference marks do not affect the default line gap. </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Reference marks, attached to the word set in the first line of the page or column, are set touching the outside of the hanmen or column area (see (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_12-en">Fig. 4.61</a>, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_13-en">Fig. 4.62</a>).</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>In vertical writing mode,  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are set just after the target word inline, as follows (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_14-en">Fig. 4.63</a>):</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_14.png" alt="An example of reference marks set inline just after the target word in vertical writing mode" width="259" height="335" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.63: <span class="caption-body">An example of reference marks set inline just after the target word in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Character size of reference marks is one or two levels smaller than the character size defined for the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The right side of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> is set aligned with the right side of the base character line.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are set solid with the base text before and after,  except when followed by <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>).</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> do not include line breaks when including <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, and are handled as one object. <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a>
are not used  for the line adjustment process, i.e., are set solid. Also, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> and base characters before and after are set solid.</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>In horizontal writing mode, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are set inline just after the target word as follows (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_15-en">Fig. 4.64</a>):</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_15.png" alt="An example of reference marks set inline just after the target word in horizontal writing mode" width="279" height="263" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.64: <span class="caption-body">An example of reference marks set inline just after the target word in horizontal writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are same kind to characters for superior scripts.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> and base characters before and after are set solid, except for  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> followed by <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are not broken across a line end when including <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, and  are handled as a one object. <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">Characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> are not used  for the line adjustment process, i.e., are set solid. Also, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> and base characters before and after are set solid.</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_endnotes_in_vertical_writing_mode_or_horizontal_writing_mode">4.2.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d9e1594">Processing of Endnotes</span> in Vertical Writing Mode or Horizontal Writing Mode</span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>The following figure is a common example of endnotes set at the end of paragraphs in vertical writing mode (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_16-en">Fig. 4.65</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_16-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_16.png" alt="An example of endnotes set  at the end of paragraphs in vertical writing mode" width="371" height="525" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.65: <span class="caption-body">An example of endnotes set  at the end of paragraphs in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Specific issues related to setting endnotes in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode include the following:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The character size of endnotes should be one or two levels smaller than the character size of the base text in the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>For example, when the character size of the base text is nine points, the character size of endnotes in B6 size or four by six size is seven points, and in A5 size is eight points or seven points.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The indent  length should be around two characters sizes of the base text in the kihon-hanmen. The line length of endnotes should be an integer-based number of times the endnote character size. The bottom of the endnote line should be set aligned with the bottom edge of the kihon-hanmen or column area. Accordingly, the indent length of endnotes needs to be adjusted and the length may sometimes differ by an integer-based number of units based on the base character size of the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>For example, supposing the character size of the base text in the kihon-hanmen is nine points and one line contains forty three characters, the character size of the endnote is seven points, the indent length is calculated as follows:</p>
                                 
							<table class="t_sample">
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>line length of base text</p>
                                 
								</td><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">387 point = 9 point × 43 characters</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>convert to 7 point based line length</p>
                                 
								</td><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">387 point = 7 point × 55 characters + 2 point</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
							</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Suppose the line length of the endnote is 7 points by 53 characters, the length of indent is 16 points with following calculation:</p>
                                 
							<table class="t_sample">
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">16 point = 387 point − 7 point × 53 characters</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
							</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Suppose line length of the endnote is 7 points by 52 characters, indent length is 23 points with following calculation:</p>
                                 
							<table class="t_sample">
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">23 point = 387 point − 7 point × 52 characters</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
							</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Accordingly, in this case, the indent length of the endnote is 16 points or 23 points.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The inter-letter space after the head endnote number is usually the size of a full-width  character  of the endnote.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When the endnote is two lines or more, the second line and after are indented one or two full-width character sizes longer than the first line.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Line gaps of endnotes are narrower than the line gap of the kihon-hanmen because of the smaller character size of endnotes.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When  new chapters are begun after a page break or new recto, endnotes are set just before the page or page break or new recto, and the space after the endnote may be left as is. Only the line gap between the base text and the endnote should be specified. However, when the endnotes are set between paragraphs, the line gap before and after the endnote becomes an issue. Basically, the minimum size of line gaps between the endnote and the base text, before and after, is the line gap decided for the kihon-hanmen, and usually, the line at the end of the hanmen or a column is aligned with the bottom of the hanmen or the column. In these cases, the fraction of line gap is basically adjusted by the increase of the line gap after the endnote, but when the endnote comes to the end of the hanmen or the column, the line gap before the endnote is increased (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_17-en">Fig. 4.66</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_17-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_17.png" alt="An example of the handling of line gaps before and after  endnotes" width="471" height="338" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.66: <span class="caption-body">An example of the handling of line gaps before and after  endnotes</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_footnotes_in_horizontal_writing_mode">4.2.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d9e2180">Processing of Footnotes in Horizontal Writing Mode</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Setting positions of footnotes in horizontal writing mode are at the bottom of the hanmen in the page where the target words and the reference marks appear in one column, and at the bottom of the column space where the target words and the reference marks appear in two or more columns. When footnotes overflow from the hanmen or the column, the overflowed part of the footnotes is inserted before the footnotes of the next page or next column.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>In the case of multiple columns, footnotes are set at the bottom of the column where corresponding reference marks appear (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_18-en">Fig. 4.67</a>). However, there are cases where all footnotes in the page are set at the bottom of the hanmen with one column (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_19-en">Fig. 4.68</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_18-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_18.png" alt="Example one of footnotes in multiple columns" width="527" height="739" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.67: <span class="caption-body">Example one of footnotes in multiple columns</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_19-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_19.png" alt="Example two of footnotes in multiple columns" width="524" height="738" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.68: <span class="caption-body">Example two of footnotes in multiple columns</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>When footnotes are set just before  page breaks or new rectos, footnotes are set aligned with the bottom of the kihon-hanmen including rules, and spaces between base text and footnotes are used for the alignment (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_20-en">Fig. 4.69</a>). There are cases where footnotes are set continuously following the base text and the space after footnotes is left as is, but in Japan these cases are few (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_21-en">Fig. 4.70</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_20-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_20.png" alt="Example one of footnotes before page break or new recto" width="229" height="323" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.69: <span class="caption-body">Example one of footnotes before page break or new recto</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_21-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_21.png" alt="Example two of footnotes before page break or new recto" width="244" height="338" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.70: <span class="caption-body">Example two of footnotes before page break or new recto</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>When some part of a footnote overflows to the next page or the next column, it is recommended to set an arrow symbol or similar symbol at the very end of the part of the footnote set in the page or the column where the corresponding reference mark appears, to indicate that the footnote is continuing to the next page or the next column. Especially, when the overflowed part of the footnote is set in an even page, such guidance is very useful. To put it the other way around, it is better to avoid such cases. Treating such cases is not a matter of type setting methodology but  of editorial issues. One editorial solution is to change the position of the reference mark by modification of the page layout. </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>Following figure is an common example of footnotes in horizontal writing mode (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_22-en">Fig. 4.71</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_22-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_22.png" alt="An example of footnotes in single column horizontal writing mode" width="427" height="604" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.71: <span class="caption-body">An example of footnotes in single column horizontal writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>The following items are outstanding issues when setting footnotes in horizontal writing mode:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The character size of footnotes is one or two levels smaller than the character size of the base text in the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Usually footnotes are accompanied by lines to separate the base text and footnotes (i.e. rules), indentation is not needed.  However because the line length of footnotes should be multiples of the character size of footnotes,  the difference in line length of the base text and line length of footnotes is adjusted with the insertion of left side spaces and the bottom of footnote is aligned with the kihon-hanmen or column area.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>For example, when the base text line length is nine point by thirty four characters and footnote character size is seven point, the remaining spaces of footnotes are calculated as follows:</p>
                                 
							<table class="t_sample">
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>line length of base text</p>
                                 
								</td><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">306 point = 9 point × 34 characters</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>convert to 7 point based line length</p>
                                 
								</td><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">306 point = 7 point × 43 characters + 5 point</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
							</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When line length of footnotes is set as seven point by forty three  characters, the space inserted in the left side of footnote lines is 5 point.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>For example, when base text line length is 9 point by thirty five characters and footnote character size is seven point, the left spaces of footnotes are calculated as follows:</p>
                                 
							<table class="t_sample">
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>line length of base text</p>
                                 
								</td><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">315 point = 9 point × 35 characters</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
								<tr><td class="ft">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>convert to 7 point based line length</p>
                                 
								</td><td class="ft">
                                 

<p><span class="expr">315 point = 7 point × 45 characters</span></p>
                                 
								</td></tr>
							</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>when line length of footnote is seven point by 45 characters, there is no left space inserted.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The inter-character space between footnote numbers at the top of the line and footnote text is usually a full-width of footnote text character in size.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When a footnote has two or more lines, the second line or below is indented by one em space, or the first line is indented by one em space of footnote character size (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_23-en">Fig. 4.72</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_23-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_23.png" alt="Examples of indents of footnotes, first line indentation and second line and below indentation" width="509" height="261" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.72: <span class="caption-body">Examples of indents of footnotes, first line indentation and second line and below indentation</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Line gaps of footnotes are narrower according to the smaller size of footnote characters. The line gap of footnotes is recommended to be a half em of a footnote character size or slightly narrower, depending on the base text line gap.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>A line called a rule is inserted between the base text and footnotes to distinguish the footprint of the footnotes. For this purpose, a thin border is used. The length of the line is usually one third of the line length of the kihon-hanmen, depending on the kihon-hanmen design. The left side of the line is aligned to the left side of the hanmen or column.  The line gap between the line and the footnote is slightly wider than the usual line gap among footnotes.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>There are cases without the line between base text and footnotes, but in Japan these cases are few.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The minimum size of line gaps among base text, the rule, and footnotes is a line gap size of the base text in the kihon-hanmen. The bottom line of footnotes is aligned to the edge of the kihon-hanmen or column area. Accordingly, fractions will appear. This fraction is inserted between the base text area and the rule. Accordingly, the fraction between the rule and the base text area will change between the line gap of the kihon-hanmen and the character size plus line gap of the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When rules are not used between base text and footnotes, the line gap between base text and footnotes is set wider than the usual line gap between base text of kihon-hanmen. For example, when the character size of the base text in the kihon-hanmen is nine point, the minimum size of the line gap between the base text and the footnotes is twelve point. Usually, it is recommended that the minimum size of the line gap between the base text and the footnotes is  set larger than the character size of the base text in the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_sidenote_in_vertical_writing_mode">4.2.6 <span class="heading">Processing of Sidenotes in Vertical Writing Mode</span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>The following figure is a common example of sidenotes in vertical writing mode (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_24-en">Fig. 4.73</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_24-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_24.png" alt="An example of sidenotes in vertical writing mode" width="371" height="524" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.73: <span class="caption-body">An example of sidenotes in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Side notes in vertical writing mode are similar to footnotes in horizontal writing mode. Accordingly, general methods for footnotes in horizontal writing mode can be applied to sidenotes in vertical writing mode. The following items are outstanding issues only applied to sidenotes in vertical writing mode:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Side notes in vertical writing mode are set at the left side of the odd page of the spread to which corresponding reference marks appear. In multiple columns, sidenotes are aligned to the left side of the lowest column. </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When the volume of sidenotes is too great, the sidenotes may overflow to the even page. In multiple columns, the sidenotes may overflow to the column above.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When it is not possible to set any sidenotes or some of the sidenotes in a spread, the overflowed part may be inserted before the sidenotes corresponding to the next reference mark in an odd page or the lowest column in an odd page of the next spread.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In  pages just before a page break or a new recto, the sidenotes are set in the last page of the section following the base text, even if the last page is even. If it is not possible to set the side notes in the page, the  part of the notes that juts out is  set from the top of the next page or the top of the first column, then the page is followed by page break or new recto.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In the above cases, the remaining space is usually inserted after the sidenote, unlike the case where footnotes are inserted between the base text and the footnotes in horizontal writing mode.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>A thin line is inserted between  the base text and sidenotes to distinguish them. The line is a thin border. The length of the line depends on the line length of the kihon-hanmen, but is usually one third of the line length, and the top end of the line is aligned to the top edge of the kihon-hanmen. It is recommended that the gap between the line and the sidenotes is a little bit wider than for footnote cases.</p>
                        
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There are cases when the lines to distinguish base text and sidenotes are not inserted.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The minimum value of the line gap between the line to distinguish the base text and sidenotes is the value of line gap decided in the kihon-hanmen. The left side of the last line of the sidenotes is aligned to the left edge of the kihon-hanmen or the column. Accordingly, a fraction space in the block direction is inserted between the base text area and the rule, and  the fraction between the rule and the base text area will change between the line gap of the kihon-hanmen and the character size plus line gap of the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_headnote_footnote_and_sidenote">4.2.7 <span class="heading">Processing of Headnotes (in Vertical Writing Mode), Footnotes (in Vertical Writing Mode) and Sidenotes (in Horizontal Writing Mode)</span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Processing of headnotes in vertical writing mode, footnotes in vertical writing mode and sidenotes in horizontal writing mode is very similar, so these processing methods will be described together in this section. These types of notes will be called <a href="#term.parallel-note" class="termref">parallel-note</a>s, hereafter.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There is no description about headnotes in vertical writing mode, footnotes in vertical writing mode and sidenotes in horizontal writing mode in JIS X 4051.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>There are the following relationships between the parallel-note and the main text:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Setting the note number as a reference mark: Set a number as a reference mark (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a>  at the corresponding main text position, and set the same number at the very top of the parallel-note.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Processing of reference marks (<a class="characterClass" href="#cl-20">characters as reference marks (cl-20)</a> is very similar to the processing of endnotes and footnotes in horizontal writing mode.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Setting symbols as a reference mark: Set a symbol (ex. <span class="character">ASTERISK "*"</span>) beside the corresponding main text position or change the font style or corresponding main text position to another font style (ex. Japanese Gothic) (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_25_2-en">Fig. 4.74</a>, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_25_3-en">Fig. 4.75</a>).</p>
                        
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_25_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_25_2.png" alt="Examples of numbers and a symbol to indicate corresponding reference marks" width="437" height="611" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.74: <span class="caption-body">Examples of numbers and a symbol to indicate corresponding reference marks</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_25_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_25_3.png" alt="Examples of changed font style to indicate corresponding reference marks" width="428" height="603" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.75: <span class="caption-body">Examples of changed font style to indicate corresponding reference marks</span></div></div></div></div>
				
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Set parallel-notes in the same spread where the corresponding main text positions appear without reference marks. Only the key words are emphasized with a difference of font style (ex. Japanese Gothic).</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>There are some  issues specific to setting parallel-notes as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
				
					
					<p>The character size of parallel-notes is one or two ranks smaller than the character size of main text in the kihon-hanmen.</p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p>The line length of parallel-notes is an integer based multiple of the character size of notes. It depends on the book size; around fifteen characters to twenty characters in a line is recommended. In some cases around twenty five characters is acceptable.</p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p>The line gap of parallel-notes is basically a half em of the character size of the parallel-notes. When the volume of parallel-notes is high, there are cases of one third em.</p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p>The size of the parallel-note area in the block direction is the same as the size of the main text in the kihon-hanmen.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The size of the main text in the kihon-hanmen in the block direction is calculated with character size, number of lines and line gap. The block direction size of the parallel-note area is the same with regards to the result of the calculation. Accordingly, the block direction size of the parallel-note area might be different from the result of following calculation: (character size of parallel-note) × (number of lines of parallel-note + line gap of note × (number of lines of parallel-note − 1).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p>It is recommended to set the space between parallel-notes and the main text in inline direction at around double the em character size of the main text in the kihon-hanmen. </p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p>Usually, indentation of the second line and after, like end notes,  is not applied to parallel-notes. In the majority of cases, the first line of a parallel-note is set as tentsuki. There are cases where the first line is indented by one a em character size of the parallel-notes, like common paragraphs.</p>
				
</li>
					<li>
				
					
					<p>The inter-letter space between the note number  and the following parallel-note text is around one em of a parallel-note character size. There are cases where the note number and target word are changed to a different font style (ex. Japanese Gothic) and the note number and the  target word are set solid. The inter-letter space between the target word and parallel-note text is one em of the parallel-note text size (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_25-en">Fig. 4.76</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_2_25-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_25.png" alt="Examples of headnotes in vertical writing mode" width="328" height="369" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.76: <span class="caption-body">Examples of headnotes in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>The setting  of parallel-notes and the main text area is as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The position of target text and the position of a parallel-note in block direction are aligned as near as possible.
                           In vertical writing mode, the right edge of the target word and the right edge of the parallel-note are aligned. In horizontal writing mode, the upper edge of the target word and the upper edge of the parallel-note are aligned (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_26-en">Fig. 4.77</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_26-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_26.png" alt="Example one of headnotes in vertical writing mode" width="324" height="456" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.77: <span class="caption-body">Example one of headnotes in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>After these methods are applied, if the parallel-note text overflows, there needs to be some arrangement to handle that within the page. In vertical writing mode, the parallel-note positions are shifted to the right, and in horizontal writing mode, the parallel-note positions are shift above (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2_27-en">Fig. 4.78</a>). This arrangement is done until the first parallel-note reaches  the right edge in vertical writing mode or  the top edge in horizontal writing mode. If there is more overflow, the overflowed part of the parallel-notes is set at the top of the next page. In vertical writing mode, arrangements may be applied not within the page but within the spread.</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_2_27-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2_27.png" alt="Example two of headnote in vertical writing mode" width="331" height="464" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.78: <span class="caption-body">Example two of headnote in vertical writing mode</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When the overflowed part of the parallel-notes is set on the next page, there are cases where a line is inserted between the overflowed part and the parallel-notes in the page.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When there are multiple parallel-notes  set in the same page or the same spread, the following methods are applied:</p>
                        
                        <ol>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>The line gap between the two different parallel-notes is explicitly specified, or the value for the line gap within the parallel-note itself is applied if there is no explicit instruction. </p>
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>The arrangement of positioning is done as follows. First, the parallel-note positions are settled from first parallel-note, and second parallel-note and after is set with the instructed line gap or corresponding position to the target word in the main text. Second, if the parallel-note will overflow, the parallel-notes are set from the bottom of parallel-note area. Third, if the parallel-notes still overflow, parallel-notes are set from the top of the parallel-note area with appropriate line gap, and the overflowed part of the parallel-notes is set at the top of the next page or next spread.</p>
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>When the parallel-notes will overflow to the next page or next spread, the instructed line gap is inserted between the overflowed part of the parallel-notes and the original parallel-note part. The realm after the overflowed part is the area for the original parallel-notes. </p>
                              
                           </li>
                        </ol>
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="hanmen-design-sec3">
			
				
				<h3 id="positioning_of_illustrations">4.3 <span class="heading">Positioning of Illustrations</span></h3>
			
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="specification_of_the_position_of_illustrations">4.3.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d10e67">Specification of the Position of Illustrations</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>There are two methods for specifying the position of <a class="termref" href="#term.illustrations">illustrations</a>.
                     </p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>With this method, first, the in slip for the <a class="termref" href="#term.main-text">body of the book</a> is  created. Then, for each page, layout processing is executed, and the positioning of illustrations on a specific page and its position in that page are specified.
                           </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>With this method, the relation between the main text and the illustration is specified, and the position of the illustration
                              within the page is specified only in principle.
                           </p>
                        

                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Normally, if there are many illustrations inserted, method "a" is used. If there are not so many illustrations, method "b" is
                                       used. With method "b", the concrete page for a given figure is determined as the result of the layout process. Hence, it is
                                       often the case that the choice of odd page or even page for a figure is determined as a result of the layout process.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Normally, when applying method "b" for vertical layout, the illustration is placed on the head or <a class="termref" href="#term.fore-edge">fore-edge</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1-en">Fig. 4.79</a>). For even pages, the figure will be on the left, for odd pages, it will be on the right side.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_1.png" alt="Common example of illustration positioning" width="732" height="522" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.79: <span class="caption-body">Common example of illustration positioning</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
<table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 3)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The prototypical method for horizontal layout using method "b" is to position the illustration centered, without characters to the left or
                                       to the right. In this case,  the illustration is normally either positioned between <a class="termref" href="#term.paragraph">paragraphs</a> (see the left page in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2-en">Fig. 4.80</a>), or at the <a class="termref" href="#term.foot">foot</a> or <a class="termref" href="#term.head">head</a> (see the right page in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2-en">Fig. 4.80</a>).
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_2.png" alt="Common example of figure positioning in horizontal layout" width="700" height="498" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.80: <span class="caption-body">Common example of figure positioning in horizontal layout</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
<table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 4)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Illustrations are often accompanied by <a class="termref" href="#term.caption">captions</a> or <a class="termref" href="#term.note">notes</a>. Captions are normally positioned below the illustration. Captions also frequently include illustration numbers. The <a class="termref" href="#term.character-size">character size</a> in captions is smaller than in the main text, and often a different <a class="termref" href="#term.font">font</a> is used. If the caption stretches across more than 2 lines, <a class="termref" href="#term.line-gap">inter-line spacing</a> is not too large, so that the caption looks compact. If the font of the caption is changed, the whole caption will be in
                                       a <a class="termref" href="#term.japanese-gothic-face">gothic typeface</a>, or only the illustration number will be in a gothic typeface. The latter case means a moderate emphasis of the illustration and can be used for putting the figure into the background
                                       (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_3-en">Fig. 4.81</a>).
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_3.png" alt="Example for layout of captions" width="232" height="319" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.81: <span class="caption-body">Example for layout of captions</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>The explanation below is restricted to method (b). Illustration, captions and notes will be regarded as one piece of data. The
                        positioning method for this single piece of data is explained.
                     </p>
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="basic_concepts_about_illustration_positioning">4.3.2 <span class="heading">Basic Concepts about Illustration Positioning</span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>When the position of an illustration within a page is specified only by the relation between illustration and
                        main text, it is desirable that the explanation of the illustration in the main text and the illustration are as close as
                        possible to each other.
                     </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Depending on the size of an illustration, it may not be possible to have references to the illustration and the illustration
                                 itself on the same page. In such cases, the following considerations for illustration positioning are taken into account.
                              </p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>It is better to position the illustration on the page after the page with references to the illustration, and not on the page
                                       before the references.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </li>
								<li>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Sometimes there are no references to an illustration, but an explanation of the illustration appears before it. That means that
                                       it is not possible to avoid in every case that illustrations appear on the page before (or after) the references. If the illustration
                                       and its references are on the same <a class="termref" href="#term.spread">spread</a> it is often possible to be tolerant with illustration positioning.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </li>
								<li>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Many aspects have to be taken into account with regards to the positioning of illustrations. This means that, even if automatic processing
                                       is used as much as possible, according to the layout result it will be necessary to change the position of references or the size
                                       of the illustration manually.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </li>
							</ol>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="requirements_for_illustration_positioning_in_vertical_mayout">4.3.3 <span class="heading">Requirements for Illustration Positioning in Vertical Layout</span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>For vertical layout as in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1-en">Fig. 4.79</a>, the following requirements for illustration positioning apply.
                     </p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In books, the spread is the basis for the design, and the illustration position is specified towards the head and fore-edge.
                              Hence it is necessary to use the spread as the basis for the specification of the position. Concretely it means that the position
                              has to correspond to "towards the fore-edge" or towards the <a class="termref" href="#term.gutter">gutter</a>.
                           </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In vertical layout, often the upper part of an illustration touches the head of the hanmen, or the left or right part touches
                              the fore-edge. This makes it necessary to position the illustration relying on the hanmen (or the final size). Furthermore, even
                              if the complete hanmen is occupied by the illustration, depending on the illustration content, in some cases it is better style
                              to  position the illustration about 1mm inside the hanmen.
                           </p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The reason for the positioning 1mm inside the hanmen is that in that way, the character area of the hanmen and the illustration appear
                                       to be arranged together.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>As said in "b", normally, it is appropriate to specify a position starting from the hanmen. However, in the case of a <a class="termref" href="#term.bleed">bleed</a>, it is necessary to jut out of the final size to position the illustration (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_8-en">Fig. 2.39</a>). Furthermore, in such cases it is possible to specify an intuitive position, if  the specification of the position uses the edge of
                              the trim size as the origin (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4-en">Fig. 4.82</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4.png" alt="Bleed positioning" width="465" height="277" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.82: <span class="caption-body">Bleed positioning</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>If base text is placed around illustrations, normally the smallest space size between them is specified. The smallest space size is
                              the character size used for the main text (which is specified for the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a>), or the line gap (also specified for the <a href="#term.kihon-hanmen" class="termref">kihon-hanmen</a>). It is also necessary to specify the <a class="termref" href="#term.line-length">line length</a> of surrounding text as  an integral multiple of the character size in use.
                           </p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Here an example is shown of the smallest and largest space size between an illustration and characters, for a character size of 9
                                       points in the kihon-hanmen and 8 points for line gap (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4a-en">Fig. 4.83</a>).
                                    </p>
                                 
                                 <table class="t_sample">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="ft">
                                          
                                             
                                             <p>Space <a class="termref" href="#term.inline-direction">in the inline direction</a></p>
                                          
                                       </td>
                                       <td class="ft">
                                          
                                             
                                             <p>9points≦space size of illustration and surrounding characters&lt;18points</p>
                                          
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="ft">
                                          
                                             
                                             <p>Space <a class="termref" href="#term.block-direction">in the block direction</a></p>
                                          
                                       </td>
                                       <td class="ft">
                                          
                                             
                                             <p>9points≦space size of illustration and surrounding characters&lt;26points</p>
                                          
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td align="center" class="ft">
                                          
                                             
                                             <p>or, Space <a class="termref" href="#term.block-direction">in the block direction</a></p>
                                          
                                       </td>
                                       <td class="ft">
                                          
                                             
                                             <p>8points≦space size of illustration and surrounding characters&lt;25points</p>
                                          
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </table>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
</table>
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_4a-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4a.png" alt="An example of space size around illustration" width="535" height="226" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.83: <span class="caption-body">An example of space size around illustration</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
<table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>If possible, it is appropriate to unify the space between illustrations and surrounding main texts. For example it can be unified
                                       to be 1.5 times  the character size used in the main text. Depending on the size of the illustration it may be that
                                       such unification is not possible, since it is necessary that the line-length be an integral multiple of the character size in use.
                                       But, at the design step, some modifications of the illustration size are possible. Accordingly it is possible to unify the
                                       space around illustrations, by creating an overview of the various sizes of illustrations and the related numbers of characters
                                       and lines, and choose from that overview the applicable numbers and apply these during the design step.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>If the number of characters of main text to be placed around illustrations in inline direction is very small (for example 1/4 of the line length
                              of the kihon-hanmen or less than 9 characters), it is better to not place the characters and leave the space free (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5-en">Fig. 4.84</a>). Also, as shown in the left part of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_6-en">Fig. 4.85</a>, for the arrangement of illustrations in the block direction, it is bad style and should be avoided to have only one line
                              of main text (in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_6-en">Fig. 4.85</a>, the right side shows the appropriate way).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5.png" alt="A case where the number of characters of main text in inline direction is very short" width="410" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.84: <span class="caption-body">A case where the number of characters of main text in inline direction is very short</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_6.png" alt="Example of only one full length line of vertical text after  illustrations in the block direction (the left case should be changed to the right case)" width="410" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.85: <span class="caption-body">Example of only one full length line of vertical text after  illustrations in the block direction (the left case should be changed to the right case)</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>The placement of characters around illustrations in the inline direction is called <a class="termref" href="#term.mawarikomi">mawarikomi</a>.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="requirements_for_illustration_positioning_in_horizontal_layout">4.3.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d10e1059">Requirements for Illustration Positioning in Horizontal Layout</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>In the case of horizontal layout as in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2-en">Fig. 4.80</a>, the following requirements for illustration positioning apply.
                     </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Below, the discussion is restricted to problems arising within one column space.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In case of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2-en">Fig. 4.80</a>, the basic approach is to position the illustration directly after the paragraph with its explanation (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_7-en">Fig. 4.86</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_7.png" alt="Positioning directly after the explaining paragraph" width="322" height="249" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.86: <span class="caption-body">Positioning directly after the explaining paragraph</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <p>If due to space it is not possible to position the illustration in that place, it is placed at the head or foot of the hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_8-en">Fig. 4.87</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_8.png" alt="Placing the illustration at the foot or head of the hanmen" width="496" height="792" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.87: <span class="caption-body">Placing the illustration at the foot or head of the hanmen</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>In the case of a print space (out of several), the illustration is placed at the foot or head of that print space.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                           
                         <p>As shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2-en">Fig. 4.80</a>, often characters are not put to the right or left of an illustration, and the space is left blank. However, there is also
                              the possibility of placing the illustration at the side of the fore-edge (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_9-en">Fig. 4.88</a>) or the right side (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_10-en">Fig. 4.89</a>). Also in these cases, the illustrations are not placed - like in vertical layout - at the side of the head, but often in linkage
                              with the main text. That is, the illustrations are placed on the page with their explanations, beside  the mid paragraph anchor point  or on
                              the head or foot (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_9-en">Fig. 4.88</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_10-en">Fig. 4.89</a>).

                         </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_9.png" alt="Example of placing an illustration at the fore-edge of the hanmen" width="359" height="256" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.88: <span class="caption-body">Example of placing an illustration at the fore-edge of the hanmen</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_10.png" alt="Example of placing an illustration at the right side of the hanmen" width="359" height="256" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.89: <span class="caption-body">Example of placing an illustration at the right side of the hanmen</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>As shown in the left part of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_11-en">Fig. 4.90</a>, like in vertical layout, it is bad style and must be avoided to have just one line of the main text around an illustration
                              in the block direction. In the example in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_11-en">Fig. 4.90</a>, the problem is solved by transferring the single line below the illustration above it and placing the illustration at the bottom
                              fore-edge of the hanmen.
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_11.png" alt="Example for horizontal layout of having just only one line after the illustration in the block direction (should change the left case to the right case)" width="409" height="255" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.90: <span class="caption-body">Example for horizontal layout of having just only one line after the illustration in the block direction (should change the left case to the right case)</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Illustrations which stretch across several columns in a print space are normally placed at the head or foot (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_12-en">Fig. 4.91</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_12.png" alt="Example of illustration stretching across several columns" width="358" height="256" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.91: <span class="caption-body">Example of illustration stretching across several columns</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="basic_ideas_about_illustration_positioning_in_JISX4051">4.3.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d10e1422">Basic Ideas about Illustration Positioning in JIS X 4051</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>To provide some background for the preceding discussion, the main definitions of JIS X 4051 will be introduced below.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>JIS X 4051 defines two methods for illustration positioning: "relative position specification" and "absolute position specification".
                              Below the definitions from this standard are described.
                         </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <p>Relative position specification: the specification of block units appears together with the flow of, say, paragraphs of the
                              main text within lines. The lines are the basis for positioning, and segmentation of the line feed is not possible. ("block
                              unit": a general term for blocks of figures, images etc. and tables)
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <p>Absolute position specification: the specification of block units appears within the hanmen or spread. An absolute position  based
                              on these is the basis for illustration placement.
                           </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <p>In the case of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1-en">Fig. 4.79</a>, where the position is specified from two directions (from the head or the fore-edge), the absolute position specification
                              method is used.
                           </p>
                        
                      
                        
                         <p>As shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_2-en">Fig. 4.80</a>, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_9-en">Fig. 4.88</a> or <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_10-en">Fig. 4.89</a>, when the position in the inline direction is given as specified, and the position in the block direction is determined depending
                              on the position of the main text which refers to the block unit, the adopted method is  relative positioning (of course
                              absolute positioning is possible too for placement at the head or foot ).
                         </p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <p>Furthermore, JIS X 4051 defines the placement of the specification method for gutter and fore-edge with absolute positioning
                              method, but not with relative positioning. It is desirable to allow for a positioning based upon a specification method of gutter and fore-edge, also for relative
                              positioning.
                           </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When both  the main text (or the main paragraph in JIS X 4051 terminology) and the illustration are on the same page, either
                              method does not raise any problem unless there is only a single line of the main text to be laid out before the illustration
                              in the block direction on the top of the content page area or after the illustration at the bottom as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_6-en">Fig. 4.85</a> or in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_11-en">Fig. 4.90</a>. The problematic cases are where, via the relation to the corresponding text or the size of the illustration, the illustration
                              juts out of the the hanmen or the area of the column, or the page of the main text and the page of the illustration are different.
                              About these issues JIS X 4051 makes the following definitions.
                           </p>
                        
                        <ol>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>With the relative positioning method, the illustration is placed directly after the line in which the anchor in the main text
                                    is defined. If, as a result of the positioning, the illustration juts out of the hanmen or the column, the length of the part of
                                    the illustration inside the hanmen or the column (a), and the part outside the area (b) will be compared (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_13-en">Fig. 4.92</a>). Since it should be avoided (if possible) that an illustration appears before its explanation in the main text, the comparison
                                    uses not a simple 1/2, but a relative weight. If concretely like in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_13-en">Fig. 4.92</a> the relation between <i class="quantity">a</i> and <i class="quantity">b</i> is <i class="quantity">a</i> ≧ 2<i class="quantity">b</i>, the illustration is placed on that page (in the final stage), and the lines which overlap with the area of the illustration
                                    (including the line with the anchor) are put on the following page, they are put out (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_14-en">Fig. 4.93</a>).
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_13.png" alt="Example of positioning on the same page with relative positioning specification (before the adaptation in case of  a  ≧ 2 b )" width="358" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.92: <span class="caption-body">Example of positioning on the same page with relative positioning specification (before the adaptation in case of <i class="quantity">a</i> ≧ 2<i class="quantity">b</i>)</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_14.png" alt="Example of positioning on the same page with relative positioning specification (after the adaptation in case of  a  ≧ 2 b )" width="358" height="253" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.93: <span class="caption-body">Example of positioning on the same page with relative positioning specification (after the adaptation in case of <i class="quantity">a</i> ≧ 2<i class="quantity">b</i>)</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <p>Also, in the case of <i class="quantity">a</i> &lt; 2<i class="quantity">b</i> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_15-en">Fig. 4.94</a>), the illustration is placed on the following page, and the free area is filled with main text taken from the following page.
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_15.png" alt="Example of positioning on the following page with relative positioning specification (before the adaptation in case of  a  &lt;  2b )" width="357" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.94: <span class="caption-body">Example of positioning on the following page with relative positioning specification (before the adaptation in case of <i class="quantity">a</i> &lt; <i class="quantity">2b</i>)</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_16-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_16.png" alt="Example of positioning on the following page with relative positioning specification (after the adaptation in case of  a  &lt;  2b )" width="357" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.95: <span class="caption-body">Example of positioning on the following page with relative positioning specification (after the adaptation in case of <i class="quantity">a</i> &lt; <i class="quantity">2b</i>)</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                              <table class="t_note">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>(note 1)</p>
                                       
                                    </td>
                                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>There are many examples where the explanation of the illustration is not necessarily at a restricted, specific place, but it
                                             is within a given area. Hence, up to a certain extend it is regarded as OK to be permissive and have the anchor later.
                                          </p>
                                       
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>(note 2)</p>
                                       
                                    </td>
                                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>It is not  in every case  the right approach to set the relative weight of  parts outside the area and inside the area to 1/3 (1:2).
                                             Consequently, it is safe to assume that these proportions can be modified. Nevertheless, when specifying 1/3, many cases can
                                             be matched.
                                          </p>
                                       
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>(note 3)</p>
                                       
                                    </td>
                                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>In the case of taking the illustration out, the free space on the page is naturally filled with text from the main text of
                                             the following page. For this purpose, processing is necessary to put text from that part of the main text on the following
                                             page.
                                          </p>
                                       
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>The same basic ideas apply also for absolute positioning. However, the portions to be compared are different than with relative
                                    positioning.
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <p>With the absolute positioning method, first the distance between the specification of the position via the anchor in the main
                                    text, and the distance to the end of the area of the hanmen or the column are calculated (see <i class="quantity">a</i> in the left part of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_17-en">Fig. 4.96</a>). Next, as a result of the positioning of the illustration, the anchor will be moved. If the moved anchor is on the same
                                    page, the illustration will be placed on that page.
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <p>If the anchor has moved to the following page, the distance between that anchor and the beginning of the area of the hanmen or
                                    the column will be calculated (see <i class="quantity">b</i> in the right part of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_17-en">Fig. 4.96</a>).
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_17-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_17.png" alt="Example of positioning with absolute positioning specification (in case of  a  &lt; 2 b )" width="583" height="253" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.96: <span class="caption-body">Example of positioning with absolute positioning specification (in case of <i class="quantity">a</i> &lt; 2<i class="quantity">b</i>)</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <p>In addition, <i class="quantity">a</i> and <i class="quantity">b</i> are compared. If <i class="quantity">a</i> ≧ 2<i class="quantity">b</i>, the illustration is placed on the page where the anchor appeared first. In the case of <i class="quantity">a</i> &lt; 2<i class="quantity">b</i>, the illustration is placed after the page where the anchor appeared first. In the example in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_17-en">Fig. 4.96</a>, <i class="quantity">a</i> &lt; 2<i class="quantity">b</i>, the illustration is moved to the left page (page 13), see  <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_18-en">Fig. 4.97</a>.
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_18-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_18.png" alt="Illustration positioning example 1, final position" width="356" height="253" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.97: <span class="caption-body">Illustration positioning example 1, final position</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <p><a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_19-en">Fig. 4.98</a> shows an example where an anchor firstly appears in the 5th line of a page (page 12), and as a result of illustration placement, the
                                    anchor is moved to the second line of the left page (page 13). In this case <i class="quantity">a</i> ≧ 2<i class="quantity">b</i>, and the illustration is left on the right page (page 12).

                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_19-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_19.png" alt="Absolute positioning example 2 (left is before illustration positioning, right is after)" width="586" height="253" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.98: <span class="caption-body">Absolute positioning example 2 (left is before illustration positioning, right is after)</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                        </ol>
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>In addition some more definitions related to illustration positioning are introduced below.</p>
                        
                        <ol>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>With the absolute positioning method, a stranded line before or after the illustration in the block direction can be predicted
                                    and hence avoided. In contrast, with the relative positioning method, it happens that a stranded line in the block direction
                                    is left out as a result. This is bad style, and JIS X 4051 defines a processing method for avoiding it.
                                 </p>
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>Several elements come in between e.g. paragraphs, and it is necessary to adapt the area of the hanmen size
                                    in the block direction. For this case, there are several approaches about style designed via the kihon-hanmen (character size, line
                                    spacing etc.) and different style elements: the approach of unifying the space around such elements, or the approach of maintaining
                                    (if at all possible) the position of lines specified during the design of the hanmen. JIS X 4051 defines two methods for this topic
                                    (see section <a class="sec_ref" href="#block_direction_setting_process_of_lines_paragraphs">4.5 Block Direction Setting Process of Lines, Paragraphs etc.</a>).
                                 </p>
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>When the space around an illustration is maintained and main text
                                    is inserted in the free area, it is necessary to adapt the line length to integral multiple of the characters used. Such aspects are
                                    defined in JIS X 4051 as well (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_1-en">Fig. 4.79</a>).
                                 </p>
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>Also, if the number of surrounding characters is extremely low, it is better to keep the surroundings free. If the number of
                                    surrounding characters is 1/4 of the line length of the kihon-hanmen or 9 characters below, JIS X 4051 specifies that no main text should surround
                                    an illustration. In <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_9-en">Fig. 4.88</a> or <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_10-en">Fig. 4.89</a> the illustration is placed midway down the page using the relative positioning method, so it is necessary to unify the space above
                                    and below the illustration. JIS X 4051 also provides definitions for this aspect (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_20-en">Fig. 4.99</a>).
                                 </p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_20-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_20.png" alt="Space between an illustration placed midway a page and the characters above and below it" width="211" height="254" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.99: <span class="caption-body">Space between an illustration placed midway a page and the characters above and below it</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>For positioning of illustrations relying on the spread, JIS X 4051 defines a method using the absolute positioning method (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_tables_allocated_in_a_spread">4.4.5 Processing of Tables Allocated in a Spread</a>)..</p>
                              
                           </li>
                        </ol>
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="hanmen-design-sec4">
			
				
				<h3 id="processing_of_tables">4.4 <span class="heading">Processing of Tables</span></h3>
			
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="elements_of_tables">4.4.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d11e67">Elements of Tables</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>A table is set of cells, which includes numbers, facts or information, arranged in rows across and down lines for easy recognition at a glance. </p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There are descriptions in "JIS X 4051 11. Processing of tables".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>In JIS X 4015, there is a figure of an example of the structure of table in horizontal writing mode as follows (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_1-en">Fig. 4.100</a>). The following descriptions will use the terminology in this figure. </p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_1.png" alt="Structure of a table (from JIS X 4051)" width="409" height="349" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.100: <span class="caption-body">Structure of a table (from JIS X 4051)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Tables are used for various purposes, and there is a lot to consider with regards to the processing of tables, so, only Japanese language related issues are discussed here.</p>
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="direction_of_tables_themselves">4.4.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d11e190">Direction of Tables Themselves</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Tables themselves can be classified according to horizontal mode and vertical mode.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The text direction of each cell may change cell by cell, but the direction of the table itself is decided by the majority direction of the cells. The direction of almost all   tables themselves, especially those containing numerals,  are in horizontal mode and vertical mode tables are rare. However, in set in vertical writing mode, there are many vertical examples of <a class="termref" href="#term.chronological-history">chronological histories</a> and <a class="termref" href="#term.chronological-table">chronological tables</a> as <a href="#term.back-matter" class="termref">back matter</a>.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_2.png" alt="An example of table, with vertical direction" width="380" height="533" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.101: <span class="caption-body">An example of table, with vertical direction</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>There are examples of tables containing cells with a different text direction from the dominant text direction of the table, but not so many. This style is used to display item names in a header row. </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
							
								
								<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_3.png" alt="An example of horizontal table with vertical text cells" width="229" height="235" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.102: <span class="caption-body">An example of horizontal table with vertical text cells</span></div></div></div></div>
							
							
				
				
					
					<p>When the direction of a table itself is horizontal, the position of the origin and the setting order of cell contents is as follows (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_4-en">Fig. 4.103</a>):</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The origin is the left upper top of the table.</p>
                        
                  </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The order of cells in a line is from left to right.</p>
                        
                  </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The order of lines in a table is from top to bottom.</p>
                        
                  </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>In the first line of <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_4-en">Fig. 4.103</a>,  cells from cell ① to
cell ③ are filled with cell contents, consequently, in the second
line, cells from cell ④ to cell ⑦ are filled with cell contents, and
in the third line, cell ④ is skipped and cells from cell ⑧ to cell ⑩
are filled with cell contents.</p>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_4.png" alt="An example of the position of the origin and the setting order of cell contents in horizontal table" width="328" height="114" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.103: <span class="caption-body">An example of the position of the origin and the setting order of cell contents in horizontal table</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
                  </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>When the direction of a table itself is vertical, the position of the origin and the setting order of cell contents is as follows (<a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_5-en">Fig. 4.104</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_5.png" alt="An example of the position of the origin and setting order of cell contents in vertical table" width="209" height="221" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.104: <span class="caption-body">An example of the position of the origin and setting order of cell contents in vertical table</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The origin is the right upper top of the table.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The order of cells in a line is from top to bottom.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The order of lines in a table is from right to left.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>In the first line of  <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_5-en">Fig. 4.104</a>  cells from cell ① to
cell ③ are filled with cell contents, consequently, in the second
line, cells from cell ④ to cell ⑦ are filled with cell contents, and
in the third line, cell ④ is skipped and cells from cell ⑧ to cell ⑩
are filled with cell contents.</p>
                      
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
				
					
					<p>The text direction in a cell content is vertical or horizontal only, and cannot be mixed. When different text directions are needed in a cell, the cell is divided into two cells.</p>
			  
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="an_example_of_layout_with_a_table">4.4.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d11e568">An Example of Layout with a Table</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Following is an example of a vertical writing mode book with a table (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_6-en">Fig. 4.105</a>). The issues to be noted are as follows:</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_6.png" alt="An example of a vertical writing mode book with a table." width="370" height="523" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.105: <span class="caption-body">An example of a vertical writing mode book with a table.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The direction of the kihon-hanmen is vertical, and the table itself is predominantly in horizontal writing mode. However, some cells of the header row are cell merged and vertically set.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The character size of the table text is smaller than the character size of the kihon-hanmen (kihon-hanmen: nine point, table: seven point or eight point). The caption of the table is also seven point with the number emphasized with <a href="#term.japanese-gothic-face" class="termref">Japanese Gothic</a> (there are cases where all the caption text is emphasized with Japanese Gothic). The note attached to the table is six point, smaller than the table text.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The usage of visible lines to distinguish cells is limited. In this case, the top horizontal line is emphasized with a width of 0.25 mm., other horizontal lines are 0.12 mm. width. There are cases where the top horizontal line is 0.4 mm. or 0.12 mm.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>In JIS X 4051, the widths of thin borders, mid borders and thick borders are described as informative.</p>
                                 
                                 <table class="t_sample">
                                    <tr>
                                      <td class="ft">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>OMOTEKEI (thin border)</p>
                                       
                                      </td><td class="ft">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>0.12 mm</p>
                                       
                                      </td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                      <td class="ft">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>CHUUBOSOKEI (mid border)</p>
                                       
                                      </td><td class="ft">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>0.25 mm</p>
                                       
                                      </td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                      <td class="ft">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>URAKEI (thick border)</p>
                                       
                                      </td><td class="ft">
                                       
                                          
                                          <p>0.4 mm</p>
                                       
                                      </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </table>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                
                                  
                                   <p>The notations of OMOTEKEI, URAKEI and CHUUBOSOKEI are inherited from the letterpress printing age, and have been used in computerized type setting. The physical shape of the border in letterpress printing is shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_7-en">Fig. 4.106</a>. OMOTEKEI is printed with the sharp edge  and URAKEI is printed with bottom flat edge. The width of the top edge of CHUUBOSOKEI is cast between the top edge of OMOTEKEI and the bottom edge of OMOTEKEI, so CHUUBOSOKEI can be used as URAKEI when the bottom edge is used. Furthermore, in letterpress printing, the width of OMOTEKEI, CHUUBOSOKEI and URAKEI are different but the width of  the bottom of the borders is the same as each other. However, there are two kinds of bottom of border, one is 1/8 of one point, the other is 1/8 of one GOU (i.e. 10.5 points), namely 1.3 point. When the GOU-KEISEN (5 border) is used, the URAKEI is  thicker than the POINT-KEISEN.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
</table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_7.png" alt="Physical OMOTEKEI and URAKEI in letterpress printing" width="399" height="165" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.106: <span class="caption-body">Physical OMOTEKEI and URAKEI in letterpress printing</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
<table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 3)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>In JIS X 4051, there are descriptions about tables as follows: A table is a two dimensional layout of items separated with lines. Note: Tables without lines can be seen as using invisible lines.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 4)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>In a note of JIS X 4051, there is a description that the distance between KEISEN and other items (i.e. cell padding) is measured with the center of the width of KEISEN. Accordingly, by this description KEISEN is treated as if the width of KEISEN is zero. OMOTEKEI can be regarded as zero width, however,  the width of URAKEI should be considered, and cell padding is measured from the edge of the KEISEN. In this document, the cell padding is measured from the edge of KEISEN. However,  for OMOTEKEI, the difference between the center of KEISEN and the edge of KEISEN can be ignored. </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The top column of the table is used for row header names. and the first two rows from left are used for column header names, partially merged to one row. </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The width of each row is calculated as follows: firstly, calculate the width of the widest cell content in the column, and add space  the size of a half em of the character size of the cell to both edges of the text. Secondly, adjust for the multiples of the character size used for the table. Thirdly, if the cell contents among different rows are similar, the width of the rows are set the same (in the fourth and fifth rows from the left).  </p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>In tables with horizontal writing mode, the minimum space between the content and the KEISEN is usually a half of the basic character size of the table, and at least a fourth of the basic character size of the table. The space should not reduced to solid. </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Some  row headers have two lines with no line gap to maintain appropriate proportions with  the cell contents.  </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Column header names and row header names are set with evenly distributed-character spacing, except for vertically set KANJI cells and "total" cells. "Total" cells shall be distinguished from other ordinary cells.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The horizontal position of names of header rows and the header column are horizontally centered.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>For cells except header rows and header columns, all numeric data is set aligned by the decimal point, or line end aligned  for currency. Numeric data is centered according to the longest numeric cell, but the space size after shall not be longer than the space size before. </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The block direction spaces between KEISEN and cell contents are as follows: the spaces between visible KEISEN and cell content are a half em space of the basic table character size. The spaces between invisible KEISEN and cell content are a fourth em space of the basic table character size. Namely, it can be said that the visible line gaps are one half em except for the header row. In this example, there are two line cells as a header, the block direction spaces between KEISEN and cell contents are set with a minimum gap of one fourth em (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_6-en">Fig. 4.105</a> a and b). The reason is not to make a space between KEISEN and cell contents for other one line cells. </p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                
                                  
                                   <p>It is basically recommended that the spaces between visible KEISEN and cell content should be a half em and between invisible KEISEN and cell content should be a quarter em from an aesthetic view point. However, when the table is large enough to occupy one full page, it might seem that the half em space sizes are too large. In such cases, the space sizes  may be reduced to a quarter em, and  exceptional spaces may be set  every five or ten lines. </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="kinds_of_tables_from_alocation_to_page_position">4.4.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d11e1100">Kinds of Tables from Allocation to Page Position</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>There are several kinds of tables as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Tables treated as one object with captions and notes together with the table itself, where it is prohibited to divide across two or more pages or columns.</p>
                        
                        <ol>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>Linked with an anchor of the base text, and moved with the anchor. The position of the table is relative (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_8-en">Fig. 4.107</a> and <a class="sec_ref" href="#basic_ideas_about_illustration_positioning_in_JISX4051">4.3.5 Basic Ideas about Illustration Positioning in JIS X 4051</a>).</p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_8.png" alt="An example of relatively allocated table" width="426" height="602" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.107: <span class="caption-body">An example of relatively allocated table</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>Tables allocated with absolute position in the kihon-hanmen, except for the tables allocated with absolute position in a spread (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_9-en">Fig. 4.108</a>).</p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_9.png" alt="An example of a table allocated with absolute position" width="380" height="533" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.108: <span class="caption-body">An example of a table allocated with absolute position</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                        </ol>
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Tables allocated in a spread with absolute position (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_10-en">Fig. 4.109</a>).</p>
                        
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>It is preferable to set the tables within the kihon-hanmen, even if the table is large enough to occupy a spread,  however, usually these tables are too large to set within the kihon-hanmen, so there are many cases where tables spill out of the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_10-en">Fig. 4.109</a>).</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_10.png" alt="An example of a table allocated in a spread with absolute position" width="742" height="533" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.109: <span class="caption-body">An example of a table allocated in a spread with absolute position</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Tables anchored to base text and moving with the position of the anchor, can also be divided across two or more pages or columns. In JIS X 4051, this type of table is called "continuously allocated tables" (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_11-en">Fig. 4.110</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_11.png" alt="An example of a table continuously allocated through two pages" width="758" height="533" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.110: <span class="caption-body">An example of a table continuously allocated through two pages</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Allocation method of a is similar to illustrations.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Allocation method of b is similar to illustrations, except for the  method of division.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 3)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>The writing mode of a and b may be different from the writing mode of the kihon-hanmen. However, c must be the same as the kihon-hanmen, because of the division of the table.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 4)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>Tables of a-1 style are frequently used in horizontal writing mode books, like illustrations. The usage of a-1 style tables in vertical writing mode books has been decreasing together with the decrease of  tables with ideographic numerals. Tables of a-2 style are mainly used in vertical writing mode books as horizontal writing mode tables. Tables of b style are used for large tables, however, the usages are not so frequent. Tables of c style are used for chronologies or biographical sketches in table style.</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_tables_allocated_in_a_spread">4.4.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d11e1490">Processing of Tables Allocated in a Spread</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>When a table is  allocated in a spread, it is desirable to allocate within the spread. However, sometimes it is impossible to allocate in the same spread where the table is linked to. In such cases, the spread where the table is allocated is decided as follows (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#basic_ideas_about_illustration_positioning_in_JISX4051">4.3.5 Basic Ideas about Illustration Positioning in JIS X 4051</a>): Firstly, calculate the distance between the anchor position of the base text and the last position of the spread (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_12-en">Fig. 4.111</a>). Secondly, calculate the distance between the original position of the anchor and the position of the anchor when the table is allocated at the spread where the anchor was originally positioned, and consequently the position of the anchor is overflowed to the next spread (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_12_2-en">Fig. 4.112</a>). Finally, compare these two distances, and decide whether to  allocate the table to the original spread or next spread (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_12_3-en">Fig. 4.113</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_12.png" alt="First step of the calculation of the distance of the allocation method to a spread." width="460" height="387" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.111: <span class="caption-body">First step of the calculation of the distance of the allocation method to a spread.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_12_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_12_2.png" alt="Second step of the calculation of the distance of the allocation method to a spread." width="458" height="749" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.112: <span class="caption-body">Second step of the calculation of the distance of the allocation method to a spread.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_4_12_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_12_3.png" alt="Last step of the calculation of the distance of the allocation method to a spread." width="458" height="719" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.113: <span class="caption-body">Last step of the calculation of the distance of the allocation method to a spread.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>  The next problem is where to divide a table. In some senses, illustrations can be divided wherever specified or at the kihon-hanmen border. On the other hand, there are some limitations and issues to consider when dividing tables as follows: </p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Tables are divided at the border of rows or columns, with condition that the border between the header and adjoining cells shall not be divided, also it is prohibited to divide just after captions.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>When there is a visible KEISEN at the expected dividing position, the common approach is as follows: </p>
                        
                        <ol>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>When the outer frame KEISENs of inline direction are visible, the top side KEISEN at the dividing position shall be invisible and the bottom side KEISEN at the dividing position shall be visible (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_13-en">Fig. 4.114</a>).</p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_13.png" alt="Example one of KEISEN of a table set in a spread" width="456" height="371" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.114: <span class="caption-body">Example one of KEISEN of a table set in a spread</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>When the outer frame KEISENs of inline direction are invisible, the top side KEISEN at the dividing position shall be visible and the bottom side KEISEN at the dividing position shall be invisible (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_14-en">Fig. 4.115</a>).</p>
                              
                              
                                 
                                 <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_14.png" alt="Example two of KEISEN of a table set in a spread" width="456" height="376" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.115: <span class="caption-body">Example two of KEISEN of a table set in a spread</span></div></div></div></div>
                              
                              
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              
                                 
                                 <p>When the tables are divided by column units, the KEISEN at the dividing position of the top part shall be invisible, and the bottom part KEISEN shall be visible.</p>
                              
                           </li>
                        </ol>
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_dividable_tables">4.4.6 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d11e1753">Processing of Dividable Tables</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Processing of dividable tables is as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Dividable tables are set from the position of the specified anchor text
position with specified line direction gap</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>These dividable tables are frequently started just after the page breaks.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        

                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>The inline length of the table shall not hang out from the inline length of the kihon-hanmen or the column. </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>Dividable tables are divided at the bottom of the kihon-hanmen or the column and between lines of the table. When there are other tables or illustrations are set in the page, the space for the other tables or illustrations should be kept beforehand.  </p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Usually, dividable tables are divided by columns of the table. This method is based on the description of JIS X 4051. However, some kinds of tables may be divided between lines of a column, in conjunction with the cell contents.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Captions and header line shall not be divided in following cases:</p>
                        
<ol>
<li>

<p>Between header with two lines.</p>
</li>
<li>

<p>Between caption and header column.</p>
</li>
<li>

<p>Between header column.</p>
</li>
<li>

<p>Between header column and the first column of the content.</p>
</li>
</ol>
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The same header column shall also be set at the top of the divided tables. Noted that when the kihon-hanmen is in vertical writing mode, if the following page is odd, there is usually no header column, i.e. the divided tables on even pages have a header column (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_4_15-en">Fig. 4.116</a>).</p>
                        
                        
                           
                           <div class="figure" id="fig3_4_15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_4_15.png" alt="An example of divided tables with same header columns in vertical writing mode." width="474" height="207" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.116: <span class="caption-body">An example of divided tables with same header columns in vertical writing mode.</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                        
                         <p>When the table is divided by columns, the top KEISEN of the divided position shall be invisible, and the bottom KEISEN of the divided position shall be visible. However, there are methods where both top and bottom KEISENs are visible.</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
		</div>
	<div class="div2" id="hanmen-design-sec5">
			
				
				<h3 id="block_direction_setting_process_of_lines_paragraphs">4.5 <span class="heading">Block Direction Setting Process of Lines, Paragraphs etc.</span></h3>
			
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="line_gap_arrangement_with_ruby_and_other_objects">4.5.1 <span class="heading">Line Gap Arrangement with Ruby and Other Objects</span></h4>
				
				
			  
					
					<p>When setting lines in pages or columns, basically each line should be set by aligning with the line positions set in the kihon-hanmen</p>
				
				
					
					<p>Also  the last line of each page or each column should be set at the very end of the kihon-hanmen area or the column area.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>The following objects should be set in the interlinear space.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a href="#term.ruby" class="termref">Ruby</a></p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a href="#term.emphasis-dots" class="termref">Emphasis dots</a></p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a href="#term.underline" class="termref">Underlines</a> and <a href="#term.bousen" class="termref">sidelines</a></p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Interlinear <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref">reference marks</a></p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>The following objects might jut into the interlinear space  in conjunction with  character size and other factors.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a href="#term.tate-chu-yoko" class="termref">Tate-chu-yoko</a> processed texts</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a href="#term.ornament-characters" class="termref">Ornament characters</a></p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p><a href="#term.warichu" class="termref">Warichu</a> (inline cutting note)</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>The strings  some of character positions are moved to block direction.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Strings  where the character size is larger than the size specified in the kihon-hanmen (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_1-en">Fig. 4.117</a>).</p>
                        
                      
                        
                         <div class="figure" id="fig3_5_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_1.png" alt="An example of strings  some of characters' size is larger than the kihon-hanmen character size" width="343" height="335" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.117: <span class="caption-body">An example of strings  some of characters' size is larger than the kihon-hanmen character size</span></div></div></div></div>
                        
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>On the other hand when  characters are inserted that are smaller than the basic character size of the paragraph,  to keep the line gap of the paragraph   visible the interlinear space looks wider as shown below (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_2-en">Fig. 4.118</a>).</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_2.png" alt="An example of inserted smaller characters than basic paragraph character size" width="273" height="350" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.118: <span class="caption-body">An example of inserted smaller characters than basic paragraph character size</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<p>When the following interlinear objects are set at the very top of the page or the column, these objects are set out of the hanmen or the column area (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_3-en">Fig. 4.119</a>):</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>

<p>In vertical writing mode, ruby, emphasis dots and sidelines at the right side of the character.</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>In horizontal writing mode, ruby and emphasis dots  above  the character.</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>In horizontal writing mode and  vertical writing mode,  reference marks between lines.</p>
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_3.png" alt="An example of objects set out of the kihon-hanmen" width="225" height="344" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.119: <span class="caption-body">An example of objects set out of the kihon-hanmen</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
			  
				
				  <p>When the following objects which jut into the interlinear area are set on the very top line of the hanmen or column area, the part of the object that juts out is set outside of the hanmen or column area:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>

<p>characters processed with tate-chu-yoko</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>ornamented characters</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>warichu</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>characters where each base line is changed to block direction</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>characters where the size is larger than the size dictated by the kihon-hanmen</p>
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>Following interlinear objects are set outside the hanmen or column area, when set at the very last line of the hanmen or column area:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>

<p>in vertical writing mode, ruby and sideline set left side of the base character</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>in horizontal writing mode, underline under main text</p>
</li>
				</ol>
			  
				
				  <p>When the following objects which jut into the interlinear area are set for the very end line of the hanmen or column area, the  part of the objects that juts out is set outside of the hanmen or column area (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_4-en">Fig. 4.120</a>):</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>

<p>characters processed with tate-chu-yoko</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>ornamented characters</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>warichu</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>characters where each position is changed to block direction</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>characters whose size is larger than the size dictated by the kihon-hanmen</p>
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_4.png" alt="An example of warichu jutting from kihon-hanmen" width="193" height="344" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.120: <span class="caption-body">An example of warichu jutting from kihon-hanmen</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="processing_of_spaces_between_paragraphs">4.5.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d12e599">Processing of Spaces between Paragraphs</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>The space between paragraphs is usually same as line gap specified for the paragraphs.</p>
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>JIS X 4051 determines that "the space between paragraphs  where different character sizes are specified  shall be the line gap specified for kihon-hanmen".</p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
			  
				
				  <p>Sometimes the space between paragraphs is specified. JIS X 4051 determines the space before the paragraph as "space before paragraph"  and the space after the paragraph as "space after paragraph". When the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified,  the space will be kept between paragraphs. Thus "space before paragraph" or "space after paragraph" in the JIS X 4051 context is usually specified with absolute space sizes (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_5-en">Fig. 4.121</a>)  or a number of lines (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_5_2-en">Fig. 4.122</a>).
 </p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_5.png" alt="Example one where the &#34;space before paragraph&#34; or the &#34;space after paragraph&#34; is specified" width="370" height="523" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.121: <span class="caption-body">Example one where the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_5_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_5_2.png" alt="Example one where the &#34;space before paragraph&#34; or the &#34;space after paragraph&#34; is specified (quotations are inserted)" width="380" height="533" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.122: <span class="caption-body">Example one where the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified (quotations are inserted)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 1)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
						  
							
							  <p>JIS X 4051 describes "space before paragraph" and "space after paragraph" at the top or the bottom of the hanmen or column as follows (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_8-en">Fig. 4.125</a>  <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_9-en">Fig. 4.126</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_10-en">Fig. 4.127</a> about the space specified with number of lines): </p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When the space is specified with "space before paragraph", the last line of the paragraph is at the bottom of the hanmen or column,  or there is not enough room to fill the specified space,  the top of the next page or column will be used to fill the "space before paragraph" followed by the next paragraph (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_6-en">Fig. 4.123</a>). Note that the remaining unexpected blank on the previous page or column is left as is.</p>
                                 
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_5_6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_6.png" alt="An example of &#34;space before paragraph&#34; in the top of the hanmen (an example of a NAKA-TOBIRA)" width="369" height="523" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.123: <span class="caption-body">An example of "space before paragraph" in the top of the hanmen (an example of a NAKA-TOBIRA)</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                              </li>
								<li>
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When the last line of the paragraph with "space after paragraph" is at the bottom of the hanmen or column  or  there is not enough blank space to contain the specified space after the paragraph,  the next paragraph  starts from the top of the next hanmen or the next column. Note that the space after the previous paragraph is left as is (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_5_7-en">Fig. 4.124</a>).</p>
                                 
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_5_7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_7.png" alt="An example of &#34;space after paragraph&#34; at the bottom of hanmen or column (an example of NAKA-TOBIRA)" width="369" height="523" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.124: <span class="caption-body">An example of "space after paragraph" at the bottom of hanmen or column (an example of NAKA-TOBIRA)</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                              </li>
							</ol>
						</td>
					</tr>
</table>
<table class="t_note">
					<tr>
						<td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>(note 2)</p>
							
						</td>
						<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
							
								
								<p>JIS X 4051 determines that when the previous paragraph is accompanied with "space after paragraph" and the next paragraph is accompanied with "space before paragraph"  the size of the space  between these two paragraphs is sum of the "space after paragraph" and the "space before paragraph".  </p>
							
						</td>
					</tr>
				</table>
				
				
					
					<p>When the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified with a number of lines,  the space is calculated with the basic character size and line gap of the paragraph. The space accompanying the header is calculated with the character size and the line gap of the kihon-hanmen. When the spaces among paragraphs are specified as a size of one line space,  the results are as follows:					</p>
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_8.png" alt="Example one of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the middle of the hanmen)" width="376" height="450" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.125: <span class="caption-body">Example one of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the middle of the hanmen)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_9.png" alt="Example two of the space sibe between paragraphs with number of lines (at the top of the hanmen)" width="383" height="451" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.126: <span class="caption-body">Example two of the space sibe between paragraphs with number of lines (at the top of the hanmen)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig3_5_10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_5_10.png" alt="Example two of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the bottom of the hanmen)" width="367" height="450" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.127: <span class="caption-body">Example two of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the bottom of the hanmen)</span></div></div></div></div>
				
				
				
			</div>
			<div class="div3">
				
					
					<h4 id="adjustment_of_processing_of_realm_in_block_direction">4.5.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d12e1027">Adjustment of Processing of Realm in Block Direction</span></span></h4>
				
				
				
					
					<p>Except for the last line before the page break or new recto, the very last line set at the bottom of a page or a column is set to be aligned to the border of the kihon-hanmen or the column area. However, sometimes exceptions arise as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>

<p>Paragraphs and other objects set using a different character size or line gap from the kihon-hanmen. If there is no adjustment, the bottom of the last line will not be aligned to the bottom of the kihon-hanmen or column area in the block direction. Examples are block headings and end notes  inserted after a paragraph.</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>When setting objects which are prohibited at the bottom of a kihon-hanmen or the bottom of a column, such as block headings,  some blanks may appear on the previous page or in the previous column.</p>
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>In these cases, there are two ways to solve the issue. Hereafter, procedure (a) will be called "adjustment processing in block direction".</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>

<p>Set  the bottom of the line aligned to the bottom of the kihon-hanmen or the bottom of the column  in the block direction, and move blanks to appropriate positions within the kihon-hanmen or the column.</p>
</li>
					<li>

<p>Let the blanks appearing at the bottom of the hanmen or the column in block direction remain as they are.</p>
</li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>There are some issues related to the adjustment procedure in the block direction as follows:</p>
				
				
				
					
					<p>First,  make best efforts to reduce such cases.
				  Some examples of how not to let objects affect the alignment to the kihon-hanmen lines of following objects are:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>Block heading:  the  area of the block heading is specified by an integral number of lines (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_gyoudori">4.1.6 Processing of Gyou-dori</a>).</p>
					
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>Some mathematical formulas  where the block direction width is wider than the hanmen or column character size, like fractional formulas,  can be set in two ways. One is to specify the space of the area with a number of lines and when the area has some aligned space  in the block direction  the adjustment is done within the hanmen or within the column.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
					
							
							<p>Block direction space between paragraphs: to specify the size of a space with a number of lines (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_spaces_between_paragraphs">4.5.2 Processing of Spaces between Paragraphs</a>). </p>
					
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Other cases  such as Haiku with larger characters,  where the space of the block is specified with a number of lines.</p>
                        
                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When haiku and other short texts are quoted in a block area the inter-letter-space is sometimes set as a half em or fourth em, or by setting the length of the line and setting the text using the even inter-letter spacing method (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig2_5_9-en">Fig. 3.102</a>).</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>When there is a following object  and the properties of the object are different from the properties of the kihon-hanmen,  set the object to align with the bottom  edge of hanmen or column  and adjust the space between the object and the text before. Examples are as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Footnotes in horizontal writing mode (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_footnotes_in_horizontal_writing_mode">4.2.5 Processing of Footnotes in Horizontal Writing Mode</a>).</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Sidenotes in vertical writing mode (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_sidenote_in_vertical_writing_mode">4.2.6 Processing of Sidenotes in Vertical Writing Mode</a>).</p>
                        
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>When there is following text and objects  and there is a blank as the result of setting text and objects with specified spaces, adjustment is done with the block direction space among text lines and objects. Examples are as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Cases where an illustration or a table is inserted with "relative positioning and no turn around mode" in terms of JIS X 4051 (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#basic_ideas_about_illustration_positioning_in_JISX4051">4.3.5 Basic Ideas about Illustration Positioning in JIS X 4051</a>). Process should be implemented as follows:</p>
                        
<ol>
<li>

<p>When only one illustration or table with "relative positioning and no turn around mode" is allocated at the top or the bottom of the hanmen or the column,  the adjustment of the hanmen or the column is done between the illustration or the table  and the main text (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_6_1-en">Fig. 4.128</a>). </p>

                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When only one illustration or table with absolute position indication without turn around is set at the very top or the very bottom of the hanmen or the column in block direction, the process is implemented as for case 1.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_6_1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_6_1.png" alt="Example one of adjustment of allocation of a illustration with&#34;relative positioning mode&#34; (at the top of a hanmen)" width="230" height="323" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.128: <span class="caption-body">Example one of adjustment of allocation of a illustration with"relative positioning mode" (at the top of a hanmen)</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
</li>
<li>

<p>When only one illustration or table with "relative positioning and no turn around mode" is allocated in the middle of a hanmen or a column  the adjustment of the hanmen or the column is done evenly in the space before and after the illustration or table (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_6_2-en">Fig. 4.129</a>).  </p>

                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_6_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_6_2.png" alt="Example two of adjustment of allocation of a illustration with &#34;relative positioning mode&#34; (at the middle of a hanmen)" width="229" height="323" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.129: <span class="caption-body">Example two of adjustment of allocation of a illustration with "relative positioning mode" (at the middle of a hanmen)</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
</li>
<li>

<p>When two or more illustrations or tables are inserted, a fractional blank is distributed to multiple spaces between main text and illustrations or tables (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_10-en">Fig. 2.41</a>).</p>

                        <table class="t_note">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 1)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When two or more illustrations are inserted, if the adjustment is done at more than one position, the line position of main text might be moved from the kihon-hanmen. To avoid that, one approach is to set lines after the illustration with alignment to the kihon-hanmen line position (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_11-en">Fig. 2.42</a>). In processing like <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_10-en">Fig. 2.41</a>, the size of the space before and after illustrations are very similar, however, in cases like <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_ad1_11-en">Fig. 2.42</a>, the size of the space before and after one illustration are same, but, the sizes of spaces before and after different illustrations might be different from each other.
                                    </p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>(note 2)</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                                 
                                    
                                    <p>When the illustrations or tables with absolute position indication without turn around are set at the very top and the very bottom of the hanmen or column area, the issue mentioned in (note 1) will also arise. There are also two approaches. One is to make spaces before and after illustrations or tables equal, and the other is to force the line position so that it is aligned to the line position of the kihon-hanmen.</p>
                                 
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                        


</li>
</ol>



                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Cases where an endnote is inserted (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_endnotes_in_vertical_writing_mode_or_horizontal_writing_mode">4.2.4 Processing of Endnotes in Vertical Writing Mode or Horizontal Writing Mode</a>). In these cases, basically the adjustment is done between the endnote and the main text just after the endnote. However, when endnotes are only set at the very end of the hanmen or the column, the adjustment is done between the endnote and the main text before the endnote.</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Cases where an inserted quotation block has a smaller character size and narrower line gap than the kihon-hanmen. In these cases, the adjustment processing in block direction is basically the same as for endnotes inserted between paragraphs (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_6_3-en">Fig. 4.130</a>, <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig3_6_3_2-en">Fig. 4.131</a>).
                           </p>
                        
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_6_3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_6_3.png" alt="First example of a case quoted text block has smaller character size than kihon-hanmen" width="370" height="523" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.130: <span class="caption-body">First example of a case quoted text block has smaller character size than kihon-hanmen</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                                 
                                    
                                    <div class="figure" id="fig3_6_3_2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img3_6_3_2.png" alt="Second example of a case quoted text block has smaller character size than kihon-hanmen" width="370" height="523" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. 4.131: <span class="caption-body">Second example of a case quoted text block has smaller character size than kihon-hanmen</span></div></div></div></div>
                                 
                                 
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
					
					<p>When there is no place for the adjustment even if it is necessary, the blank at the very bottom of the hanmen or the column area in block direction is left as it is. One  example is the blank after  endnotes occupying  one full page.</p>
				
				
					
					<p>There are cases that there is not enough blank to set the following object and there happen to remain blank at the bottom of the realm of the hanmen or the column. The examples to let the rest blanck as is are as follows:</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Cases where the heading is set at the bottom of the hanmen or column  and the heading is moved to the next page or next column (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_gyoudori_heading_set_in_the_bottom_of_the_page">4.1.7 Processing of Gyou-dori Heading Set at the bottom of the Page</a>).</p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                        
                           
                           <p>Cases where the size of the space before or after the paragraph is specified  and the paragraph is set at the top or bottom of a hanmen or a column  (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#processing_of_spaces_between_paragraphs">4.5.2 Processing of Spaces between Paragraphs</a>). </p>
                        
                     </li>
					<li>
                      
                           
                             <p>Cases where there are no dividable positions in the first part of a dividable table  and  the table is set at the top of the next page or the next column  and there remains some blank space at the bottom of the previous hanmen or the previous column. Also cases where a dividable table is divided and there remains some blank space at the bottom of the previous hanmen or the previous column.</p>
                      
                     </li>
				</ol>
				
			</div>
		</div>

	</div><div id="appendices"><div class="div1" id="appendix_1">
         
            
            <h2 id="character_classes">Appendix A <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="character-classes-en">Character Classes</span></span></h2>
         
         
            
            <p>The following are lists of (non-ideographic) characters from a subset of ISO/IEC 10646 (collection number 285 "BASIC JAPANESE" and 286 "JAPANESE NON IDEOGRAPHICS EXTENSION") grouped by character class according to the classification explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning">3.9.2 Grouping of Characters and Symbols depending on their Positioning</a>.
            </p>
            
         <table class="t_note">
            <tr>
               <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                  
                     
                     <p>(note 1)</p>
                  
               </td>
               <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                  
                     
                     <p>General <a href="#term.punctuation-marks" class="termref">punctuation marks</a> are script neutral in ISO/IEC 10646
                        and there is no "Opening Ideographic Parenthesis" specifically
                        encoded for CJK scripts in the standard. However, because of the
                        typographic difference among scripts with respect to <a href="#term.base-line" class="termref">base line</a>
                        position as well as width and glyph design, the same set of
                        punctuation marks usually do not fit to both Latin and Japanese
                        text. To work around this issue, many existing implementations use
                        compatibility characters encoded separately in the standard
                        for the purpose of round-trip integrity with the legacy
                        encoding standards. For example, while this document lists
                        U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS as a member of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>,
                        the compatibility counterpart U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS
                        is used in the Japanese context in most Japanese text layout
                        software.</p>
                  
               </td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-01">A.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e113">Opening brackets</span> (cl-01)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‘</td>
                        <td>2018</td>
                        <td>LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>used horizontal composition</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">“</td>
                        <td>201C</td>
                        <td>LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>used horizontal composition</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">（</td>
                        <td>0028</td>
                        <td>LEFT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〔</td>
                        <td>3014</td>
                        <td>LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">［</td>
                        <td>005B</td>
                        <td>LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">｛</td>
                        <td>007B</td>
                        <td>LEFT CURLY BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〈</td>
                        <td>3008</td>
                        <td>LEFT ANGLE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">《</td>
                        <td>300A</td>
                        <td>LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">「</td>
                        <td>300C</td>
                        <td>LEFT CORNER BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">『</td>
                        <td>300E</td>
                        <td>LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">【</td>
                        <td>3010</td>
                        <td>LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">｟</td>
                        <td>2985</td>
                        <td>LEFT WHITE PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〘</td>
                        <td>3018</td>
                        <td>LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〖</td>
                        <td>3016</td>
                        <td>LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">«</td>
                        <td>00AB</td>
                        <td>LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〝</td>
                        <td>301D</td>
                        <td>REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>used vertical composition</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-02">A.2 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e703">Closing brackets</span> (cl-02)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">’</td>
                        <td>2019</td>
                        <td>RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>used horizontal composition</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">”</td>
                        <td>201D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>used horizontal composition</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">）</td>
                        <td>0029</td>
                        <td>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〕</td>
                        <td>3015</td>
                        <td>RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">］</td>
                        <td>005D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">｝</td>
                        <td>007D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT CURLY BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〉</td>
                        <td>3009</td>
                        <td>RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">》</td>
                        <td>300B</td>
                        <td>RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">」</td>
                        <td>300D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT CORNER BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">』</td>
                        <td>300F</td>
                        <td>RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">】</td>
                        <td>3011</td>
                        <td>RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">｠</td>
                        <td>2986</td>
                        <td>RIGHT WHITE PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〙</td>
                        <td>3019</td>
                        <td>RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〗</td>
                        <td>3017</td>
                        <td>RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">»</td>
                        <td>00BB</td>
                        <td>RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〟</td>
                        <td>301F</td>
                        <td>LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>used vertical composition</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-03">A.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e1294">Hyphens</span> (cl-03)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‐</td>
                        <td>2010</td>
                        <td>HYPHEN</td>
                        <td>quarter em width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〜</td>
                        <td>301C</td>
                        <td>WAVE DASH</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">゠</td>
                        <td>30A0</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">–</td>
                        <td>2013</td>
                        <td>EN DASH</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-04">A.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e1502">Dividing punctuation marks</span> (cl-04)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">！</td>
                        <td>0021</td>
                        <td>EXCLAMATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">？</td>
                        <td>003F</td>
                        <td>QUESTION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‼</td>
                        <td>203C</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⁇</td>
                        <td>2047</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE QUESTION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⁈</td>
                        <td>2048</td>
                        <td>QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⁉</td>
                        <td>2049</td>
                        <td>EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-05">A.5 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e1768">Middle dots</span> (cl-05)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">・</td>
                        <td>30FB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">：</td>
                        <td>003A</td>
                        <td>COLON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">；</td>
                        <td>003B</td>
                        <td>SEMICOLON</td>
                        <td>used horizontal composition</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-06">A.6 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e1941">Full stops</span> (cl-06)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">。</td>
                        <td>3002</td>
                        <td>IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">．</td>
                        <td>002E</td>
                        <td>FULL STOP</td>
                        <td>used horizontal composition</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-07">A.7 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e2083">Commas</span> (cl-07)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">、</td>
                        <td>3001</td>
                        <td>IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">，</td>
                        <td>002C</td>
                        <td>COMMA</td>
                        <td>used horizontal composition</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-08">A.8 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e2225">Inseparable characters</span> (cl-08)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">—</td>
                        <td>2014</td>
                        <td>EM DASH</td>
                        <td>Some systems implement U+2015 HORIZONTAL BAR very similar behavior to U+2014 EM DASH</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">…</td>
                        <td>2026</td>
                        <td>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‥</td>
                        <td>2025</td>
                        <td>TWO DOT LEADER</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〳</td>
                        <td>3033</td>
                        <td>VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK UPPER HALF</td>
                        <td>used vertical composition<br />U+3035 follows this
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〴</td>
                        <td>3034</td>
                        <td>VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK UPPER HALF</td>
                        <td>used vertical composition<br />U+3035 follows this
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〵</td>
                        <td>3035</td>
                        <td>VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF</td>
                        <td>used vertical composition</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-09">A.9 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e2519">Iteration marks</span> (cl-09)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヽ</td>
                        <td>30FD</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA ITERATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヾ</td>
                        <td>30FE</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA VOICED ITERATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゝ</td>
                        <td>309D</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA ITERATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゞ</td>
                        <td>309E</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA VOICED ITERATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">々</td>
                        <td>3005</td>
                        <td>IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〻</td>
                        <td>303B</td>
                        <td>VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-10">A.10 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e2785">Prolonged sound mark</span> (cl-10)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ー</td>
                        <td>30FC</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-11">A.11 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e2894">Small kana</span> (cl-11)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぁ</td>
                        <td>3041</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぃ</td>
                        <td>3043</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぅ</td>
                        <td>3045</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぇ</td>
                        <td>3047</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぉ</td>
                        <td>3049</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ァ</td>
                        <td>30A1</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ィ</td>
                        <td>30A3</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゥ</td>
                        <td>30A5</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ェ</td>
                        <td>30A7</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ォ</td>
                        <td>30A9</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">っ</td>
                        <td>3063</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL TU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゃ</td>
                        <td>3083</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゅ</td>
                        <td>3085</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ょ</td>
                        <td>3087</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゎ</td>
                        <td>308E</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゕ</td>
                        <td>3095</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゖ</td>
                        <td>3096</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ッ</td>
                        <td>30C3</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ャ</td>
                        <td>30E3</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ュ</td>
                        <td>30E5</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ョ</td>
                        <td>30E7</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヮ</td>
                        <td>30EE</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヵ</td>
                        <td>30F5</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヶ</td>
                        <td>30F6</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇰ</td>
                        <td>31F0</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇱ</td>
                        <td>31F1</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL SI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇲ</td>
                        <td>31F2</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL SU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇳ</td>
                        <td>31F3</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇴ</td>
                        <td>31F4</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL NU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇵ</td>
                        <td>31F5</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇶ</td>
                        <td>31F6</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇷ</td>
                        <td>31F7</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇸ</td>
                        <td>31F8</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇹ</td>
                        <td>31F9</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇺ</td>
                        <td>31FA</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL MU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇻ</td>
                        <td>31FB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇼ</td>
                        <td>31FC</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇽ</td>
                        <td>31FD</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇾ</td>
                        <td>31FE</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇿ</td>
                        <td>31FF</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ㇷ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;31F7, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HU, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-12">A.12 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e4255">Prefixed abbreviations</span> (cl-12)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">￥</td>
                        <td>00A5</td>
                        <td>YEN SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＄</td>
                        <td>0024</td>
                        <td>DOLLAR SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">￡</td>
                        <td>00A3</td>
                        <td>POUND SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＃</td>
                        <td>0023</td>
                        <td>NUMBER SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">€</td>
                        <td>20AC</td>
                        <td>EURO SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character-latn">№</td>
                        <td>2116</td>
                        <td>NUMERO SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-13">A.13 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e4521">Postfixed abbreviations</span> (cl-13)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">°</td>
                        <td>00B0</td>
                        <td>DEGREE SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">′</td>
                        <td>2032</td>
                        <td>PRIME</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">″</td>
                        <td>2033</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE PRIME</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">℃</td>
                        <td>2103</td>
                        <td>DEGREE CELSIUS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">￠</td>
                        <td>00A2</td>
                        <td>CENT SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">％</td>
                        <td>0025</td>
                        <td>PERCENT SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‰</td>
                        <td>2030</td>
                        <td>PER MILLE SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㏋</td>
                        <td>33CB</td>
                        <td>SQUARE HP</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ℓ</td>
                        <td>2113</td>
                        <td>SCRIPT SMALL L</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-14">A.14 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e4886">Full-width ideographic space</span> (cl-14)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">　</td>
                        <td>3000</td>
                        <td>IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-15">A.15 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e4995">Hiragana</span> (cl-15)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">あ</td>
                        <td>3042</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">い</td>
                        <td>3044</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">う</td>
                        <td>3046</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">え</td>
                        <td>3048</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">お</td>
                        <td>304A</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">か</td>
                        <td>304B</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER KA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">が</td>
                        <td>304C</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER GA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">き</td>
                        <td>304D</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER KI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぎ</td>
                        <td>304E</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER GI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">く</td>
                        <td>304F</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER KU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぐ</td>
                        <td>3050</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER GU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">け</td>
                        <td>3051</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER KE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">げ</td>
                        <td>3052</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER GE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">こ</td>
                        <td>3053</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER KO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ご</td>
                        <td>3054</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER GO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">さ</td>
                        <td>3055</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ざ</td>
                        <td>3056</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER ZA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">し</td>
                        <td>3057</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">じ</td>
                        <td>3058</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER ZI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">す</td>
                        <td>3059</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ず</td>
                        <td>305A</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER ZU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">せ</td>
                        <td>305B</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぜ</td>
                        <td>305C</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER ZE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">そ</td>
                        <td>305D</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER SO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぞ</td>
                        <td>305E</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER ZO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">た</td>
                        <td>305F</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER TA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">だ</td>
                        <td>3060</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER DA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ち</td>
                        <td>3061</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER TI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぢ</td>
                        <td>3062</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER DI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">つ</td>
                        <td>3064</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER TU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">づ</td>
                        <td>3065</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER DU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">て</td>
                        <td>3066</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER TE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">で</td>
                        <td>3067</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER DE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">と</td>
                        <td>3068</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ど</td>
                        <td>3069</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER DO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">な</td>
                        <td>306A</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER NA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">に</td>
                        <td>306B</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER NI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぬ</td>
                        <td>306C</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER NU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ね</td>
                        <td>306D</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER NE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">の</td>
                        <td>306E</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER NO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">は</td>
                        <td>306F</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER HA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ば</td>
                        <td>3070</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER BA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぱ</td>
                        <td>3071</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER PA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ひ</td>
                        <td>3072</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER HI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">び</td>
                        <td>3073</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER BI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぴ</td>
                        <td>3074</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER PI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ふ</td>
                        <td>3075</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER HU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぶ</td>
                        <td>3076</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER BU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぷ</td>
                        <td>3077</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER PU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">へ</td>
                        <td>3078</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER HE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">べ</td>
                        <td>3079</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER BE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぺ</td>
                        <td>307A</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER PE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ほ</td>
                        <td>307B</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER HO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぼ</td>
                        <td>307C</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER BO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ぽ</td>
                        <td>307D</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER PO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ま</td>
                        <td>307E</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER MA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">み</td>
                        <td>307F</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER MI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">む</td>
                        <td>3080</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER MU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">め</td>
                        <td>3081</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER ME</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">も</td>
                        <td>3082</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER MO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">や</td>
                        <td>3084</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER YA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゆ</td>
                        <td>3086</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER YU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">よ</td>
                        <td>3088</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER YO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ら</td>
                        <td>3089</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER RA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">り</td>
                        <td>308A</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER RI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">る</td>
                        <td>308B</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER RU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">れ</td>
                        <td>308C</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER RE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ろ</td>
                        <td>308D</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER RO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">わ</td>
                        <td>308F</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER WA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゐ</td>
                        <td>3090</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER WI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゑ</td>
                        <td>3091</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER WE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">を</td>
                        <td>3092</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER WO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ん</td>
                        <td>3093</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER N</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゔ</td>
                        <td>3094</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA LETTER VU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">か゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;304B, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;HIRAGANA LETTER KA, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">き゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;304D, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;HIRAGANA LETTER KI, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">く゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;304F, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;HIRAGANA LETTER KU, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">け゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;3051, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;HIRAGANA LETTER KE, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">こ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;3053, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;HIRAGANA LETTER KO, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-16">A.16 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e7548">Katakana</span> (cl-16)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ア</td>
                        <td>30A2</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">イ</td>
                        <td>30A4</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ウ</td>
                        <td>30A6</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">エ</td>
                        <td>30A8</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">オ</td>
                        <td>30AA</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">カ</td>
                        <td>30AB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER KA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ガ</td>
                        <td>30AC</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER GA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">キ</td>
                        <td>30AD</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER KI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ギ</td>
                        <td>30AE</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER GI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ク</td>
                        <td>30AF</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER KU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">グ</td>
                        <td>30B0</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER GU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ケ</td>
                        <td>30B1</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER KE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゲ</td>
                        <td>30B2</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER GE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">コ</td>
                        <td>30B3</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER KO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゴ</td>
                        <td>30B4</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER GO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">サ</td>
                        <td>30B5</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ザ</td>
                        <td>30B6</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER ZA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">シ</td>
                        <td>30B7</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ジ</td>
                        <td>30B8</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER ZI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ス</td>
                        <td>30B9</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ズ</td>
                        <td>30BA</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER ZU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">セ</td>
                        <td>30BB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゼ</td>
                        <td>30BC</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER ZE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ソ</td>
                        <td>30BD</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER SO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゾ</td>
                        <td>30BE</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER ZO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">タ</td>
                        <td>30BF</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER TA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ダ</td>
                        <td>30C0</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER DA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">チ</td>
                        <td>30C1</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER TI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヂ</td>
                        <td>30C2</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER DI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ツ</td>
                        <td>30C4</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER TU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヅ</td>
                        <td>30C5</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER DU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">テ</td>
                        <td>30C6</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER TE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">デ</td>
                        <td>30C7</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER DE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ト</td>
                        <td>30C8</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ド</td>
                        <td>30C9</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER DO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ナ</td>
                        <td>30CA</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER NA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ニ</td>
                        <td>30CB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER NI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヌ</td>
                        <td>30CC</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER NU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ネ</td>
                        <td>30CD</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER NE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ノ</td>
                        <td>30CE</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER NO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ハ</td>
                        <td>30CF</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER HA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">バ</td>
                        <td>30D0</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER BA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">パ</td>
                        <td>30D1</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER PA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヒ</td>
                        <td>30D2</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER HI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ビ</td>
                        <td>30D3</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER BI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ピ</td>
                        <td>30D4</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER PI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">フ</td>
                        <td>30D5</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER HU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ブ</td>
                        <td>30D6</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER BU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">プ</td>
                        <td>30D7</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER PU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヘ</td>
                        <td>30D8</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER HE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ベ</td>
                        <td>30D9</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER BE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ペ</td>
                        <td>30DA</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER PE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ホ</td>
                        <td>30DB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER HO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ボ</td>
                        <td>30DC</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER BO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ポ</td>
                        <td>30DD</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER PO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">マ</td>
                        <td>30DE</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER MA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ミ</td>
                        <td>30DF</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER MI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ム</td>
                        <td>30E0</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER MU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">メ</td>
                        <td>30E1</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER ME</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">モ</td>
                        <td>30E2</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER MO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヤ</td>
                        <td>30E4</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER YA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ユ</td>
                        <td>30E6</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER YU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヨ</td>
                        <td>30E8</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER YO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ラ</td>
                        <td>30E9</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER RA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">リ</td>
                        <td>30EA</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER RI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ル</td>
                        <td>30EB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER RU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">レ</td>
                        <td>30EC</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER RE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ロ</td>
                        <td>30ED</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER RO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ワ</td>
                        <td>30EF</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER WA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヰ</td>
                        <td>30F0</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER WI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヱ</td>
                        <td>30F1</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER WE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヲ</td>
                        <td>30F2</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER WO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ン</td>
                        <td>30F3</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER N</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヴ</td>
                        <td>30F4</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER VU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">カ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30AB, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER KA, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">キ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30AD, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER KI, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ク゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30AF, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER KU, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ケ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30B1, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER KE, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">コ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30B3, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER KO, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">セ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30BB, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER SE, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ツ゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30C4, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER TU, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ト゚</td>
                        <td>&lt;30C8, 309A&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;KATAKANA LETTER TO, COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK&gt;</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヷ</td>
                        <td>30F7</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER VA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヸ</td>
                        <td>30F8</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER VI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヹ</td>
                        <td>30F9</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER VE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヺ</td>
                        <td>30FA</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA LETTER VO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-17">A.17 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e10320">Math symbols</span> (cl-17)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＝</td>
                        <td>003D</td>
                        <td>EQUALS SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≠</td>
                        <td>2260</td>
                        <td>NOT EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≒</td>
                        <td>2252</td>
                        <td>APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≃</td>
                        <td>2243</td>
                        <td>ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≅</td>
                        <td>2245</td>
                        <td>APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≈</td>
                        <td>2248</td>
                        <td>ALMOST EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≡</td>
                        <td>2261</td>
                        <td>IDENTICAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≢</td>
                        <td>2262</td>
                        <td>NOT IDENTICAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＜</td>
                        <td>003C</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＞</td>
                        <td>003E</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≦</td>
                        <td>2266</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN OVER EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≧</td>
                        <td>2267</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN OVER EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≪</td>
                        <td>226A</td>
                        <td>MUCH LESS-THAN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≫</td>
                        <td>226B</td>
                        <td>MUCH GREATER-THAN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≶</td>
                        <td>2276</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN OR GREATER-THAN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≷</td>
                        <td>2277</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN OR LESS-THAN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⋚</td>
                        <td>22DA</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⋛</td>
                        <td>22DB</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∧</td>
                        <td>2227</td>
                        <td>LOGICAL AND</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∨</td>
                        <td>2228</td>
                        <td>LOGICAL OR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⌅</td>
                        <td>2305</td>
                        <td>PROJECTIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⌆</td>
                        <td>2306</td>
                        <td>PERSPECTIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊂</td>
                        <td>2282</td>
                        <td>SUBSET OF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊃</td>
                        <td>2283</td>
                        <td>SUPERSET OF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊄</td>
                        <td>2284</td>
                        <td>NOT A SUBSET OF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊅</td>
                        <td>2285</td>
                        <td>NOT A SUPERSET OF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊆</td>
                        <td>2286</td>
                        <td>SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊇</td>
                        <td>2287</td>
                        <td>SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊊</td>
                        <td>228A</td>
                        <td>SUBSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊋</td>
                        <td>228B</td>
                        <td>SUPERSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∈</td>
                        <td>2208</td>
                        <td>ELEMENT OF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∋</td>
                        <td>220B</td>
                        <td>CONTAINS AS MEMBER</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∉</td>
                        <td>2209</td>
                        <td>NOT AN ELEMENT OF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∪</td>
                        <td>222A</td>
                        <td>UNION</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∩</td>
                        <td>2229</td>
                        <td>INTERSECTION</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∥</td>
                        <td>2225</td>
                        <td>PARALLEL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∦</td>
                        <td>2226</td>
                        <td>NOT PARALLEL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇒</td>
                        <td>21D2</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇔</td>
                        <td>21D4</td>
                        <td>LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↔</td>
                        <td>2194</td>
                        <td>LEFT RIGHT ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊥</td>
                        <td>22A5</td>
                        <td>UP TACK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∽</td>
                        <td>223D</td>
                        <td>REVERSED TILDE (lazy S)</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∝</td>
                        <td>221D</td>
                        <td>PROPORTIONAL TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-18">A.18 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e11753">Math operators</span> (cl-18)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＋</td>
                        <td>002B</td>
                        <td>PLUS SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">－</td>
                        <td>2212</td>
                        <td>MINUS SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">×</td>
                        <td>00D7</td>
                        <td>MULTIPLICATION SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">÷</td>
                        <td>00F7</td>
                        <td>DIVISION SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">±</td>
                        <td>00B1</td>
                        <td>PLUS-MINUS SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∓</td>
                        <td>2213</td>
                        <td>MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊕</td>
                        <td>2295</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED PLUS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊖</td>
                        <td>2296</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED MINUS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊗</td>
                        <td>2297</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED TIMES</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-19">A.19 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e12112">Ideographic characters</span> (cl-19)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <p>In addition to CJK Ideographs, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> also includes some handful of other symbols. The following is the list of all non-ideographic
                  characters assigned to this character class.
               </p>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＆</td>
                        <td>0026</td>
                        <td>AMPERSAND</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＊</td>
                        <td>002A</td>
                        <td>ASTERISK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">／</td>
                        <td>002F</td>
                        <td>SOLIDUS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">０</td>
                        <td>0030</td>
                        <td>DIGIT ZERO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">１</td>
                        <td>0031</td>
                        <td>DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">２</td>
                        <td>0032</td>
                        <td>DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">３</td>
                        <td>0033</td>
                        <td>DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">４</td>
                        <td>0034</td>
                        <td>DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">５</td>
                        <td>0035</td>
                        <td>DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">６</td>
                        <td>0036</td>
                        <td>DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">７</td>
                        <td>0037</td>
                        <td>DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">８</td>
                        <td>0038</td>
                        <td>DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">９</td>
                        <td>0039</td>
                        <td>DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＠</td>
                        <td>0040</td>
                        <td>COMMERCIAL AT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ａ</td>
                        <td>0041</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｂ</td>
                        <td>0042</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｃ</td>
                        <td>0043</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｄ</td>
                        <td>0044</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｅ</td>
                        <td>0045</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｆ</td>
                        <td>0046</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｇ</td>
                        <td>0047</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｈ</td>
                        <td>0048</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｉ</td>
                        <td>0049</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｊ</td>
                        <td>004A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｋ</td>
                        <td>004B</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｌ</td>
                        <td>004C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｍ</td>
                        <td>004D</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｎ</td>
                        <td>004E</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｏ</td>
                        <td>004F</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｐ</td>
                        <td>0050</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｑ</td>
                        <td>0051</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｒ</td>
                        <td>0052</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｓ</td>
                        <td>0053</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｔ</td>
                        <td>0054</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｕ</td>
                        <td>0055</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｖ</td>
                        <td>0056</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｗ</td>
                        <td>0057</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｘ</td>
                        <td>0058</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｙ</td>
                        <td>0059</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ｚ</td>
                        <td>005A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">＼</td>
                        <td>005C</td>
                        <td>REVERSE SOLIDUS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ａ</td>
                        <td>0061</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｂ</td>
                        <td>0062</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER B</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｃ</td>
                        <td>0063</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｄ</td>
                        <td>0064</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER D</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｅ</td>
                        <td>0065</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｆ</td>
                        <td>0066</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER F</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｇ</td>
                        <td>0067</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER G</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｈ</td>
                        <td>0068</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER H</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｉ</td>
                        <td>0069</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｊ</td>
                        <td>006A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER J</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｋ</td>
                        <td>006B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER K</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｌ</td>
                        <td>006C</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｍ</td>
                        <td>006D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER M</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｎ</td>
                        <td>006E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｏ</td>
                        <td>006F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｐ</td>
                        <td>0070</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER P</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｑ</td>
                        <td>0071</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｒ</td>
                        <td>0072</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER R</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｓ</td>
                        <td>0073</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｔ</td>
                        <td>0074</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER T</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｕ</td>
                        <td>0075</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｖ</td>
                        <td>0076</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER V</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｗ</td>
                        <td>0077</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER W</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｘ</td>
                        <td>0078</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER X</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｙ</td>
                        <td>0079</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ｚ</td>
                        <td>007A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">｜</td>
                        <td>007C</td>
                        <td>VERTICAL LINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">§</td>
                        <td>00A7</td>
                        <td>SECTION SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">©</td>
                        <td>00A9</td>
                        <td>COPYRIGHT SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">®</td>
                        <td>00AE</td>
                        <td>REGISTERED SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character"></td>
                        <td>00B6</td>
                        <td>PILCROW SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¼</td>
                        <td>00BC</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">½</td>
                        <td>00BD</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¾</td>
                        <td>00BE</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Α</td>
                        <td>0391</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Β</td>
                        <td>0392</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Γ</td>
                        <td>0393</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Δ</td>
                        <td>0394</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ε</td>
                        <td>0395</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ζ</td>
                        <td>0396</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Η</td>
                        <td>0397</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Θ</td>
                        <td>0398</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ι</td>
                        <td>0399</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Κ</td>
                        <td>039A</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Λ</td>
                        <td>039B</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Μ</td>
                        <td>039C</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ν</td>
                        <td>039D</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ξ</td>
                        <td>039E</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ο</td>
                        <td>039F</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Π</td>
                        <td>03A0</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ρ</td>
                        <td>03A1</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Σ</td>
                        <td>03A3</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Τ</td>
                        <td>03A4</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Υ</td>
                        <td>03A5</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Φ</td>
                        <td>03A6</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Χ</td>
                        <td>03A7</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ψ</td>
                        <td>03A8</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ω</td>
                        <td>03A9</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">α</td>
                        <td>03B1</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">β</td>
                        <td>03B2</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">γ</td>
                        <td>03B3</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">δ</td>
                        <td>03B4</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ε</td>
                        <td>03B5</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ζ</td>
                        <td>03B6</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">η</td>
                        <td>03B7</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">θ</td>
                        <td>03B8</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ι</td>
                        <td>03B9</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">κ</td>
                        <td>03BA</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">λ</td>
                        <td>03BB</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">μ</td>
                        <td>03BC</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER MU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ν</td>
                        <td>03BD</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER NU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ξ</td>
                        <td>03BE</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER XI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ο</td>
                        <td>03BF</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">π</td>
                        <td>03C0</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER PI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ρ</td>
                        <td>03C1</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ς</td>
                        <td>03C2</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">σ</td>
                        <td>03C3</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">τ</td>
                        <td>03C4</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">υ</td>
                        <td>03C5</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">φ</td>
                        <td>03C6</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">χ</td>
                        <td>03C7</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ψ</td>
                        <td>03C8</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ω</td>
                        <td>03C9</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ё</td>
                        <td>0401</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">А</td>
                        <td>0410</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Б</td>
                        <td>0411</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">В</td>
                        <td>0412</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Г</td>
                        <td>0413</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Д</td>
                        <td>0414</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Е</td>
                        <td>0415</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ж</td>
                        <td>0416</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">З</td>
                        <td>0417</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">И</td>
                        <td>0418</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Й</td>
                        <td>0419</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">К</td>
                        <td>041A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Л</td>
                        <td>041B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">М</td>
                        <td>041C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Н</td>
                        <td>041D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">О</td>
                        <td>041E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">П</td>
                        <td>041F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Р</td>
                        <td>0420</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">С</td>
                        <td>0421</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Т</td>
                        <td>0422</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">У</td>
                        <td>0423</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ф</td>
                        <td>0424</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Х</td>
                        <td>0425</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ц</td>
                        <td>0426</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ч</td>
                        <td>0427</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ш</td>
                        <td>0428</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Щ</td>
                        <td>0429</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ъ</td>
                        <td>042A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HARD SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ы</td>
                        <td>042B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ь</td>
                        <td>042C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Э</td>
                        <td>042D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ю</td>
                        <td>042E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Я</td>
                        <td>042F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">а</td>
                        <td>0430</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">б</td>
                        <td>0431</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">в</td>
                        <td>0432</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">г</td>
                        <td>0433</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">д</td>
                        <td>0434</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">е</td>
                        <td>0435</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ж</td>
                        <td>0436</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">з</td>
                        <td>0437</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">и</td>
                        <td>0438</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">й</td>
                        <td>0439</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">к</td>
                        <td>043A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">л</td>
                        <td>043B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">м</td>
                        <td>043C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">н</td>
                        <td>043D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">о</td>
                        <td>043E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">п</td>
                        <td>043F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">р</td>
                        <td>0440</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">с</td>
                        <td>0441</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">т</td>
                        <td>0442</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">у</td>
                        <td>0443</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ф</td>
                        <td>0444</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">х</td>
                        <td>0445</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ц</td>
                        <td>0446</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ч</td>
                        <td>0447</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ш</td>
                        <td>0448</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">щ</td>
                        <td>0449</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ъ</td>
                        <td>044A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ы</td>
                        <td>044B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ь</td>
                        <td>044C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">э</td>
                        <td>044D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ю</td>
                        <td>044E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">я</td>
                        <td>044F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ё</td>
                        <td>0451</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‖</td>
                        <td>2016</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">†</td>
                        <td>2020</td>
                        <td>DAGGER</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‡</td>
                        <td>2021</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE DAGGER</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">•</td>
                        <td>2022</td>
                        <td>BULLET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">※</td>
                        <td>203B</td>
                        <td>REFERENCE MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⁂</td>
                        <td>2042</td>
                        <td>ASTERISM</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⁑</td>
                        <td>2051</td>
                        <td>TWO ASTERISKS ALIGNED VERTICALLY</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character-latn">№</td>
                        <td>2116</td>
                        <td>NUMERO SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">℡</td>
                        <td>2121</td>
                        <td>TELEPHONE SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⅓</td>
                        <td>2153</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE THIRD</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⅔</td>
                        <td>2154</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION TWO THIRDS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⅕</td>
                        <td>2155</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅰ</td>
                        <td>2160</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅱ</td>
                        <td>2161</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅲ</td>
                        <td>2162</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅳ</td>
                        <td>2163</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅴ</td>
                        <td>2164</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅵ</td>
                        <td>2165</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅶ</td>
                        <td>2166</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅷ</td>
                        <td>2167</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅸ</td>
                        <td>2168</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅹ</td>
                        <td>2169</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL TEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅺ</td>
                        <td>216A</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL ELEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ⅻ</td>
                        <td>216B</td>
                        <td>ROMAN NUMERAL TWELVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅰ</td>
                        <td>2170</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅱ</td>
                        <td>2171</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅲ</td>
                        <td>2172</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅳ</td>
                        <td>2173</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅴ</td>
                        <td>2174</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅵ</td>
                        <td>2175</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅶ</td>
                        <td>2176</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅷ</td>
                        <td>2177</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅸ</td>
                        <td>2178</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅹ</td>
                        <td>2179</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅺ</td>
                        <td>217A</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ELEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⅻ</td>
                        <td>217B</td>
                        <td>SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TWELVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">←</td>
                        <td>2190</td>
                        <td>LEFTWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↑</td>
                        <td>2191</td>
                        <td>UPWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">→</td>
                        <td>2192</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↓</td>
                        <td>2193</td>
                        <td>DOWNWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↔</td>
                        <td>2194</td>
                        <td>LEFT RIGHT ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↖</td>
                        <td>2196</td>
                        <td>NORTH WEST ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↗</td>
                        <td>2197</td>
                        <td>NORTH EAST ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↘</td>
                        <td>2198</td>
                        <td>SOUTH EAST ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↙</td>
                        <td>2199</td>
                        <td>SOUTH WEST ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇄</td>
                        <td>21C4</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LEFTWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇦</td>
                        <td>21E6</td>
                        <td>LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇧</td>
                        <td>21E7</td>
                        <td>UPWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇨</td>
                        <td>21E8</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇩</td>
                        <td>21E9</td>
                        <td>DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">√</td>
                        <td>221A</td>
                        <td>SQUARE ROOT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∞</td>
                        <td>221E</td>
                        <td>INFINITY</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∟</td>
                        <td>221F</td>
                        <td>RIGHT ANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∫</td>
                        <td>222B</td>
                        <td>INTEGRAL</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∬</td>
                        <td>222C</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE INTEGRAL</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∴</td>
                        <td>2234</td>
                        <td>THEREFORE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∵</td>
                        <td>2235</td>
                        <td>BECAUSE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊿</td>
                        <td>22BF</td>
                        <td>RIGHT TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⌘</td>
                        <td>2318</td>
                        <td>PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⏎</td>
                        <td>23CE</td>
                        <td>RETURN SYMBOL</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">␣</td>
                        <td>2423</td>
                        <td>OPEN BOX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">①</td>
                        <td>2460</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">②</td>
                        <td>2461</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">③</td>
                        <td>2462</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">④</td>
                        <td>2463</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑤</td>
                        <td>2464</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑥</td>
                        <td>2465</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑦</td>
                        <td>2466</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑧</td>
                        <td>2467</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑨</td>
                        <td>2468</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑩</td>
                        <td>2469</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑪</td>
                        <td>246A</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑫</td>
                        <td>246B</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑬</td>
                        <td>246C</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑭</td>
                        <td>246D</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑮</td>
                        <td>246E</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑯</td>
                        <td>246F</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑰</td>
                        <td>2470</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑱</td>
                        <td>2471</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑲</td>
                        <td>2472</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑳</td>
                        <td>2473</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓐ</td>
                        <td>24D0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓑ</td>
                        <td>24D1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER B</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓒ</td>
                        <td>24D2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER C</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓓ</td>
                        <td>24D3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER D</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓔ</td>
                        <td>24D4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓕ</td>
                        <td>24D5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER F</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓖ</td>
                        <td>24D6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER G</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓗ</td>
                        <td>24D7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER H</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓘ</td>
                        <td>24D8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓙ</td>
                        <td>24D9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER J</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓚ</td>
                        <td>24DA</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER K</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓛ</td>
                        <td>24DB</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER L</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓜ</td>
                        <td>24DC</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER M</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓝ</td>
                        <td>24DD</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER N</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓞ</td>
                        <td>24DE</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓟ</td>
                        <td>24DF</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER P</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓠ</td>
                        <td>24E0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓡ</td>
                        <td>24E1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER R</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓢ</td>
                        <td>24E2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER S</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓣ</td>
                        <td>24E3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER T</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓤ</td>
                        <td>24E4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓥ</td>
                        <td>24E5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER V</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓦ</td>
                        <td>24E6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER W</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓧ</td>
                        <td>24E7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER X</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓨ</td>
                        <td>24E8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓩ</td>
                        <td>24E9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓫</td>
                        <td>24EB</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓬</td>
                        <td>24EC</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓭</td>
                        <td>24ED</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓮</td>
                        <td>24EE</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓯</td>
                        <td>24EF</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓰</td>
                        <td>24F0</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓱</td>
                        <td>24F1</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓲</td>
                        <td>24F2</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓳</td>
                        <td>24F3</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓴</td>
                        <td>24F4</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓵</td>
                        <td>24F5</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓶</td>
                        <td>24F6</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓷</td>
                        <td>24F7</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓸</td>
                        <td>24F8</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓹</td>
                        <td>24F9</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓺</td>
                        <td>24FA</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓻</td>
                        <td>24FB</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓼</td>
                        <td>24FC</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓽</td>
                        <td>24FD</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓾</td>
                        <td>24FE</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">■</td>
                        <td>25A0</td>
                        <td>BLACK SQUARE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">□</td>
                        <td>25A1</td>
                        <td>WHITE SQUARE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▱</td>
                        <td>25B1</td>
                        <td>WHITE PARALLELOGRAM</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▲</td>
                        <td>25B2</td>
                        <td>BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">△</td>
                        <td>25B3</td>
                        <td>WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▶</td>
                        <td>25B6</td>
                        <td>BLACK RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▷</td>
                        <td>25B7</td>
                        <td>WHITE RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▼</td>
                        <td>25BC</td>
                        <td>BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▽</td>
                        <td>25BD</td>
                        <td>WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◀</td>
                        <td>25C0</td>
                        <td>BLACK LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◁</td>
                        <td>25C1</td>
                        <td>WHITE LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◆</td>
                        <td>25C6</td>
                        <td>BLACK DIAMOND</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◇</td>
                        <td>25C7</td>
                        <td>WHITE DIAMOND</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◉</td>
                        <td>25C9</td>
                        <td>FISHEYE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">○</td>
                        <td>25CB</td>
                        <td>WHITE CIRCLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◎</td>
                        <td>25CE</td>
                        <td>BULLSEYE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">●</td>
                        <td>25CF</td>
                        <td>BLACK CIRCLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◐</td>
                        <td>25D0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◑</td>
                        <td>25D1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◒</td>
                        <td>25D2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH LOWER HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◓</td>
                        <td>25D3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH UPPER HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◦</td>
                        <td>25E6</td>
                        <td>WHITE BULLET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◯</td>
                        <td>25EF</td>
                        <td>LARGE CIRCLE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☀</td>
                        <td>2600</td>
                        <td>BLACK SUN WITH RAYS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☁</td>
                        <td>2601</td>
                        <td>CLOUD</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☂</td>
                        <td>2602</td>
                        <td>UMBRELLA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☃</td>
                        <td>2603</td>
                        <td>SNOWMAN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">★</td>
                        <td>2605</td>
                        <td>BLACK STAR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☆</td>
                        <td>2606</td>
                        <td>WHITE STAR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☎</td>
                        <td>260E</td>
                        <td>BLACK TELEPHONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☖</td>
                        <td>2616</td>
                        <td>WHITE SHOGI PIECE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☗</td>
                        <td>2617</td>
                        <td>BLACK SHOGI PIECE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☞</td>
                        <td>261E</td>
                        <td>WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♀</td>
                        <td>2640</td>
                        <td>FEMALE SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♂</td>
                        <td>2642</td>
                        <td>MALE SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♠</td>
                        <td>2660</td>
                        <td>BLACK SPADE SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♡</td>
                        <td>2661</td>
                        <td>WHITE HEART SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♢</td>
                        <td>2662</td>
                        <td>WHITE DIAMOND SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♣</td>
                        <td>2663</td>
                        <td>BLACK CLUB SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♤</td>
                        <td>2664</td>
                        <td>WHITE SPADE SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♥</td>
                        <td>2665</td>
                        <td>BLACK HEART SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♦</td>
                        <td>2666</td>
                        <td>BLACK DIAMOND SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♧</td>
                        <td>2667</td>
                        <td>WHITE CLUB SUIT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♨</td>
                        <td>2668</td>
                        <td>HOT SPRINGS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♩</td>
                        <td>2669</td>
                        <td>QUARTER NOTE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♪</td>
                        <td>266A</td>
                        <td>EIGHTH NOTE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♫</td>
                        <td>266B</td>
                        <td>BEAMED EIGHTH NOTES</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♬</td>
                        <td>266C</td>
                        <td>BEAMED SIXTEENTH NOTES</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♭</td>
                        <td>266D</td>
                        <td>MUSIC FLAT SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♮</td>
                        <td>266E</td>
                        <td>MUSIC NATURAL SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♯</td>
                        <td>266F</td>
                        <td>MUSIC SHARP SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">✓</td>
                        <td>2713</td>
                        <td>CHECK MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❖</td>
                        <td>2756</td>
                        <td>BLACK DIAMOND MINUS WHITE X</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❶</td>
                        <td>2776</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❷</td>
                        <td>2777</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❸</td>
                        <td>2778</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❹</td>
                        <td>2779</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❺</td>
                        <td>277A</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❻</td>
                        <td>277B</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❼</td>
                        <td>277C</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❽</td>
                        <td>277D</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❾</td>
                        <td>277E</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❿</td>
                        <td>277F</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⤴</td>
                        <td>2934</td>
                        <td>ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING UPWARDS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⤵</td>
                        <td>2935</td>
                        <td>ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING DOWNWARDS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⦿</td>
                        <td>29BF</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED BULLET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⧺</td>
                        <td>29FA</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE PLUS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⧻</td>
                        <td>29FB</td>
                        <td>TRIPLE PLUS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〃</td>
                        <td>3003</td>
                        <td>DITTO MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〆</td>
                        <td>3006</td>
                        <td>IDEOGRAPHIC CLOSING MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〇</td>
                        <td>3007</td>
                        <td>IDEOGRAPHIC NUMBER ZERO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〒</td>
                        <td>3012</td>
                        <td>POSTAL MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〓</td>
                        <td>3013</td>
                        <td>GETA MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〠</td>
                        <td>3020</td>
                        <td>POSTAL MARK FACE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〼</td>
                        <td>303C</td>
                        <td>MASU MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〽</td>
                        <td>303D</td>
                        <td>PART ALTERNATION MARK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ゟ</td>
                        <td>309F</td>
                        <td>HIRAGANA DIGRAPH YORI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ヿ</td>
                        <td>30FF</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA DIGRAPH KOTO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㈱</td>
                        <td>3231</td>
                        <td>PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㈲</td>
                        <td>3232</td>
                        <td>PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH HAVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㈹</td>
                        <td>3239</td>
                        <td>PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉑</td>
                        <td>3251</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉒</td>
                        <td>3252</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉓</td>
                        <td>3253</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉔</td>
                        <td>3254</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉕</td>
                        <td>3255</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉖</td>
                        <td>3256</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉗</td>
                        <td>3257</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉘</td>
                        <td>3258</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉙</td>
                        <td>3259</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉚</td>
                        <td>325A</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉛</td>
                        <td>325B</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉜</td>
                        <td>325C</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉝</td>
                        <td>325D</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉞</td>
                        <td>325E</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉟</td>
                        <td>325F</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊤</td>
                        <td>32A4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HIGH</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊥</td>
                        <td>32A5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH CENTRE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊦</td>
                        <td>32A6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LOW</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊧</td>
                        <td>32A7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LEFT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊨</td>
                        <td>32A8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH RIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊱</td>
                        <td>32B1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊲</td>
                        <td>32B2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊳</td>
                        <td>32B3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊴</td>
                        <td>32B4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊵</td>
                        <td>32B5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊶</td>
                        <td>32B6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY ONE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊷</td>
                        <td>32B7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY TWO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊸</td>
                        <td>32B8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY THREE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊹</td>
                        <td>32B9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FOUR</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊺</td>
                        <td>32BA</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FIVE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊻</td>
                        <td>32BB</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SIX</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊼</td>
                        <td>32BC</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SEVEN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊽</td>
                        <td>32BD</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY EIGHT</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊾</td>
                        <td>32BE</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY NINE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊿</td>
                        <td>32BF</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTY</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋐</td>
                        <td>32D0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA A</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋑</td>
                        <td>32D1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA I</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋒</td>
                        <td>32D2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA U</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋓</td>
                        <td>32D3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA E</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋔</td>
                        <td>32D4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA O</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋕</td>
                        <td>32D5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA KA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋖</td>
                        <td>32D6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA KI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋗</td>
                        <td>32D7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA KU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋘</td>
                        <td>32D8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA KE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋙</td>
                        <td>32D9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA KO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋚</td>
                        <td>32DA</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA SA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋛</td>
                        <td>32DB</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA SI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋜</td>
                        <td>32DC</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA SU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋝</td>
                        <td>32DD</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA SE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋞</td>
                        <td>32DE</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA SO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋟</td>
                        <td>32DF</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA TA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋠</td>
                        <td>32E0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA TI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋡</td>
                        <td>32E1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA TU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋢</td>
                        <td>32E2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA TE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋣</td>
                        <td>32E3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA TO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋥</td>
                        <td>32E5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA NI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋩</td>
                        <td>32E9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA HA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋬</td>
                        <td>32EC</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA HE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋭</td>
                        <td>32ED</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA HO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㋺</td>
                        <td>32FA</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED KATAKANA RO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌃</td>
                        <td>3303</td>
                        <td>SQUARE AARU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌍</td>
                        <td>330D</td>
                        <td>SQUARE KARORII</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌔</td>
                        <td>3314</td>
                        <td>SQUARE KIRO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌘</td>
                        <td>3318</td>
                        <td>SQUARE GURAMU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌢</td>
                        <td>3322</td>
                        <td>SQUARE SENTI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌣</td>
                        <td>3323</td>
                        <td>SQUARE SENTO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌦</td>
                        <td>3326</td>
                        <td>SQUARE DORU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌧</td>
                        <td>3327</td>
                        <td>SQUARE TON</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌫</td>
                        <td>332B</td>
                        <td>SQUARE PAASENTO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌶</td>
                        <td>3336</td>
                        <td>SQUARE HEKUTAARU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㌻</td>
                        <td>333B</td>
                        <td>SQUARE PEEZI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍉</td>
                        <td>3349</td>
                        <td>SQUARE MIRI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍊</td>
                        <td>334A</td>
                        <td>SQUARE MIRIBAARU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍍</td>
                        <td>334D</td>
                        <td>SQUARE MEETORU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍑</td>
                        <td>3351</td>
                        <td>SQUARE RITTORU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍗</td>
                        <td>3357</td>
                        <td>SQUARE WATTO</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍻</td>
                        <td>337B</td>
                        <td>SQUARE ERA NAME HEISEI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍼</td>
                        <td>337C</td>
                        <td>SQUARE ERA NAME SYOUWA</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍽</td>
                        <td>337D</td>
                        <td>SQUARE ERA NAME TAISYOU</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㍾</td>
                        <td>337E</td>
                        <td>SQUARE ERA NAME MEIZI</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㎎</td>
                        <td>338E</td>
                        <td>SQUARE MG</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㎏</td>
                        <td>338F</td>
                        <td>SQUARE KG</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㎜</td>
                        <td>339C</td>
                        <td>SQUARE MM</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㎝</td>
                        <td>339D</td>
                        <td>SQUARE CM</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㎞</td>
                        <td>339E</td>
                        <td>SQUARE KM</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㎡</td>
                        <td>33A1</td>
                        <td>SQUARE M SQUARED</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㏄</td>
                        <td>33C4</td>
                        <td>SQUARE CC</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㏍</td>
                        <td>33CD</td>
                        <td>SQUARE KK</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">仝</td>
                        <td>4EDD</td>
                        <td>CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EDD</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-20">A.20 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e27480">Characters as reference marks</span> (cl-20)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <p>Any character may participate in <a href="#term.reference-marks" class="termref">reference marks</a>.</p>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-21">A.21 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e27512">Ornamented character complexes</span> (cl-21)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <p>Any character may participate in ornamented character complex.</p>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-22">A.22 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e27537">Simple-ruby character complexes</span> (cl-22)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <p>Any character may participate in simple-ruby character complex.</p>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-23">A.23 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e27562">Jukugo-ruby character complexes</span> (cl-23)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <p>Any character may participate in jukugo-ruby character complex.</p>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-24">A.24 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e27587">Grouped numerals</span> (cl-24)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character"> </td>
                        <td>0020</td>
                        <td>SPACE</td>
                        <td>quarter em width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">,</td>
                        <td>002C</td>
                        <td>COMMA</td>
                        <td>quarter em width or half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">.</td>
                        <td>002E</td>
                        <td>FULL STOP</td>
                        <td>decimal point<br />quarter em width or half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">0</td>
                        <td>0030</td>
                        <td>DIGIT ZERO</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">1</td>
                        <td>0031</td>
                        <td>DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">2</td>
                        <td>0032</td>
                        <td>DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">3</td>
                        <td>0033</td>
                        <td>DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">4</td>
                        <td>0034</td>
                        <td>DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">5</td>
                        <td>0035</td>
                        <td>DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">6</td>
                        <td>0036</td>
                        <td>DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">7</td>
                        <td>0037</td>
                        <td>DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">8</td>
                        <td>0038</td>
                        <td>DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">9</td>
                        <td>0039</td>
                        <td>DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-25">A.25 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e28105">Unit symbols</span> (cl-25)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character"> </td>
                        <td>0020</td>
                        <td>SPACE</td>
                        <td>quarter em width</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">(</td>
                        <td>0028</td>
                        <td>LEFT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">)</td>
                        <td>0029</td>
                        <td>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">/</td>
                        <td>002F</td>
                        <td>SOLIDUS</td>
                        <td>one third em width, half-width or proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">1</td>
                        <td>0031</td>
                        <td>DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td>half-width or proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">2</td>
                        <td>0032</td>
                        <td>DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td>half-width or proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">3</td>
                        <td>0033</td>
                        <td>DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td>half-width or proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">4</td>
                        <td>0034</td>
                        <td>DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td>half-width or proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">A</td>
                        <td>0041</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">B</td>
                        <td>0042</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">C</td>
                        <td>0043</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">D</td>
                        <td>0044</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">E</td>
                        <td>0045</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">F</td>
                        <td>0046</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">G</td>
                        <td>0047</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">H</td>
                        <td>0048</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">I</td>
                        <td>0049</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">J</td>
                        <td>004A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">K</td>
                        <td>004B</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">L</td>
                        <td>004C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">M</td>
                        <td>004D</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">N</td>
                        <td>004E</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">O</td>
                        <td>004F</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">P</td>
                        <td>0050</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Q</td>
                        <td>0051</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">R</td>
                        <td>0052</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">S</td>
                        <td>0053</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">T</td>
                        <td>0054</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">U</td>
                        <td>0055</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">V</td>
                        <td>0056</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">W</td>
                        <td>0057</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">X</td>
                        <td>0058</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Y</td>
                        <td>0059</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Z</td>
                        <td>005A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">a</td>
                        <td>0061</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">b</td>
                        <td>0062</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER B</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">c</td>
                        <td>0063</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">d</td>
                        <td>0064</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER D</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">e</td>
                        <td>0065</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">f</td>
                        <td>0066</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER F</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">g</td>
                        <td>0067</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER G</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">h</td>
                        <td>0068</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER H</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">i</td>
                        <td>0069</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">j</td>
                        <td>006A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER J</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">k</td>
                        <td>006B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER K</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">l</td>
                        <td>006C</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">m</td>
                        <td>006D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER M</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">n</td>
                        <td>006E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">o</td>
                        <td>006F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">p</td>
                        <td>0070</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER P</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">q</td>
                        <td>0071</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">r</td>
                        <td>0072</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER R</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">s</td>
                        <td>0073</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">t</td>
                        <td>0074</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER T</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">u</td>
                        <td>0075</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">v</td>
                        <td>0076</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER V</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">w</td>
                        <td>0077</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER W</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">x</td>
                        <td>0078</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER X</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">y</td>
                        <td>0079</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">z</td>
                        <td>007A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ω</td>
                        <td>03A9</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">μ</td>
                        <td>03BC</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER MU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">℧</td>
                        <td>2127</td>
                        <td>INVERTED OHM SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Å</td>
                        <td>212B</td>
                        <td>ANGSTROM SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">−</td>
                        <td>2212</td>
                        <td>MINUS SIGN</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">・</td>
                        <td>30FB</td>
                        <td>KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT</td>
                        <td>half-width</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-26">A.26 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e30380">Western word space</span> (cl-26)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character"> </td>
                        <td>0020</td>
                        <td>SPACE</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-27">A.27 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e30489">Western characters</span> (cl-27)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">!</td>
                        <td>0021</td>
                        <td>EXCLAMATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">"</td>
                        <td>0022</td>
                        <td>QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">#</td>
                        <td>0023</td>
                        <td>NUMBER SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">$</td>
                        <td>0024</td>
                        <td>DOLLAR SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">%</td>
                        <td>0025</td>
                        <td>PERCENT SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">&amp;</td>
                        <td>0026</td>
                        <td>AMPERSAND</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">'</td>
                        <td>0027</td>
                        <td>APOSTROPHE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">(</td>
                        <td>0028</td>
                        <td>LEFT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">)</td>
                        <td>0029</td>
                        <td>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">*</td>
                        <td>002A</td>
                        <td>ASTERISK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">+</td>
                        <td>002B</td>
                        <td>PLUS SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">,</td>
                        <td>002C</td>
                        <td>COMMA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">-</td>
                        <td>002D</td>
                        <td>HYPHEN-MINUS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">.</td>
                        <td>002E</td>
                        <td>FULL STOP</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">/</td>
                        <td>002F</td>
                        <td>SOLIDUS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">0</td>
                        <td>0030</td>
                        <td>DIGIT ZERO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">1</td>
                        <td>0031</td>
                        <td>DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">2</td>
                        <td>0032</td>
                        <td>DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">3</td>
                        <td>0033</td>
                        <td>DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">4</td>
                        <td>0034</td>
                        <td>DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">5</td>
                        <td>0035</td>
                        <td>DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">6</td>
                        <td>0036</td>
                        <td>DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">7</td>
                        <td>0037</td>
                        <td>DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">8</td>
                        <td>0038</td>
                        <td>DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">9</td>
                        <td>0039</td>
                        <td>DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">:</td>
                        <td>003A</td>
                        <td>COLON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">;</td>
                        <td>003B</td>
                        <td>SEMICOLON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">&lt;</td>
                        <td>003C</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">=</td>
                        <td>003D</td>
                        <td>EQUALS SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">&gt;</td>
                        <td>003E</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">?</td>
                        <td>003F</td>
                        <td>QUESTION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">@</td>
                        <td>0040</td>
                        <td>COMMERCIAL AT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">A</td>
                        <td>0041</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">B</td>
                        <td>0042</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">C</td>
                        <td>0043</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">D</td>
                        <td>0044</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">E</td>
                        <td>0045</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">F</td>
                        <td>0046</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">G</td>
                        <td>0047</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">H</td>
                        <td>0048</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">I</td>
                        <td>0049</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">J</td>
                        <td>004A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">K</td>
                        <td>004B</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">L</td>
                        <td>004C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">M</td>
                        <td>004D</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">N</td>
                        <td>004E</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">O</td>
                        <td>004F</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">P</td>
                        <td>0050</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Q</td>
                        <td>0051</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">R</td>
                        <td>0052</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">S</td>
                        <td>0053</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">T</td>
                        <td>0054</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">U</td>
                        <td>0055</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">V</td>
                        <td>0056</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">W</td>
                        <td>0057</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">X</td>
                        <td>0058</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Y</td>
                        <td>0059</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Z</td>
                        <td>005A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">[</td>
                        <td>005B</td>
                        <td>LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">\</td>
                        <td>005C</td>
                        <td>REVERSE SOLIDUS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">]</td>
                        <td>005D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">^</td>
                        <td>005E</td>
                        <td>CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">_</td>
                        <td>005F</td>
                        <td>LOW LINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">`</td>
                        <td>0060</td>
                        <td>GRAVE ACCENT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">a</td>
                        <td>0061</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">b</td>
                        <td>0062</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER B</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">c</td>
                        <td>0063</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">d</td>
                        <td>0064</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER D</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">e</td>
                        <td>0065</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">f</td>
                        <td>0066</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER F</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">g</td>
                        <td>0067</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER G</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">h</td>
                        <td>0068</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER H</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">i</td>
                        <td>0069</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">j</td>
                        <td>006A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER J</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">k</td>
                        <td>006B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER K</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">l</td>
                        <td>006C</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">m</td>
                        <td>006D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER M</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">n</td>
                        <td>006E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">o</td>
                        <td>006F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">p</td>
                        <td>0070</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER P</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">q</td>
                        <td>0071</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">r</td>
                        <td>0072</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER R</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">s</td>
                        <td>0073</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">t</td>
                        <td>0074</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER T</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">u</td>
                        <td>0075</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">v</td>
                        <td>0076</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER V</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">w</td>
                        <td>0077</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER W</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">x</td>
                        <td>0078</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER X</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">y</td>
                        <td>0079</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">z</td>
                        <td>007A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">{</td>
                        <td>007B</td>
                        <td>LEFT CURLY BRACKET</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">|</td>
                        <td>007C</td>
                        <td>VERTICAL LINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">}</td>
                        <td>007D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT CURLY BRACKET</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">~</td>
                        <td>007E</td>
                        <td>TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character"> </td>
                        <td>00A0</td>
                        <td>NO-BREAK SPACE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¡</td>
                        <td>00A1</td>
                        <td>INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¢</td>
                        <td>00A2</td>
                        <td>CENT SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">£</td>
                        <td>00A3</td>
                        <td>POUND SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¤</td>
                        <td>00A4</td>
                        <td>CURRENCY SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¥</td>
                        <td>00A5</td>
                        <td>YEN SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¦</td>
                        <td>00A6</td>
                        <td>BROKEN BAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">§</td>
                        <td>00A7</td>
                        <td>SECTION SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¨</td>
                        <td>00A8</td>
                        <td>DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">©</td>
                        <td>00A9</td>
                        <td>COPYRIGHT SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ª</td>
                        <td>00AA</td>
                        <td>FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">«</td>
                        <td>00AB</td>
                        <td>LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¬</td>
                        <td>00AC</td>
                        <td>NOT SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">­</td>
                        <td>00AD</td>
                        <td>SOFT HYPHEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">®</td>
                        <td>00AE</td>
                        <td>REGISTERED SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¯</td>
                        <td>00AF</td>
                        <td>MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">°</td>
                        <td>00B0</td>
                        <td>DEGREE SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">±</td>
                        <td>00B1</td>
                        <td>PLUS-MINUS SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">²</td>
                        <td>00B2</td>
                        <td>SUPERSCRIPT TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">³</td>
                        <td>00B3</td>
                        <td>SUPERSCRIPT THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">´</td>
                        <td>00B4</td>
                        <td>ACUTE ACCENT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character"></td>
                        <td>00B6</td>
                        <td>PILCROW SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">·</td>
                        <td>00B7</td>
                        <td>MIDDLE DOT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¸</td>
                        <td>00B8</td>
                        <td>CEDILLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¹</td>
                        <td>00B9</td>
                        <td>SUPERSCRIPT ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">º</td>
                        <td>00BA</td>
                        <td>MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">»</td>
                        <td>00BB</td>
                        <td>RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¼</td>
                        <td>00BC</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">½</td>
                        <td>00BD</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¾</td>
                        <td>00BE</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">¿</td>
                        <td>00BF</td>
                        <td>INVERTED QUESTION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">À</td>
                        <td>00C0</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Á</td>
                        <td>00C1</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Â</td>
                        <td>00C2</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ã</td>
                        <td>00C3</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ä</td>
                        <td>00C4</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Å</td>
                        <td>00C5</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Æ</td>
                        <td>00C6</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE (ash)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ç</td>
                        <td>00C7</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">È</td>
                        <td>00C8</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">É</td>
                        <td>00C9</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ê</td>
                        <td>00CA</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ë</td>
                        <td>00CB</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ì</td>
                        <td>00CC</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Í</td>
                        <td>00CD</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Î</td>
                        <td>00CE</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ï</td>
                        <td>00CF</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ð</td>
                        <td>00D0</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ñ</td>
                        <td>00D1</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ò</td>
                        <td>00D2</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ó</td>
                        <td>00D3</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ô</td>
                        <td>00D4</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Õ</td>
                        <td>00D5</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ö</td>
                        <td>00D6</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">×</td>
                        <td>00D7</td>
                        <td>MULTIPLICATION SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ø</td>
                        <td>00D8</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ù</td>
                        <td>00D9</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ú</td>
                        <td>00DA</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Û</td>
                        <td>00DB</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ü</td>
                        <td>00DC</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ý</td>
                        <td>00DD</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Þ</td>
                        <td>00DE</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ß</td>
                        <td>00DF</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (German)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">à</td>
                        <td>00E0</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">á</td>
                        <td>00E1</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">â</td>
                        <td>00E2</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ã</td>
                        <td>00E3</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ä</td>
                        <td>00E4</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">å</td>
                        <td>00E5</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">æ</td>
                        <td>00E6</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER AE (ash)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">æ̀</td>
                        <td>&lt;00E6, 0300&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER AE, COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ç</td>
                        <td>00E7</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">è</td>
                        <td>00E8</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">é</td>
                        <td>00E9</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ê</td>
                        <td>00EA</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ë</td>
                        <td>00EB</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ì</td>
                        <td>00EC</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">í</td>
                        <td>00ED</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">î</td>
                        <td>00EE</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ï</td>
                        <td>00EF</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ð</td>
                        <td>00F0</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ñ</td>
                        <td>00F1</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ò</td>
                        <td>00F2</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ó</td>
                        <td>00F3</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ô</td>
                        <td>00F4</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">õ</td>
                        <td>00F5</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ö</td>
                        <td>00F6</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">÷</td>
                        <td>00F7</td>
                        <td>DIVISION SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ø</td>
                        <td>00F8</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ù</td>
                        <td>00F9</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ú</td>
                        <td>00FA</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">û</td>
                        <td>00FB</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ü</td>
                        <td>00FC</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ý</td>
                        <td>00FD</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">þ</td>
                        <td>00FE</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ÿ</td>
                        <td>00FF</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ā</td>
                        <td>0100</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ā</td>
                        <td>0101</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ă</td>
                        <td>0102</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ă</td>
                        <td>0103</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ą</td>
                        <td>0104</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ą</td>
                        <td>0105</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ć</td>
                        <td>0106</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ć</td>
                        <td>0107</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ĉ</td>
                        <td>0108</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ĉ</td>
                        <td>0109</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Č</td>
                        <td>010C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">č</td>
                        <td>010D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ď</td>
                        <td>010E</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ď</td>
                        <td>010F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">đ</td>
                        <td>0111</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ē</td>
                        <td>0112</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ē</td>
                        <td>0113</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ę</td>
                        <td>0118</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ę</td>
                        <td>0119</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ě</td>
                        <td>011A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ě</td>
                        <td>011B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ĝ</td>
                        <td>011C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ĝ</td>
                        <td>011D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ĥ</td>
                        <td>0124</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ĥ</td>
                        <td>0125</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ħ</td>
                        <td>0127</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ī</td>
                        <td>012A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ī</td>
                        <td>012B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ĵ</td>
                        <td>0134</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ĵ</td>
                        <td>0135</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ĺ</td>
                        <td>0139</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ĺ</td>
                        <td>013A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ľ</td>
                        <td>013D</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ľ</td>
                        <td>013E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ł</td>
                        <td>0141</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ł</td>
                        <td>0142</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ń</td>
                        <td>0143</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ń</td>
                        <td>0144</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ň</td>
                        <td>0147</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ň</td>
                        <td>0148</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ŋ</td>
                        <td>014B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG (Sami)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ō</td>
                        <td>014C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ō</td>
                        <td>014D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ő</td>
                        <td>0150</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ő</td>
                        <td>0151</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Œ</td>
                        <td>0152</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">œ</td>
                        <td>0153</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ŕ</td>
                        <td>0154</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ŕ</td>
                        <td>0155</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ř</td>
                        <td>0158</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ř</td>
                        <td>0159</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ś</td>
                        <td>015A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ś</td>
                        <td>015B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ŝ</td>
                        <td>015C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ŝ</td>
                        <td>015D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ş</td>
                        <td>015E</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ş</td>
                        <td>015F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Š</td>
                        <td>0160</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">š</td>
                        <td>0161</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ţ</td>
                        <td>0162</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CEDILLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ţ</td>
                        <td>0163</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CEDILLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ť</td>
                        <td>0164</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ť</td>
                        <td>0165</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ū</td>
                        <td>016A</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ū</td>
                        <td>016B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ŭ</td>
                        <td>016C</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH BREVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ŭ</td>
                        <td>016D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ů</td>
                        <td>016E</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ů</td>
                        <td>016F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ű</td>
                        <td>0170</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ű</td>
                        <td>0171</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ź</td>
                        <td>0179</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ź</td>
                        <td>017A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ż</td>
                        <td>017B</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ż</td>
                        <td>017C</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ž</td>
                        <td>017D</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ž</td>
                        <td>017E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ɠ</td>
                        <td>0193</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǂ</td>
                        <td>01C2</td>
                        <td>LATIN LETTER ALVEOLAR CLICK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ǎ</td>
                        <td>01CD</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǎ</td>
                        <td>01CE</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǐ</td>
                        <td>01D0</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ǒ</td>
                        <td>01D1</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǒ</td>
                        <td>01D2</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǔ</td>
                        <td>01D4</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǖ</td>
                        <td>01D6</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS AND MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǘ</td>
                        <td>01D8</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS AND ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǚ</td>
                        <td>01DA</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS AND CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǜ</td>
                        <td>01DC</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS AND GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ǹ</td>
                        <td>01F8</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǹ</td>
                        <td>01F9</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH GRAVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ǽ</td>
                        <td>01FD</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH ACUTE (ash)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɐ</td>
                        <td>0250</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɑ</td>
                        <td>0251</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɒ</td>
                        <td>0252</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɓ</td>
                        <td>0253</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɔ</td>
                        <td>0254</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɔ̀</td>
                        <td>&lt;0254, 0300&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O, COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɔ́</td>
                        <td>&lt;0254, 0301&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O, COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɕ</td>
                        <td>0255</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CURL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɖ</td>
                        <td>0256</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɗ</td>
                        <td>0257</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɘ</td>
                        <td>0258</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ə</td>
                        <td>0259</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ə̀</td>
                        <td>&lt;0259, 0300&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA, COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ə́</td>
                        <td>&lt;0259, 0301&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA, COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɚ</td>
                        <td>025A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɚ̀</td>
                        <td>&lt;025A, 0300&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH HOOK, COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɚ́</td>
                        <td>&lt;025A, 0301&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH HOOK, COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɜ</td>
                        <td>025C</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɞ</td>
                        <td>025E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɟ</td>
                        <td>025F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɠ</td>
                        <td>0260</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɡ</td>
                        <td>0261</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɤ</td>
                        <td>0264</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɥ</td>
                        <td>0265</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɦ</td>
                        <td>0266</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɧ</td>
                        <td>0267</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER HENG WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɨ</td>
                        <td>0268</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɬ</td>
                        <td>026C</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɭ</td>
                        <td>026D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɮ</td>
                        <td>026E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɯ</td>
                        <td>026F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɰ</td>
                        <td>0270</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG LEG</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɱ</td>
                        <td>0271</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɲ</td>
                        <td>0272</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɳ</td>
                        <td>0273</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɵ</td>
                        <td>0275</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɹ</td>
                        <td>0279</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɺ</td>
                        <td>027A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG LEG</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɻ</td>
                        <td>027B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɽ</td>
                        <td>027D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH TAIL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ɾ</td>
                        <td>027E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʁ</td>
                        <td>0281</td>
                        <td>LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʂ</td>
                        <td>0282</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʃ</td>
                        <td>0283</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʄ</td>
                        <td>0284</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE AND HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʈ</td>
                        <td>0288</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʉ</td>
                        <td>0289</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʊ</td>
                        <td>028A</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʋ</td>
                        <td>028B</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʌ</td>
                        <td>028C</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʌ̀</td>
                        <td>&lt;028C, 0300&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V, COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʌ́</td>
                        <td>&lt;028C, 0301&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V, COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʍ</td>
                        <td>028D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʎ</td>
                        <td>028E</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʐ</td>
                        <td>0290</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʑ</td>
                        <td>0291</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CURL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʒ</td>
                        <td>0292</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʔ</td>
                        <td>0294</td>
                        <td>LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʕ</td>
                        <td>0295</td>
                        <td>LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʘ</td>
                        <td>0298</td>
                        <td>LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʝ</td>
                        <td>029D</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CROSSED-TAIL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʡ</td>
                        <td>02A1</td>
                        <td>LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ʢ</td>
                        <td>02A2</td>
                        <td>LATIN LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ˇ</td>
                        <td>02C7</td>
                        <td>CARON (Mandarin Chinese third tone)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ˈ</td>
                        <td>02C8</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ˌ</td>
                        <td>02CC</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER LOW VERTICAL LINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ː</td>
                        <td>02D0</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ˑ</td>
                        <td>02D1</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˘</td>
                        <td>02D8</td>
                        <td>BREVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˙</td>
                        <td>02D9</td>
                        <td>DOT ABOVE (Mandarin Chinese light tone)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˛</td>
                        <td>02DB</td>
                        <td>OGONEK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˝</td>
                        <td>02DD</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˞</td>
                        <td>02DE</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˥</td>
                        <td>02E5</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˥˩</td>
                        <td>&lt;02E5, 02E9&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR, MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˦</td>
                        <td>02E6</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˧</td>
                        <td>02E7</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˨</td>
                        <td>02E8</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER LOW TONE BAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˩</td>
                        <td>02E9</td>
                        <td>MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">˩˥</td>
                        <td>&lt;02E9, 02E5&gt;</td>
                        <td>&lt;MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR, MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR&gt;</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̀</td>
                        <td>0300</td>
                        <td>COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT (Varia)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">́</td>
                        <td>0301</td>
                        <td>COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT (Oxia, Tonos)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̂</td>
                        <td>0302</td>
                        <td>COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̃</td>
                        <td>0303</td>
                        <td>COMBINING TILDE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̄</td>
                        <td>0304</td>
                        <td>COMBINING MACRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̆</td>
                        <td>0306</td>
                        <td>COMBINING BREVE (Vrachy)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̈</td>
                        <td>0308</td>
                        <td>COMBINING DIAERESIS (Dialytika)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̋</td>
                        <td>030B</td>
                        <td>COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̌</td>
                        <td>030C</td>
                        <td>COMBINING CARON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̏</td>
                        <td>030F</td>
                        <td>COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̘</td>
                        <td>0318</td>
                        <td>COMBINING LEFT TACK BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̙</td>
                        <td>0319</td>
                        <td>COMBINING RIGHT TACK BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̚</td>
                        <td>031A</td>
                        <td>COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̜</td>
                        <td>031C</td>
                        <td>COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̝</td>
                        <td>031D</td>
                        <td>COMBINING UP TACK BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̞</td>
                        <td>031E</td>
                        <td>COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̟</td>
                        <td>031F</td>
                        <td>COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̠</td>
                        <td>0320</td>
                        <td>COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̤</td>
                        <td>0324</td>
                        <td>COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̥</td>
                        <td>0325</td>
                        <td>COMBINING RING BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̩</td>
                        <td>0329</td>
                        <td>COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̪</td>
                        <td>032A</td>
                        <td>COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̬</td>
                        <td>032C</td>
                        <td>COMBINING CARON BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̯</td>
                        <td>032F</td>
                        <td>COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̰</td>
                        <td>0330</td>
                        <td>COMBINING TILDE BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̴</td>
                        <td>0334</td>
                        <td>COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̹</td>
                        <td>0339</td>
                        <td>COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̺</td>
                        <td>033A</td>
                        <td>COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̻</td>
                        <td>033B</td>
                        <td>COMBINING SQUARE BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̼</td>
                        <td>033C</td>
                        <td>COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">̽</td>
                        <td>033D</td>
                        <td>COMBINING X ABOVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">͡</td>
                        <td>0361</td>
                        <td>COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Α</td>
                        <td>0391</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Β</td>
                        <td>0392</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Γ</td>
                        <td>0393</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Δ</td>
                        <td>0394</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ε</td>
                        <td>0395</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ζ</td>
                        <td>0396</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Η</td>
                        <td>0397</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Θ</td>
                        <td>0398</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ι</td>
                        <td>0399</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Κ</td>
                        <td>039A</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Λ</td>
                        <td>039B</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Μ</td>
                        <td>039C</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ν</td>
                        <td>039D</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ξ</td>
                        <td>039E</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ο</td>
                        <td>039F</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Π</td>
                        <td>03A0</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ρ</td>
                        <td>03A1</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Σ</td>
                        <td>03A3</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Τ</td>
                        <td>03A4</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Υ</td>
                        <td>03A5</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Φ</td>
                        <td>03A6</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Χ</td>
                        <td>03A7</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ψ</td>
                        <td>03A8</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ω</td>
                        <td>03A9</td>
                        <td>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">α</td>
                        <td>03B1</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">β</td>
                        <td>03B2</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">γ</td>
                        <td>03B3</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">δ</td>
                        <td>03B4</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ε</td>
                        <td>03B5</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ζ</td>
                        <td>03B6</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">η</td>
                        <td>03B7</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">θ</td>
                        <td>03B8</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ι</td>
                        <td>03B9</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">κ</td>
                        <td>03BA</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">λ</td>
                        <td>03BB</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">μ</td>
                        <td>03BC</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER MU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ν</td>
                        <td>03BD</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER NU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ξ</td>
                        <td>03BE</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER XI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ο</td>
                        <td>03BF</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">π</td>
                        <td>03C0</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER PI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ρ</td>
                        <td>03C1</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ς</td>
                        <td>03C2</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">σ</td>
                        <td>03C3</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">τ</td>
                        <td>03C4</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">υ</td>
                        <td>03C5</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">φ</td>
                        <td>03C6</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">χ</td>
                        <td>03C7</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ψ</td>
                        <td>03C8</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ω</td>
                        <td>03C9</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ё</td>
                        <td>0401</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">А</td>
                        <td>0410</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Б</td>
                        <td>0411</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">В</td>
                        <td>0412</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Г</td>
                        <td>0413</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Д</td>
                        <td>0414</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Е</td>
                        <td>0415</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ж</td>
                        <td>0416</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">З</td>
                        <td>0417</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">И</td>
                        <td>0418</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Й</td>
                        <td>0419</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">К</td>
                        <td>041A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Л</td>
                        <td>041B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">М</td>
                        <td>041C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Н</td>
                        <td>041D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">О</td>
                        <td>041E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">П</td>
                        <td>041F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Р</td>
                        <td>0420</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">С</td>
                        <td>0421</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Т</td>
                        <td>0422</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">У</td>
                        <td>0423</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ф</td>
                        <td>0424</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Х</td>
                        <td>0425</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ц</td>
                        <td>0426</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ч</td>
                        <td>0427</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ш</td>
                        <td>0428</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Щ</td>
                        <td>0429</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ъ</td>
                        <td>042A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HARD SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ы</td>
                        <td>042B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ь</td>
                        <td>042C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Э</td>
                        <td>042D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ю</td>
                        <td>042E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Я</td>
                        <td>042F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">а</td>
                        <td>0430</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">б</td>
                        <td>0431</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">в</td>
                        <td>0432</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">г</td>
                        <td>0433</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">д</td>
                        <td>0434</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">е</td>
                        <td>0435</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ж</td>
                        <td>0436</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">з</td>
                        <td>0437</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">и</td>
                        <td>0438</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">й</td>
                        <td>0439</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">к</td>
                        <td>043A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">л</td>
                        <td>043B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">м</td>
                        <td>043C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">н</td>
                        <td>043D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">о</td>
                        <td>043E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">п</td>
                        <td>043F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">р</td>
                        <td>0440</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">с</td>
                        <td>0441</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">т</td>
                        <td>0442</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">у</td>
                        <td>0443</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ф</td>
                        <td>0444</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">х</td>
                        <td>0445</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ц</td>
                        <td>0446</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ч</td>
                        <td>0447</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ш</td>
                        <td>0448</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">щ</td>
                        <td>0449</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ъ</td>
                        <td>044A</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ы</td>
                        <td>044B</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ь</td>
                        <td>044C</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">э</td>
                        <td>044D</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ю</td>
                        <td>044E</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">я</td>
                        <td>044F</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ё</td>
                        <td>0451</td>
                        <td>CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Ḿ</td>
                        <td>1E3E</td>
                        <td>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ḿ</td>
                        <td>1E3F</td>
                        <td>LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH ACUTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ὰ</td>
                        <td>1F70</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ά</td>
                        <td>1F71</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ὲ</td>
                        <td>1F72</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">έ</td>
                        <td>1F73</td>
                        <td>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‐</td>
                        <td>2010</td>
                        <td>HYPHEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">–</td>
                        <td>2013</td>
                        <td>EN DASH</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">—</td>
                        <td>2014</td>
                        <td>EM DASH</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‖</td>
                        <td>2016</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‘</td>
                        <td>2018</td>
                        <td>LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">’</td>
                        <td>2019</td>
                        <td>RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">“</td>
                        <td>201C</td>
                        <td>LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">”</td>
                        <td>201D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">†</td>
                        <td>2020</td>
                        <td>DAGGER</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‡</td>
                        <td>2021</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE DAGGER</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">•</td>
                        <td>2022</td>
                        <td>BULLET</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‥</td>
                        <td>2025</td>
                        <td>TWO DOT LEADER</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">…</td>
                        <td>2026</td>
                        <td>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‰</td>
                        <td>2030</td>
                        <td>PER MILLE SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">′</td>
                        <td>2032</td>
                        <td>PRIME</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">″</td>
                        <td>2033</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE PRIME</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‾</td>
                        <td>203E</td>
                        <td>OVERLINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">‿</td>
                        <td>203F</td>
                        <td>UNDERTIE (Enotikon)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⁂</td>
                        <td>2042</td>
                        <td>ASTERISM</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⁑</td>
                        <td>2051</td>
                        <td>TWO ASTERISKS ALIGNED VERTICALLY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">€</td>
                        <td>20AC</td>
                        <td>EURO SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ℏ</td>
                        <td>210F</td>
                        <td>PLANCK CONSTANT OVER TWO PI</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">℧</td>
                        <td>2127</td>
                        <td>INVERTED OHM SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">Å</td>
                        <td>212B</td>
                        <td>ANGSTROM SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ℵ</td>
                        <td>2135</td>
                        <td>ALEF SYMBOL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⅓</td>
                        <td>2153</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE THIRD</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⅔</td>
                        <td>2154</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION TWO THIRDS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⅕</td>
                        <td>2155</td>
                        <td>VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">←</td>
                        <td>2190</td>
                        <td>LEFTWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↑</td>
                        <td>2191</td>
                        <td>UPWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">→</td>
                        <td>2192</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↓</td>
                        <td>2193</td>
                        <td>DOWNWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↔</td>
                        <td>2194</td>
                        <td>LEFT RIGHT ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↖</td>
                        <td>2196</td>
                        <td>NORTH WEST ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↗</td>
                        <td>2197</td>
                        <td>NORTH EAST ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↘</td>
                        <td>2198</td>
                        <td>SOUTH EAST ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">↙</td>
                        <td>2199</td>
                        <td>SOUTH WEST ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇄</td>
                        <td>21C4</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LEFTWARDS ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇒</td>
                        <td>21D2</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇔</td>
                        <td>21D4</td>
                        <td>LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇦</td>
                        <td>21E6</td>
                        <td>LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇧</td>
                        <td>21E7</td>
                        <td>UPWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇨</td>
                        <td>21E8</td>
                        <td>RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⇩</td>
                        <td>21E9</td>
                        <td>DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∀</td>
                        <td>2200</td>
                        <td>FOR ALL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∂</td>
                        <td>2202</td>
                        <td>PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∃</td>
                        <td>2203</td>
                        <td>THERE EXISTS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∅</td>
                        <td>2205</td>
                        <td>EMPTY SET</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∇</td>
                        <td>2207</td>
                        <td>NABLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∈</td>
                        <td>2208</td>
                        <td>ELEMENT OF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∉</td>
                        <td>2209</td>
                        <td>NOT AN ELEMENT OF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∋</td>
                        <td>220B</td>
                        <td>CONTAINS AS MEMBER</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">−</td>
                        <td>2212</td>
                        <td>MINUS SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∓</td>
                        <td>2213</td>
                        <td>MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">√</td>
                        <td>221A</td>
                        <td>SQUARE ROOT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∝</td>
                        <td>221D</td>
                        <td>PROPORTIONAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∞</td>
                        <td>221E</td>
                        <td>INFINITY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∟</td>
                        <td>221F</td>
                        <td>RIGHT ANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∠</td>
                        <td>2220</td>
                        <td>ANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∥</td>
                        <td>2225</td>
                        <td>PARALLEL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∦</td>
                        <td>2226</td>
                        <td>NOT PARALLEL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∧</td>
                        <td>2227</td>
                        <td>LOGICAL AND</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∨</td>
                        <td>2228</td>
                        <td>LOGICAL OR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∩</td>
                        <td>2229</td>
                        <td>INTERSECTION</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∪</td>
                        <td>222A</td>
                        <td>UNION</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∫</td>
                        <td>222B</td>
                        <td>INTEGRAL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∬</td>
                        <td>222C</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE INTEGRAL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∮</td>
                        <td>222E</td>
                        <td>CONTOUR INTEGRAL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∴</td>
                        <td>2234</td>
                        <td>THEREFORE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∵</td>
                        <td>2235</td>
                        <td>BECAUSE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">∽</td>
                        <td>223D</td>
                        <td>REVERSED TILDE (lazy S)</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≃</td>
                        <td>2243</td>
                        <td>ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≅</td>
                        <td>2245</td>
                        <td>APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≈</td>
                        <td>2248</td>
                        <td>ALMOST EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≒</td>
                        <td>2252</td>
                        <td>APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≠</td>
                        <td>2260</td>
                        <td>NOT EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≡</td>
                        <td>2261</td>
                        <td>IDENTICAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≢</td>
                        <td>2262</td>
                        <td>NOT IDENTICAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≦</td>
                        <td>2266</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN OVER EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≧</td>
                        <td>2267</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN OVER EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≪</td>
                        <td>226A</td>
                        <td>MUCH LESS-THAN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≫</td>
                        <td>226B</td>
                        <td>MUCH GREATER-THAN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≶</td>
                        <td>2276</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN OR GREATER-THAN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">≷</td>
                        <td>2277</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN OR LESS-THAN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊂</td>
                        <td>2282</td>
                        <td>SUBSET OF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊃</td>
                        <td>2283</td>
                        <td>SUPERSET OF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊄</td>
                        <td>2284</td>
                        <td>NOT A SUBSET OF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊅</td>
                        <td>2285</td>
                        <td>NOT A SUPERSET OF</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊆</td>
                        <td>2286</td>
                        <td>SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊇</td>
                        <td>2287</td>
                        <td>SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊊</td>
                        <td>228A</td>
                        <td>SUBSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊋</td>
                        <td>228B</td>
                        <td>SUPERSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊕</td>
                        <td>2295</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED PLUS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊖</td>
                        <td>2296</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED MINUS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊗</td>
                        <td>2297</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED TIMES</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⊥</td>
                        <td>22A5</td>
                        <td>UP TACK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⋚</td>
                        <td>22DA</td>
                        <td>LESS-THAN EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⋛</td>
                        <td>22DB</td>
                        <td>GREATER-THAN EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⌅</td>
                        <td>2305</td>
                        <td>PROJECTIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⌆</td>
                        <td>2306</td>
                        <td>PERSPECTIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⌒</td>
                        <td>2312</td>
                        <td>ARC</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⌘</td>
                        <td>2318</td>
                        <td>PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⏎</td>
                        <td>23CE</td>
                        <td>RETURN SYMBOL</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">␣</td>
                        <td>2423</td>
                        <td>OPEN BOX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">①</td>
                        <td>2460</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">②</td>
                        <td>2461</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">③</td>
                        <td>2462</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">④</td>
                        <td>2463</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑤</td>
                        <td>2464</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑥</td>
                        <td>2465</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑦</td>
                        <td>2466</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑧</td>
                        <td>2467</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑨</td>
                        <td>2468</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑩</td>
                        <td>2469</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑪</td>
                        <td>246A</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑫</td>
                        <td>246B</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑬</td>
                        <td>246C</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑭</td>
                        <td>246D</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑮</td>
                        <td>246E</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑯</td>
                        <td>246F</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑰</td>
                        <td>2470</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑱</td>
                        <td>2471</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑲</td>
                        <td>2472</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⑳</td>
                        <td>2473</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓐ</td>
                        <td>24D0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓑ</td>
                        <td>24D1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER B</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓒ</td>
                        <td>24D2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER C</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓓ</td>
                        <td>24D3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER D</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓔ</td>
                        <td>24D4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER E</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓕ</td>
                        <td>24D5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER F</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓖ</td>
                        <td>24D6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER G</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓗ</td>
                        <td>24D7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER H</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓘ</td>
                        <td>24D8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER I</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓙ</td>
                        <td>24D9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER J</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓚ</td>
                        <td>24DA</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER K</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓛ</td>
                        <td>24DB</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER L</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓜ</td>
                        <td>24DC</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER M</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓝ</td>
                        <td>24DD</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER N</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓞ</td>
                        <td>24DE</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER O</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓟ</td>
                        <td>24DF</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER P</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓠ</td>
                        <td>24E0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Q</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓡ</td>
                        <td>24E1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER R</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓢ</td>
                        <td>24E2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER S</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓣ</td>
                        <td>24E3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER T</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓤ</td>
                        <td>24E4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER U</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓥ</td>
                        <td>24E5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER V</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓦ</td>
                        <td>24E6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER W</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓧ</td>
                        <td>24E7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER X</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓨ</td>
                        <td>24E8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Y</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">ⓩ</td>
                        <td>24E9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓫</td>
                        <td>24EB</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓬</td>
                        <td>24EC</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓭</td>
                        <td>24ED</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓮</td>
                        <td>24EE</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓯</td>
                        <td>24EF</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓰</td>
                        <td>24F0</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓱</td>
                        <td>24F1</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓲</td>
                        <td>24F2</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓳</td>
                        <td>24F3</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓴</td>
                        <td>24F4</td>
                        <td>NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓵</td>
                        <td>24F5</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓶</td>
                        <td>24F6</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓷</td>
                        <td>24F7</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓸</td>
                        <td>24F8</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓹</td>
                        <td>24F9</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓺</td>
                        <td>24FA</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓻</td>
                        <td>24FB</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓼</td>
                        <td>24FC</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓽</td>
                        <td>24FD</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⓾</td>
                        <td>24FE</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">■</td>
                        <td>25A0</td>
                        <td>BLACK SQUARE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">□</td>
                        <td>25A1</td>
                        <td>WHITE SQUARE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▱</td>
                        <td>25B1</td>
                        <td>WHITE PARALLELOGRAM</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▲</td>
                        <td>25B2</td>
                        <td>BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">△</td>
                        <td>25B3</td>
                        <td>WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▶</td>
                        <td>25B6</td>
                        <td>BLACK RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▷</td>
                        <td>25B7</td>
                        <td>WHITE RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▼</td>
                        <td>25BC</td>
                        <td>BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">▽</td>
                        <td>25BD</td>
                        <td>WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◀</td>
                        <td>25C0</td>
                        <td>BLACK LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◁</td>
                        <td>25C1</td>
                        <td>WHITE LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◆</td>
                        <td>25C6</td>
                        <td>BLACK DIAMOND</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◇</td>
                        <td>25C7</td>
                        <td>WHITE DIAMOND</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">○</td>
                        <td>25CB</td>
                        <td>WHITE CIRCLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◎</td>
                        <td>25CE</td>
                        <td>BULLSEYE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">●</td>
                        <td>25CF</td>
                        <td>BLACK CIRCLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◐</td>
                        <td>25D0</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◑</td>
                        <td>25D1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◒</td>
                        <td>25D2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH LOWER HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◓</td>
                        <td>25D3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLE WITH UPPER HALF BLACK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◦</td>
                        <td>25E6</td>
                        <td>WHITE BULLET</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">◯</td>
                        <td>25EF</td>
                        <td>LARGE CIRCLE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☀</td>
                        <td>2600</td>
                        <td>BLACK SUN WITH RAYS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☁</td>
                        <td>2601</td>
                        <td>CLOUD</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☂</td>
                        <td>2602</td>
                        <td>UMBRELLA</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☃</td>
                        <td>2603</td>
                        <td>SNOWMAN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">★</td>
                        <td>2605</td>
                        <td>BLACK STAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☆</td>
                        <td>2606</td>
                        <td>WHITE STAR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☎</td>
                        <td>260E</td>
                        <td>BLACK TELEPHONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">☞</td>
                        <td>261E</td>
                        <td>WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♀</td>
                        <td>2640</td>
                        <td>FEMALE SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♂</td>
                        <td>2642</td>
                        <td>MALE SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♠</td>
                        <td>2660</td>
                        <td>BLACK SPADE SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♡</td>
                        <td>2661</td>
                        <td>WHITE HEART SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♢</td>
                        <td>2662</td>
                        <td>WHITE DIAMOND SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♣</td>
                        <td>2663</td>
                        <td>BLACK CLUB SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♤</td>
                        <td>2664</td>
                        <td>WHITE SPADE SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♥</td>
                        <td>2665</td>
                        <td>BLACK HEART SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♦</td>
                        <td>2666</td>
                        <td>BLACK DIAMOND SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♧</td>
                        <td>2667</td>
                        <td>WHITE CLUB SUIT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♩</td>
                        <td>2669</td>
                        <td>QUARTER NOTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♪</td>
                        <td>266A</td>
                        <td>EIGHTH NOTE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♫</td>
                        <td>266B</td>
                        <td>BEAMED EIGHTH NOTES</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♬</td>
                        <td>266C</td>
                        <td>BEAMED SIXTEENTH NOTES</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♭</td>
                        <td>266D</td>
                        <td>MUSIC FLAT SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♮</td>
                        <td>266E</td>
                        <td>MUSIC NATURAL SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">♯</td>
                        <td>266F</td>
                        <td>MUSIC SHARP SIGN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">✓</td>
                        <td>2713</td>
                        <td>CHECK MARK</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❖</td>
                        <td>2756</td>
                        <td>BLACK DIAMOND MINUS WHITE X</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❶</td>
                        <td>2776</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❷</td>
                        <td>2777</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❸</td>
                        <td>2778</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❹</td>
                        <td>2779</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❺</td>
                        <td>277A</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❻</td>
                        <td>277B</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❼</td>
                        <td>277C</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❽</td>
                        <td>277D</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❾</td>
                        <td>277E</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">❿</td>
                        <td>277F</td>
                        <td>DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⤴</td>
                        <td>2934</td>
                        <td>ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING UPWARDS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⤵</td>
                        <td>2935</td>
                        <td>ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING DOWNWARDS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⧺</td>
                        <td>29FA</td>
                        <td>DOUBLE PLUS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">⧻</td>
                        <td>29FB</td>
                        <td>TRIPLE PLUS</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉑</td>
                        <td>3251</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉒</td>
                        <td>3252</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉓</td>
                        <td>3253</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉔</td>
                        <td>3254</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FOUR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉕</td>
                        <td>3255</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉖</td>
                        <td>3256</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SIX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉗</td>
                        <td>3257</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉘</td>
                        <td>3258</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY EIGHT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉙</td>
                        <td>3259</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY NINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉚</td>
                        <td>325A</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉛</td>
                        <td>325B</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉜</td>
                        <td>325C</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉝</td>
                        <td>325D</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉞</td>
                        <td>325E</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FOUR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㉟</td>
                        <td>325F</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊱</td>
                        <td>32B1</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SIX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊲</td>
                        <td>32B2</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊳</td>
                        <td>32B3</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY EIGHT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊴</td>
                        <td>32B4</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY NINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊵</td>
                        <td>32B5</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊶</td>
                        <td>32B6</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY ONE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊷</td>
                        <td>32B7</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY TWO</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊸</td>
                        <td>32B8</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY THREE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊹</td>
                        <td>32B9</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FOUR</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊺</td>
                        <td>32BA</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FIVE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊻</td>
                        <td>32BB</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SIX</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊼</td>
                        <td>32BC</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SEVEN</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊽</td>
                        <td>32BD</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY EIGHT</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊾</td>
                        <td>32BE</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY NINE</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">㊿</td>
                        <td>32BF</td>
                        <td>CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTY</td>
                        <td>proportional</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-28">A.28 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e56635">Warichu opening brackets</span> (cl-28)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">（</td>
                        <td>0028</td>
                        <td>LEFT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〔</td>
                        <td>3014</td>
                        <td>LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">［</td>
                        <td>005B</td>
                        <td>LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-29">A.29 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e56806">Warichu closing brackets</span> (cl-29)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <table class="charclass">
                  <col class="character" />
                  <col class="ucs" />
                  <thead>
                     <tr>
                        <th>Character</th>
                        <th>UCS</th>
                        <th>Name</th>
                        <th>Remark</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">）</td>
                        <td>0029</td>
                        <td>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">〕</td>
                        <td>3015</td>
                        <td>RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="character">］</td>
                        <td>005D</td>
                        <td>RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
                        <td></td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            
         </div>
         <div class="div2">
            
               
               <h3 id="cl-30">A.30 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="d13e56977">Characters in tate-chu-yoko</span> (cl-30)</span></h3>
            
            
               
               <p>Any character may participate in tate-chu-yoko composition.</p>
            
         </div>
      </div><div class="div1" id="appendix_2">
	
		
		<h2 id="spacing_between_characters">Appendix B <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app2">Spacing between Characters</span></span></h2>
	
		
			
			<p>The amount of space between two adjacent characters of given character classes explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning">3.9.2 Grouping of Characters and Symbols depending on their Positioning</a> is determined by Table 1. For methods to determine the amounts of space reduction and addition by <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustments</a>, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment">Appendix D Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment</a> and <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment">Appendix E Opportunities for  Inter-character Space Expansion during Line Adjustment</a>.</p>
		
		<div class="table-pdf" id="table2_pdf">
		
			
			<p>See "<a href="table_en2.pdf">Table 1 Spacing between characters</a>" (PDF).</p>
		</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="legend_of_table_2">B.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app2_1">Legend of Table 1</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>The  left-most column, labeled  "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the amount of space between two characters of the corresponding character classes at the intersection of a given row and column.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The last row, labeled "<a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a>", lists amounts of space inserted between the line head and a character of the corresponding character class in each column. Likewise, the last column, labeled "<a href="#term.line-end" class="termref">line end</a>", lists amounts of space inserted between a character of the corresponding character class in each row and the line end.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The following notations in cells are used to indicate the amount of space or other related information.</p>
		
		<ol>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>blank: <a href="#term.solid-setting" class="termref">Set solid</a> between two adjacent characters (it can be that the preceding character is actually the line head or the trailing character is actually the line end).</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>× mark: The combination is not allowed due to line breaking rules or other restrictions.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/2 be: Insert a half em space, where the em here indicates the size of the preceding character.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/2 af: Insert a half em space, where the em here indicates the size of the trailing character.</p>
			
				<table class="t_note">  <tr>  <td class="ft" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
				
				
				<p>
				(note)</p>
				
				</td>  <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
				
				
				<p>
				The reason for the distinction between the two half em spaces ("be" stands for "before" and "af" stands for "after") is necessary  because there are cases where a line is composed with different sizes of characters, as shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a1-1-en">Fig. B.1</a> where it is necessary to disambiguate which em size we are referring to. Likewise, other instances of the notation "be" or "af" in this appendix are for the same disambiguation.</p>
				
				</td>  </tr>  </table>
				
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a1-1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a1_1.png" alt="Referent for em in half em space." width="410" height="316" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. B.1: <span class="caption-body">Referent for em in half em space.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/2 be hang: Identical to "1/2 be" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over this "1/2 be hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/2 af hang: Identical to "1/2 af" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over this "1/2 af hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/4 be: Insert a quarter em space, where the em here indicates the size of the preceding character.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/4 af: Insert a quarter em space, where the em here indicates the size of the trailing character.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/4 be hang: Identical to "1/4 be" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to half the size of the ruby character over this "1/4 be hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>1/4 af hang: Identical to "1/4 af" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to half the size of the ruby character over this "1/4 af hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>ruby hang: Set solid. Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over the other character (see also 7 of <a class="sec_ref" href="#notes_a2">B.2 Notes</a>).</p>
			
		</li>
		</ol>
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="notes_a2">B.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app2_2">Notes</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>When <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> are followed by a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-22">simple-ruby character complex (cl-22)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-23">jukugo-ruby character complex (cl-23)</a>, the preferred approach is to allow the ruby text to be extended up to the size of the ruby character over the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a>. One alternative approach is to not allow ruby text to be extended over opening brackets, and another is to allow it to be extended up to half the size of the ruby character.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The preferred spacing between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> and the line end is a half em. The alternative is to set solid (JIS X 4051 adopts solid setting method, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end">3.1.9 Positioning of Closing Brackets, Full Stops, Commas and Middle Dots at Line End</a>).</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>Character spacing between two consecutive <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> shall be the sum of a quarter em of the preceding middle dots and a quarter em of the trailing middle dots.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The preferred spacing between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> and the line end is a quarter em. The alternative is to set solid (JIS X 4051 adopts solid setting method, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end">3.1.9 Positioning of Closing Brackets, Full Stops, Commas and Middle Dots at Line End</a>).</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>In this document, character spacing between a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> and a following <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> is the sum of the half em space of the full stop or comma and the quarter em space of the middle dot. On the other hand, JIS X 4051 classifies <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> as a subset of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, and, therefore, where a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> is followed by a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> in JIS X 4051 the character spacing between them is just the quarter em space of the following <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a>.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The preferred spacing between <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> and the line end is a half em. The alternative is to set solid (JIS X 4051 specifies that the space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a> is a half em and the space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> is solid, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end">3.1.9 Positioning of Closing Brackets, Full Stops, Commas and Middle Dots at Line End</a>).</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>When a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-22">simple-ruby character complex (cl-22)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-23">jukugo-ruby character complex (cl-23)</a> is adjacent to <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>, the preferred approach is to allow the ruby text to be extended up to the size of the ruby character over the katakana. However, if it is required to conform to JIS X 4051, ruby text shall not be extended over the katakana because katakana characters belong to the ideographic character class in JIS X 4051.</p>
		
		
			
			<p>There are alternative methods, one of which is to allow ruby text to be extended up to the size of the ruby character over any character including <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic (cl-19)</a> as well as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> characters, and another  is NOT to allow ruby text to be extended over any character from <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-14">full-width ideographic space (cl-14)</a>. The preferred approach is to apply the same for the full-width line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph. The alternative approach is not to allow ruby text to be extended over the line head indent.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>When two adjacent characters belong to the same  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a> run, set them according to the method explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#superscripts_and_superscripts">3.7.1 Superscripts and Superscripts</a>. When two adjacent characters belong to two distinct  ornamented character complex runs, set them solid.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>When two adjacent characters belong to the same  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-22">simple-ruby character complex (cl-22)</a> run, set them according to the method explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_monoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.5 Positioning of Mono-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a> or <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_groupruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.6 Positioning of Group-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a>. When two adjacent characters belong to two distinct  simple-ruby character complex runs, set them solid.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>When two adjacent characters belong to the same  <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-23">jukugo-ruby character complex (cl-23)</a> run, set them according to the method explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_jukugoruby_with_respect_to_base_characters">3.3.7 Positioning of Jukugo-ruby with Respect to Base Characters</a>. When two adjacent characters belong to two distinct  simple-ruby character complex runs, set them solid.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>Character spacing between a preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbol (cl-25)</a> and a trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> shall be a quarter em of the trailing character. Note that <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span> can be used either as a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbol (cl-25)</a> or as a middle dot. When it is used as a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-25">unit symbol (cl-25)</a>, both preceding and trailing spacing of <span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span> shall be zero.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There shall be no visible space occupied by <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> at the line head and that of warichu (inline cutting note), the line end and that of warichu (inline cutting note). If the condition is changed for the same text, restore the default visible space for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a>.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>In principle <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-09">iteration marks (cl-09)</a> should be placed neither at the line head nor at the head of an inline cutting note. When it happens with <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span>, there are three ways to deal with this situation.</p>
		
			<ol>
			<li>
			
				
				<p>Follow the principle by applying some sort of line adjustment. In this case, <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> remains in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-09">iteration marks (cl-09)</a>.</p>
			
			</li>
			<li>
			
				
				<p>Allow <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> to be placed either at the line head or at the head of an inline cutting note. In this case, the character shall be treated as part of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> class.</p>
			
			</li>
			<li>
			
				
				<p>Replace <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> with the corresponding character.</p>
			

			<table class="t_sample">
				<tr><td rowspan="2" class="ft">
				
				<p>e.g.</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>line end: 国</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>line head: 々</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>&lt;is replaced with&gt;</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>line end: 国</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>line head: 国</p>
				</td>
				</tr><tr>
				<td>
				
				<p>line end: 人</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>line head: 々</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>&lt;is replaced with&gt;</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>line end: 人</p>
				</td>
				<td>
				
				<p>line head: 人</p>
				</td>
				</tr>
			</table>
			</li>
			</ol>
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>In principle, a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a> should be placed neither at the  head of a line nor that of an inline cutting note. If it were  allowed, the character shall be treated as part of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> class.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>In principle, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a> should be placed neither at the head of a line nor that of an inline cutting note in principle. If it were to be allowed, HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL * shall be treated as part of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> class, and KATAKANA LETTER SMALL * as part of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> class.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The preferred character spacing between the line head and opening <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> is zero. An alternative way is not to remove a conditional half em space accompanying the characters (see <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head">3.1.5 Positioning of Opening Brackets at Line Head</a> including methods of positioning of opening brackets at the beginning of paragraphs).</p>
		
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
	</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_3">
	
		
		<h2 id="possibilities_for_linebreaking_between_characters">Appendix C <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app3">Possibilities for  Line-breaking between Characters</span></span></h2>
	
		
			
			<p>Line break opportunities between two adjacent characters of given character classes explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning">3.9.2 Grouping of Characters and Symbols depending on their Positioning</a> shall be determined by  Table 2.</p>
		
		<div class="table-pdf" id="table3_pdf">
		
			
			<p>See "<a href="table_en3.pdf">Table 2 Possibility of separation between characters</a>" (PDF).</p>
		</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="legend_of_table_3">C.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app3_1">Legend of Table 2</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>The  left-most column, labeled  "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the type of line break opportunity between two adjacent characters of the corresponding character classes at a given row and column.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The type of line break opportunity is indicated in each cell in the table using the following notation.</p>
		
		<ol>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>blank: A line is allow to end between the two characters (breakable).</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>not: A line is not allowed to end between the two characters (unbreakable).</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>× mark: the combination is not allowed due to <a href="#term.line-breaking-rules" class="termref">line breaking rules</a> or other restrictions.</p>
			
		</li>
		</ol>
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="notes_a3">C.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app3_2">Notes</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>If <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> is  allowed to appear at the <a href="#term.line-head" class="termref">line head</a>  or that of <a href="#term.warichu" class="termref">inline cutting note</a>, the character shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> class. (For how it behaves in combination with other character classes, see the cells for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>.)</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>If a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a> is  allowed to appear at the head of a line or that of inline cutting note, the character shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> class. (For how it behaves in combination with other character classes, see the cells for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>.)</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>If <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a> are  allowed to appear at the head of a line or that of inline cutting note, the character shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> classes accordingly, depending on the script type of the character. (For how it behaves in combination with other character classes, see the cells for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>.)</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>For the default one em space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a> at the end of a sentence, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-14">full-width ideographic space (cl-14)</a> can be used. See <a class="sec_ref" href="#positioning_of_dividing_punctuation_marks">3.1.6 Positioning of Dividing Punctuation Marks (Question Mark and Exclamation Mark) and Hyphens</a> for more detail on how to deal with this case.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no line break opportunity between following couple of consecutive <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-08">inseparable characters (cl-08)</a> as follows:</p>
		
		<ul>
		<li>
			
			<p><span class="character">EM DASH "―"</span>, <span class="character">EM DASH "―"</span></p>
		</li>
		<li>
			
			<p><span class="character">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…"</span>, <span class="character">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…"</span></p>
		</li>
		<li>
			
			<p><span class="character">TWO DOT LEADER "‥"</span>, <span class="character">TWO DOT LEADER "‥"</span></p>
		</li>
		<li>
			
			<p><span class="character">VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK UPPER HALF "〳"</span>, <span class="character">VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF "〵"</span></p>
		</li>
		<li>
			
			<p><span class="character">VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK UPPER HALF "〴"</span>, <span class="character">VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF "〵"</span></p>
		</li>
		</ul>
		
			
			<p>When the combination of preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-08">inseparable characters (cl-08)</a> and the trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-08">inseparable characters (cl-08)</a> is different each other, the two characters are separable. For example, when two <span class="character">EM DASH "―"</span> appears consecutively, these two characters are inseparable, and consecutive <span class="character">EM DASH "―"</span> and <span class="character">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…"</span> are separable.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no line break opportunity between two consecutive characters belonging to the same <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complex (cl-21)</a>. If two consecutive characters belong to different <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complexes (cl-21)</a>, a line break opportunity exists between them.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no line break opportunity between two consecutive characters belonging to the same <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-22">simple-ruby character complex (cl-22)</a>. If two consecutive characters belong to different <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-22">simple-ruby character complexes (cl-22)</a>, a line break opportunity exists between them.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A line break opportunity exists between two consecutive base characters belonging to different <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-23">jukugo-ruby character complexes (cl-23)</a>. There is also a line break opportunity between two consecutive base characters belonging to the same <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-23">jukugo-ruby character complex (cl-23)</a> and between two runs of ruby text accompanying  the corresponding base characters. However, a base character and the accompanying ruby text shall be indivisible, hence there is no line break opportunity between any two consecutive ruby characters in a run of ruby text accompanying  a base character.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no line break opportunity between preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> and  trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-13">postfixed abbreviations (cl-13)</a>. The alternative approach is to allow a line to break before trailing <span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span>, in which case <span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span> shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> class.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There are two approaches: one is to allow a line to break between preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numerals (cl-24)</a> and trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>, and the other is not to.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A line break opportunity generally exists between preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a> and trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-13">postfixed abbreviations (cl-13)</a>, unless the preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western character (cl-27)</a> is used as a symbol of a quantity or a European numeral, in which case a line break is not allowed between them.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no line break opportunity between two consecutive <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>. In order to break a line in the middle of a Western word, it needs to be divided into two syllables first. Then a line can be broken between the two by adding <span class="character">HYPHEN "-"</span> at the line end.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no line break opportunity between two consecutive characters belonging to the same set of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-30">characters in tate-chu-yoko (cl-30)</a>. If two consecutive characters belong to different sets of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-30">characters in tate-chu-yoko (cl-30)</a>, there a line break opportunity exists between them.</p>
		
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="addendum_a3">C.3 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app3_3">Addendum</span></span></h3>
		
		
			
			<p>As noted in <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a> and <a class="sec_ref" href="#notes_a3">C.2 Notes</a>, there are several conventions for <a href="#term.line-start-prohibition-rule" class="termref">line-start prohibition</a>, <a href="#term.line-end-prohibition-rule" class="termref">line-end prohibition</a> and <a href="#term.unbreakable-characters-rule" class="termref">unbreakable character rules</a>. The following lists four levels of convention. Note that breaking a line after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-01">opening brackets (cl-01)</a> and before <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> is prohibited at all levels. Likewise, those rules common to all levels are not listed below.</p>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>Very loose (Newspapers)</p>
		
		
			
			<p>Breaking a line is allowed before or after the following character classes even though Table 2 prohibits it.</p>
		
		<ul>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">Hyphens (cl-03)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-04">Dividing punctuation marks (cl-04)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">Middle dots (cl-05)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-08">Inseparable characters (cl-08)</a> of the same kind</p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-09">Iteration marks (cl-09)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">Prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">Small kana (cl-11)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-12">Prefixed abbreviations (cl-12)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-13">Postfixed abbreviations (cl-13)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		</ul>
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>Loose (Magazines)</p>
		
		
			
			<p>Breaking a line is allowed before or after the following character classes (or characters) even though Table 2 prohibits it.</p>
		
		<ul>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-03">Hyphens (cl-03)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><span class="character">KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT "・"</span></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>Between two consecutive <span class="character">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…"</span> and between two consecutive <span class="character">TWO DOT LEADER "‥"</span></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">Prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">Small kana (cl-11)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span></p>
			
		</li>
		</ul>
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>Strict (Default, general publications)</p>
		
		
			
			<p>Breaking a line is allowed before or after the following character classes (or characters) even though Table 2 prohibits it.</p>
		
		<ul>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">Prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p><a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">Small kana (cl-11)</a></p>
			
		</li>
		</ul>
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>Very strict (General publications)</p>
		
		
			
			<p>Breaking a line is not allowed for any place where Table 2 prohibits it (no alternate rule explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#notes_a3">C.2 Notes</a> is  applied.).</p>
		
		
			
			<p>The difference between the strict and the very strict rules described above is as follows. The very strict line-breaking rule is the convention that attaches greater importance to the line-start prohibition and unbreakable character rules, and therefore it is more likely to lead to the need for line adjustment processing. In comparison, the strict line-breaking rule is the convention that weakens line-start prohibition in order to avoid line adjustment as much as possible  to make it easier to achieve solid setting. In other words, the very strict rule is for the best appearance at the line head, while the strict rule is  best to avoid inter-character space adjustment.</p>
		
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_4">
	
		
		<h2 id="opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment">Appendix D <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app4">Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment</span></span></h2>
	
		
			
			<p>The following tables indicate if an opportunity exists for  <a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-reduction" class="termref">inter-character space reduction</a> during <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustment</a> between two adjacent characters of given character classes as explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning">3.9.2 Grouping of Characters and Symbols depending on their Positioning</a>. (For more detail on line adjustment, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>.) In the process of line adjustment by inter-character space reduction, the first place to look  (the first stage of inter-character space reduction in priority order) is for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word spaces (cl-26)</a>, each of which is reducible equally,  to leave a minimum of a quarter em space (or a one fifth em space) with respect to the corresponding character size. The tables are for the second and subsequent stages of inter-character space reduction in priority order, assuming the first stage of the reduction for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word spaces (cl-26)</a> is already done. The default unadjusted space between two adjacent characters of given character classes shall be determined according to <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.</p>
		
		
			
			<p>There are several conventions for line adjustment, especially when it is to be achieved by inter-character space reduction. Table 3 follows the method adopted by this document, Table 4 supplies an alternative way specified by JIS X 4051, and Table 5, taking partially different approaches from the previous two, represents yet another method which can be seen in books or other publications.</p>
		
		<div class="table-pdf" id="table4_pdf">
		
			
			<p>See "<a href="table_en4.pdf">Table 3 Opportunity of inter-character space reduction</a>" (PDF).</p>
		</div>
		<div class="table-pdf" id="table5_pdf">
		
			
			<p>See "<a href="table_en5.pdf">Table 4 Opportunity of inter-character space reduction (the method specified by JIS X 4051)</a>" (PDF).</p>
		</div>
		<div class="table-pdf" id="table6_pdf">
		
			
			<p>See "<a href="table_en6.pdf">Table 5 Opportunity of inter-character space reduction (the method adopted by books)</a>" (PDF).</p>
		</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="legend_of_tables_4_5_6">D.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app4_1">Legend of Tables 3, 4 and 5</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>The  left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the type of opportunities of inter-character space reduction between two adjacent characters of the corresponding character classes at a given row and column. </p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The cells in the row "line head" or the column "line end" should read if there exists opportunity for space reduction at line head or line end respectively. Tables 3, 4 and 5 all prohibit space reduction at line head. While Table 4 prohibits space reduction at line end too, Tables 3 and 5 allow it for several character classes at line end.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The type of opportunity for space reduction is indicated in each cell in the tables using the following notation.</p>
		
		<ol>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>Cells with a white background: No opportunity for space reduction because the two characters are set solid and there is no adjustable space between them, or because it is prohibited by rule to reduce the inter-character space for the given combination.</p>
			
			<ol><li>
				
					
					<p>Blank: No opportunity for space reduction because the given combination of characters is set solid (or there is no space before or after the given character at line head or at line end respectively).</p>
				
			</li>
			<li>
				
					
					<p>× mark:The combination is not allowed due to line breaking rules or other restrictions.</p>
				
			</li>
			<li>
				
					
					<p>1/2: The amount of inter-character space shall be a half em, and this space shall not be reduced (no opportunity of inter-character space reduction).</p>
				
			</li>
			<li>
				
					
					<p>1/4: The amount of inter-character space shall be a quarter em, and this space shall not be reduced (no opportunity of inter-character space reduction).</p>
				
			</li>
			</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
			
				
				<p>Cells with a colored or gray background: An opportunity for inter-character space reduction exists.</p>
			
			<ol><li>
				
					
					<p>Priority order in space reduction: The second highest and subsequent priorities of inter-character space reduction are indicated by the given background colors of the cells. The cells with the colors in the left are higher in priority than ones in the right. Space reduction shall be processed in this order.</p>
				
				<div class="Taiyaku nobook">
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a5-1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a5_1.png" alt="Priority order in space reduction." width="278" height="28" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. D.1: <span class="caption-body">Priority order in space reduction.</span></div></div></div></div>
				</div>
			</li>
			<li>
				
					
					<p>Amount of space reducible: the amount of space to be reduced is indicated using the following notation.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>1/2–0: A half em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, with no minimum space required (set solid).</p>
					
					</li>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>1/2–1/4: A half em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to leave a minimum of a quarter em space.</p>
					
					</li>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>1/2=0: A half em space by default, which can be removed to set solid (it is not allowed to leave any intermediate size of space between zero to a half em, such as a quarter em space).</p>
					
					</li>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>1/4–0: A quarter em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, with no minimum space required (set solid).</p>
					
					</li>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>1/4–1/8: A quarter em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to leave a minimum of a one eighth em space.</p>
					
					</li>
				</ol>
			</li>
			</ol>
		</li>
		</ol>
</li>
</ol>
		
			
			<p>Note that JIS X 4051 specifies  to not leave any space after the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> at the line end. Therefore, Table 4 also indicates that there is no opportunity for space reduction after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> at the line end. Likewise, because <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> at the line end are supposed to have no space, Table 4 indicates there is no opportunity for space reduction for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> at the line end. On the other hand, while JIS X 4051 specifies to pad with a half em space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> at the line end, which is not allowed to reduce this space for line adjustment, Table 3 and 5 allow the removal of the default half em space after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-02">closing brackets (cl-02)</a>, <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stops (cl-06)</a> and <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">commas (cl-07)</a> at the line end for line adjustment. Table 3 further allows the removal of the default quarter em space padding before and after <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> at the line end for line adjustment, while Table 5 does not.</p>
		
	</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="notes_a4">D.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app4_2">Notes</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>The default unadjusted space when a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> is followed by a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a>, is the sum of the conditional quarter em space accompanying the preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> and the conditional quarter em space accompanying the trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a>. Tables 3 and 4 allow these two quarter em spaces to be reduced, to leave no space as a minimum. The priority order in space reduction is the fourth in Table 3, and it is the second priority in Table 4.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The default unadjusted space when a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a> is followed by a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a>, is the sum of the conditional half em space accompanying the preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-06">full stop (cl-06)</a> and the conditional quarter em space accompanying the trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a>. Tables 3 and 4 allow the quarter em space accompanying the trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> to be reduced, to leave no space as a minimum. The priority order in space reduction is the fourth in Table 3, and it is the second priority in Table 4.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The default unadjusted space when a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> is followed by a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a>, is the sum of the conditional half em space accompanying the preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> and the conditional quarter em space accompanying the trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> (in Table 4, the conditional half space accompanying preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> and the conditional quarter space accompanying trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dot (cl-05)</a> can be reduced to solid setting).
Table 5 allows the conditional half em space accompanying preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> to be reduced to a quarter space as a minimum.
The priority order in space reduction for the conditional space accompanying <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> is the fourth in Table 3 and the second in Table 4.
The priority order in space reduction for the conditional space accompanying <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-07">comma (cl-07)</a> is the fifth in Table 3 and the third in Table 5.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no opportunity for space reduction for a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> at the line head and at the line end since there is supposed to be no visible space. The same applies to the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a> at the line head or the line end of warichu (inline cutting note). If the condition is changed for the same text, restore the default visible space for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word space (cl-26)</a>.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>Table 3, and only Table 3, allows the preceding and trailing conditional quarter em space accompanying <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-05">middle dots (cl-05)</a> to be reduced to leave no space. The priority order is the third.</p>
		
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_5">
	
		
		<h2 id="opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment">Appendix E <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app5">Opportunities for  Inter-character Space Expansion during Line Adjustment</span></span></h2>
	
		
			
			<p>The following table indicates if an opportunity exists for <a href="#term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-expansion" class="termref">inter-character space expansion</a> during <a href="#term.line-adjustment" class="termref">line adjustment</a> between two adjacent characters of given character classes as explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning">3.9.2 Grouping of Characters and Symbols depending on their Positioning</a>. (For more detail on line adjustment, see <a class="sec_ref" href="#line_adjustment">3.8 Line Adjustment</a>.) In the process of line adjustment by inter-character space expansion, the first place to look  (the first stage of inter-character space expansion in priority order) is for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word spaces (cl-26)</a>, each of which is expandable equally,  to take up and maximum of a half em space with respect to the corresponding character size. The tables are for the second and subsequent stages of inter-character space expansion in priority order, assuming the first stage of the expansion for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-26">Western word spaces (cl-26)</a> is already done. The default unadjusted space between two adjacent characters of given character classes shall be determined according to <a class="sec_ref" href="#spacing_between_characters">Appendix B Spacing between Characters</a>.</p>
		
		<div class="table-pdf" id="table7_pdf">
		
			
			<p>See "<a href="table_en7.pdf">Table 6 Opportunity of inter-character space expansion</a>" (PDF).</p>
		</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="legend_of_table_7">E.1 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app5_1">Legend of Table 6</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>The  left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the type of opportunities for inter-character space expansion between two adjacent characters of the corresponding character classes at a given row and column. Note that there are no cells involving "line head" or "line end" because there is no opportunity for inter-character space expansion before any character at the line head or after any character at the line end.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>The type of opportunity for space expansion is indicated in each cell in the table using the following notation.</p>
		
		<ol>
			<li>
			
				
				<p>Cells with a white background: No opportunity for space expansion.</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>Blank: Inter-character space expansion is not allowed because there is no line break opportunity between the given combination of characters.</p>
				
				</li>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>× mark: The combination is not allowed due to line breaking rules or other restrictions.</p>
				
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
			
				
				<p>Cells with a colored or gray background: An opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion.</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>Priority order in space expansion: The second highest and subsequent priorities of inter-character space expansion are indicated by the given background colors of the cells. The cells with the colors in the left are higher in priority than ones in the right. Space expansion shall be processed in this order.
When the 4th step is needed, add same space value to the spaces of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th steps.</p>
				
				<div class="Taiyaku nobook">
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a7-1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a7_1.png" alt="Priority order in space expansion." width="277" height="11" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. E.1: <span class="caption-body">Priority order in space expansion.</span></div></div></div></div>
				</div>
				</li>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>Amount of space expandable: The amount of space to be expanded is indicated using the following notation.</p>
				
				<ol>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>1/4–1/2: A quarter em space by default, which is expandable equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to take up to a maximum of a half em space. However if Table 5
of <a class="sec_ref" href="#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment">Appendix D Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment</a>
 is adopted as the method of inter-character space reduction for line adjustment, this quarter em space shall not be expanded.</p>
					
					</li>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>1/4: No inter-character space by default, which is expandable equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space.</p>
					
					</li>
					<li>
					
						
						<p>blank: Expandable equally with respect to the corresponding character size, only after no other expandable inter-character space is left.</p>
					
					</li>
				</ol>
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
		</ol>
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
	<div class="div2">
		
		
		<h3 id="notes_a5">E.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app5_2">Notes</span></span></h3>
		
<ol class="decimal">
<li>
		
			
			<p>If the <span class="character">IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK "々"</span> is allowed to appear at the head of a line or that of inline cutting note, the character shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> class. (For how it behaves in combination with other character classes, see the cells for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>.)</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>If  a <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-10">prolonged sound mark (cl-10)</a> is allowed to appear at the line head or that of inline cutting note, the character shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> class. (For how it behaves in combination with other character classes, see the cells for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>.)</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>If <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-11">small kana (cl-11)</a> are allowed to appear at the head of a line or that of inline cutting note, the character shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a> class accordingly, depending on the script type of the character. (For how it behaves in combination with other character classes, see the cells for <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>.)</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A third order  opportunity exists for  inter-character space expansion, to take up to a  maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between two consecutive <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-08">inseparable characters (cl-08)</a> which are of different kinds.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A third order  opportunity exists for  inter-character space expansion, to take up to a  maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between the two consecutive characters which belong to different <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-21">ornamented character complexes (cl-21)</a></p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A third order  opportunity exists for  inter-character space expansion, to take up to a  maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if the two consecutive characters belong to different <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-22">simple-ruby character complexes (cl-22)</a>. If not,  inter-character space expansion is not allowed.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A third order  opportunity exists for  inter-character space expansion, to take up to a  maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if the two consecutive base characters belonging to different <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-23">jukugo-ruby character complexes (cl-23)</a>. If not,  inter-character space expansion is not allowed.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is no opportunity for  inter-character space expansion between a preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numeral (cl-24)</a> and a trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-13">postfixed abbreviation (cl-13)</a>, unless the alternative approach is chosen which allows a line to break between a preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numeral (cl-24)</a> and the trailing <span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span>, where <span class="character">PERCENT SIGN "%"</span> shall be treated as a member of the <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> class, in front of which inter-character space is expandable.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is an alternative way to give a third order  opportunity for  inter-character space expansion, to take up to a  maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between a preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-24">grouped numeral (cl-24)</a> and a trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western character (cl-27)</a>.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A third order  opportunity exists for  inter-character space expansion between a preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western character (cl-27)</a> and a trailing <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-13">postfixed abbreviation (cl-13)</a>, unless the preceding <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western character (cl-27)</a> is used as a symbol of a quantity or a European numeral, in which case no inter-character space expansion is allowed between them.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>There is an alternative way to give a fourth order  opportunity for  inter-character space expansion with respect to the corresponding character size, between two consecutive <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-27">Western characters (cl-27)</a>.</p>
		
</li>
<li>
		
			
			<p>A third order  opportunity exists for the inter-character space expansion, to take up to a  maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if two consecutive characters belong to different runs of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-30">characters in tate-chu-yoko (cl-30)</a>. If not, inter-character space expansion is not allowed.</p>
		
</li>
</ol>
	</div>
	</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_6">
		
			
			<h2 id="positioning_of_jukugoruby">Appendix F <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app6">Positioning of Jukugo-ruby</span></span></h2>
		
		
			
			<p>Positioning of <a href="#term.ruby" class="termref">ruby</a> characters is explained in [<a class="sec_ref" href="#ruby_and_emphasis_dots">3.3 Ruby and Emphasis Dots</a>], including that of <a href="#term.jukugo-ruby" class="termref">jukugo-ruby</a>, however it is limited to the basic principles. This appendix provides supplementary notes on jukugo-ruby distribution in terms of the structure of a kanji <a href="#term.compound-word" class="termref">compound word</a> (jukugo) and the type of script of the characters adjacent to the kanji compound word. All explanations hereafter in this appendix assume we are going to compose ruby characters with '<a href="#term.katatsuki" class="termref">katatsuki</a>' distribution (top-alignment in <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a>).</p>
		
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="principles_of_jukugoruby_distribution_1">F.1 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app6_1">Principles of Jukugo-Ruby Distribution</span>: Part 1</span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>The following are principles of jukugo-ruby distribution,  taking account of the structure of a kanji compound word and the type of script of the adjacent characters surrounding the compound word.</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>Because the purpose of ruby annotation, including jukugo-ruby, is to supply the reading of each base kanji character, attach each run of ruby text which represents the reading to the corresponding base kanji character.</p>
			
			
				
				<p>If each run of ruby characters representing the reading of a given base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> participating in a kanji compound word is less than or equal to two, attach each ruby text to the corresponding base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-1-en">Fig. F.1</a>). The following figures supply a pair of examples of the same text per line, with and without character frames displayed. Ruby characters and base characters in the same color indicate that they correspond to each other. Those <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> which are not part of the jukugo-ruby, and which, therefore, ruby characters are not allowed to overhang, are presented in yet different colors. </p>
			
				
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-1-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_1.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 1." width="265" height="156" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.1: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 1.</span></div></div></div></div>
				
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>Because the intention when using jukugo-ruby is to handle the kanji compound word (jukugo) as one object, a run of ruby text for a base <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic character (cl-19)</a> is allowed to overhang the adjacent base character participating to the same compound word, up to a maximum of one em in the ruby character size (alternatively, the maximum size for the ruby overhang can be one and a half em, but the explanation hereafter assumes the maximum overhang to be one em in the ruby size.).</p>
			
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>When the number of ruby characters is so great that the length of the ruby text is longer than that of the base characters forming the kanji compound word, the decision to what extent the ruby text can overhang the adjacent characters, if allowed, shall be made according to the methods explained in <a class="sec_ref" href="#adjustments_of_ruby_with_length_longer_than_that_of_the_base_characters">3.3.8 Adjustments of Ruby with Length Longer than that of the Base Characters</a>. The explanation hereafter adopts one of the methods that prohibits any ruby text to overhang <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> but allows ruby to overhang the characters of a certain character class such as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> or <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-16">katakana (cl-16)</a>, up to a maximum of one em in the ruby character size.</p>
			
			</li>
			</ol>
		</div>
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="principles_of_jukugoruby_distribution_2">F.2 <span class="heading"><span id="en-app6_2">Principles of Jukugo-Ruby Distribution</span>: Part 2</span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>In <a href="#term.letterpress-printing" class="termref">letterpress printing</a>, ruby text was composed according to "principles part one" in the previous section, but on a case by case basis. Therefore, ruby texts were often composed differently for the same kanji compound word in the same situation. In some cases they differed according to the person in charge of the composition. In this section, one consistent method of ruby composition is presented as "principles part two", which is established with reference to those adopted in books and other publications.</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>As long as jukugo-ruby can fit the kanji compound word by allowing ruby characters to overhang an adjacent base character that is part of the same compound word or those characters adjacent to the compound word which are of a certain character class such as <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>, inter-character spacing between base characters in the kanji compound word and that between the kanji compound word and the adjacent characters, should not be expanded.</p>
			
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>When a base character is accompanied by three or more ruby characters, decide the positioning of the ruby characters in the following order.</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>Let a run of ruby text for a given base character overhang either or both of the adjacent base characters up to a maximum of one em in the ruby character size. The first choice should be the succeeding base character. For example, suppose we have a kanji compound word consisting of three ideographic characters, each of which is accompanied by three, two and one ruby characters respectively. In this case, let the third character for the first base character overhang the second base character, by letting the second ruby character for the second base character overhang the third base character (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-2-en">Fig. F.2</a>). In cases where there is no possible arrangement of ruby characters that follows the first choice, let them overhang the preceding base characters as in the following illustrations. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-3-en">Fig. F.3</a> shows examples where the succeeding base characters overhang, while <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-4-en">Fig. F.4</a> are examples where the preceding base characters overhang since there is no arrangement of ruby characters to take the succeeding ones.</p>
				
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-2-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_2.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 2." width="131" height="109" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.2: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 2.</span></div></div></div></div>
					
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-3-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_3.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 3 (ruby characters to overhang the succeeding base characters)." width="325" height="231" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.3: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 3 (ruby characters to overhang the succeeding base characters).</span></div></div></div></div>
					
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-4-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_4.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 4 (ruby characters to overhang the preceding base characters)." width="325" height="231" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.4: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 4 (ruby characters to overhang the preceding base characters).</span></div></div></div></div>
					
				</li>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>When there is no possible arrangement of ruby characters even by allowing them to overhang the base characters participating to the same kanji compound word, at maximum by one em in ruby character size, then look at the adjacent characters in the main text surrounding the kanji compound word if they are of such character classes which ruby characters are allowed to overhang as in <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a>. If they are, allow ruby characters to overhang these characters. The same principle applies here as to the choice of the adjacent (base or non-base) character to be the succeeding one in priority. For example, suppose we have a kanji compound word consisting of two ideographic characters, each of which is accompanied by three and two ruby characters respectively. In this case, let the third ruby character for the first base character overhang the second base character, by letting the second ruby character for the second base character overhang the succeeding non-base character of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-15">hiragana (cl-15)</a> class or the like (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-5-en">Fig. F.5</a>). The following are some examples. <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-6-en">Fig. F.6</a> shows examples of ruby characters that overhang the succeeding non-base characters and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-7-en">Fig. F.7</a> are examples of ruby characters that overhang the preceding non-base characters since there is no possible arrangement to allow ruby characters to take the succeeding ones. The last illustration shows examples of ruby characters that overhang both of the non-base characters adjacent to the kanji compound word (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-8-en">Fig. F.8</a>).</p>
				
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-5-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_5.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 5." width="130" height="144" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.5: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 5.</span></div></div></div></div>
					
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-6-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_6.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 6 (examples of ruby characters to overhang the succeeding non-base characters)." width="393" height="373" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.6: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 6 (examples of ruby characters to overhang the succeeding non-base characters).</span></div></div></div></div>
					
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-7-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_7.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 7 (examples of ruby characters to overhang the preceding non-base characters)." width="125" height="181" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.7: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 7 (examples of ruby characters to overhang the preceding non-base characters).</span></div></div></div></div>
					
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-8-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_8.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 8 (examples of ruby characters to overhang both of non-base characters)." width="325" height="373" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.8: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 8 (examples of ruby characters to overhang both of non-base characters).</span></div></div></div></div>
					
				</li>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>If the succeeding character in the main text adjacent to the kanji compound word accompanied by ruby characters is of a character class which does not allow ruby to overhang, as with <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a>, then look at the preceding character and allow ruby to overhang the character if it is of a character class that allows it. If the examples shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-5-en">Fig. F.5</a> or <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-6-en">Fig. F.6</a> had <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> next to the kanji compound word accompanied by ruby characters, let ruby characters  overhang the preceding character in all cases but two examples with "居候" and "古代紫" (see <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-9-en">Fig. F.9</a>).</p>
				
					
					
					<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-9-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_9.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution 9 (examples of ruby characters to overhang the preceding non-base characters)." width="325" height="373" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.9: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution 9 (examples of ruby characters to overhang the preceding non-base characters).</span></div></div></div></div>
					
				</li>
				<li>
				
					
					<p>When both of the preceding and succeeding characters adjacent to the kanji compound word accompanied by ruby characters are of character classes which do not allow ruby to overhang, or there are too many ruby characters and it is impossible to fit them in using the approaches described above, the last thing to consider is to fit them in by expanding the inter-character spacing of the kanji compound word. There could be various methods, depending on what priorities are chosen, and in fact many different ways have been adopted. The following section will explain one of these methods.</p>
				
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			</ol>
			
				
				<p>To sum up the aforementioned, first try to let ruby characters overhang other base characters associated with the same kanji compound word, then look for adjacent non-base characters to see if they allow ruby to overhang. Finally when both approaches still cannot settle the positioning of the ruby characters, combine the method of expanding inter-character spacing of the compound word with the previous two.</p>
			
		</div>
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="principles_of_jukugoruby_distribution_with_intercharacter_space_expansion">F.3 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app6_3">Principles of Jukugo-Ruby Distribution with Inter-Character Space Expansion</span></span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>Principles for a method of jukugo-ruby distribution which allows inter-character spacing to expand, are as follows.</p>
			
			<ol>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>Try first to let ruby characters overhang other base characters associated with the same kanji compound word. If ruby still does not fit, then look for adjacent non-base characters that allow ruby to overhang. Lastly when both approaches still cannot settle the positioning of the ruby characters, combine the method of expanding inter-character spacing of the compound word with the previous two.</p>
			
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>Inter-character spacing can be expanded only for those base characters which are accompanied by more than two ruby characters.</p>
			
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>The total amount of inter-character spacing should be determined as follows.</p>
			
			
				
				<p>Total inter-character space = (the sum of the length of those ruby characters forced out from the corresponding base character) - (the sum of the length of those ruby characters which overhang other base characters) - (the sum of the length of those ruby characters which overhang other non-base characters).</p>
			
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>Distribute the amount of space across those base characters accompanied by more than two ruby characters in accordance with the number of ruby characters (or the length of ruby characters when set solid).</p>
			
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>For each base character, expand the preceding and succeeding inter-character space equally by  half of the assigned space. Note that, depending on the position of the base character, it could be the expansion of inter-character spacing between two base characters, or it could be the expansion between the base character and a non-base character.</p>
			
			</li>
				<li>
			
				
				<p>In a special case where a jukugo-ruby character complex is at the line-head and the base character and the ruby character at the line-head are supposed to be aligned, expand only the succeeding inter-character space of the base character by all of the assigned space. Similarly, when a jukugo-ruby character complex is at the line-end and the base character and the ruby character at the line-end are supposed to be aligned, expand the preceding inter-character space of the base character by all of the assigned space.</p>
			
			</li>
			</ol>
		</div>
		<div class="div2">
			
				
				<h3 id="examples_of_jukugoruby_distribution_with_intercharacter_space_expansion">F.4 <span class="heading"><span class="index" id="en-app6_4">Examples of Jukugo-Ruby Distribution with Inter-Character Space Expansion</span></span></h3>
			
			
				
				<p>The following are examples of jukugo-ruby distribution in accordance with the principles mentioned in the previous section.</p>
			
			
				
				<p>The jukugo-ruby shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-10-en">Fig. F.10</a> requires expansion of inter-character spacing by one ruby character. Expand the preceding and succeeding inter-character spacing for the base character "峻" accompanied by three ruby characters by a quarter em each in base character size.</p>
			
			
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-10-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_10.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 1." width="171" height="162" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.10: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 1.</span></div></div></div></div>
			
			
				
				<p>The jukugo-ruby shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-11-en">Fig. F.11</a> requires expansion of inter-character spacing by one ruby character. Expand the preceding and the succeeding inter-character spacing for the base character "候" accompanied by four ruby characters by a quarter em each in base character size.</p>
			
			
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-11-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_11.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 2." width="171" height="162" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.11: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 2.</span></div></div></div></div>
			
			
				
				<p id="en-app6_5"><a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-12-en">Fig. F.12</a> are examples with the same jukugo-ruby as in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-10-en">Fig. F.10</a> and <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-11-en">Fig. F.11</a> except their positions in the lines are at the line-head or at the line-end, where the base character and the ruby character at the line-head or at the line-end are both aligned.</p>
			
			
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-12-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_12.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 3 (examples at the line-head and at the line-end)." width="454" height="295" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.12: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 3 (examples at the line-head and at the line-end).</span></div></div></div></div>
			
			
				
				<p>Examples shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-13-en">Fig. F.13</a> are those with two base characters accompanied by six ruby characters. Distribution of ruby varies depending on the position of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> and whether it is adjacent to the  kanji compound word.</p>
			
			
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-13-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_13.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 4." width="364" height="551" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.13: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 4.</span></div></div></div></div>
			
			
				
				<p>Examples shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-14-en">Fig. F.14</a> are those with three base characters accompanied by eight ruby characters. Distribution of ruby varies depending on the position of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> and whether it is adjacent to the  kanji compound word.</p>
			
			
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-14-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_14.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 5." width="364" height="217" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.14: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 5.</span></div></div></div></div>
			
			
				
				<p>Examples shown in <a class="figure_ref" href="#fig_a6-15-en">Fig. F.15</a> are those with three base characters accompanied by nine ruby characters. Distribution of ruby varies depending on the position of <a class="characterClass" href="#cl-19">ideographic characters (cl-19)</a> and whether it is adjacent to the  kanji compound word.</p>
			
			
				
				<div class="figure" id="fig_a6-15-en"><div class="figure-float"><div><img src="Images-en/img_a6_15.png" alt="Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 6." width="364" height="475" /><div class="figureCaption">Fig. F.15: <span class="caption-body">Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 6.</span></div></div></div></div>
			
		</div>
	</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_7">

    
    <h2 id="terminology">Appendix G <span class="heading"><span id="en-termlist">Terminology</span></span></h2>



<p>The definitions with (JIS Z 8125) and (JIS X 4051) at the end are those adopted for the corresponding terms by JIS Z 8125 ("Graphic arts - Glossary - Digital printing terms") and JIS X 4051 ("Formatting rules for Japanese documents") respectively.</p>






<table class="termlist"><thead>
<tr><th>Terminology</th><th>Japanese</th><th>Romanized transliteration</th><th>Definition</th></tr>
</thead><tbody><tr id="term.back-matter"><td>back matter</td><td>後付</td><td>atozuke</td>
<td>Appendices, supplements, glossary of terms, index and/or bibliography,  and so on, appended at the end of a book.</td></tr><tr id="term.base-characters"><td>base character</td><td>親文字</td><td>oya moji</td><td>A character to be annotated by ruby, ornament characters, or emphasis dots.</td></tr><tr id="term.base-line"><td>base line</td><td>並び線</td><td>narabi sen</td><td>A virtual line on which almost all glyphs in Western fonts are designed to be aligned. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.bibliography"><td>bibliography</td><td>参考文献</td><td>sankō bunken</td><td>A list of works and papers related to the subjects in the text. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.blank-page"><td>blank page</td><td>白ページ</td><td>shiro pēji</td><td>An empty page.</td></tr><tr id="term.bleed"><td>bleed</td><td>裁切り</td><td>tachikiri</td><td>To print a picture or a tint to run off the edge of a trimmed page. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.block-direction"><td>block direction</td><td>行送り方向</td><td>gyō okuri hōkō</td><td>The direction lines progress, one after the other. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.block-heading"><td>block heading</td><td>別行見出し</td><td>betsugyōmidashi</td><td>A kind of heading styles. The heading is set as an independent line from basic text. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.bold"><td>bold</td><td>太字</td><td>futoji</td><td>A kind of font style. Similer to bold in western typograpy.</td></tr><tr id="term.bound-on-the-left-hand-side"><td>bound on the left-hand side</td><td>左綴じ</td><td>hidari toji</td><td>Binding of a book to be opened from the left.</td></tr><tr id="term.bound-on-the-right-hand-side"><td>bound on the right-hand side</td><td>右綴じ</td><td>migi toji</td><td>Binding of a book to be opened from the right.</td></tr><tr id="term.bousen"><td>bousen (sideline)</td><td>傍線</td><td>bōsen</td><td>A line drawn by the left or right side of a character or a run of text in vertical writing mode. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.break"><td>break (a line)</td><td>（2行に）分割</td><td>bunkatsu</td>
<td>To place the first of two adjacent characters at the end of a line and the second at the head of a new line.</td></tr><tr id="term.caption"><td>caption</td><td>キャプション</td><td>kyapushon</td>
<td>A title or a short description accompanying a picture, an illustration, or a table. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.cell"><td>cell</td><td>こま</td><td>koma</td><td>Each element area of tables, cell.</td></tr><tr id="term.cell-contents"><td>cell contents</td><td>こま内容</td><td>komanaiyō</td><td>The content of each cell in tables. (JIS X 4051)</td></tr><tr id="term.cell-padding"><td>cell padding</td><td>こま余白</td><td>komayohaku</td><td>Spaces between line and cell in tables. (JIS X 4051)</td></tr><tr id="term.centering"><td>centering</td><td>中央そろえ</td><td>chūō soroe</td><td>To align the center of a run of text that is shorter than a given line length to the center of a line. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.character-advance"><td>character advance</td><td>字幅</td><td>jihaba</td>
	<td>Size of a character frame in the inline direction, generally indicated as a ratio of the size of a full-width character, as in full-width, half-width, or quarter em width. Character advance is the width of a given character in horizontal writing-mode, while it is the height in vertical writing-mode.</td></tr><tr id="term.character-frame"><td>character frame</td><td>（文字の）外枠</td><td>sotowaku</td><td>Rectangular area occupied by a character when it is set solid.</td></tr><tr id="term.character-shape">
	<td>character shape</td><td>字形</td><td>jikei</td><td>Incarnation of a character by handwriting, printing or rendering to a computer screen. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.character-size"><td>character size</td><td>文字サイズ</td><td>moji saizu</td><td>Dimensions of a character. Unless otherwise noted, it refers to the size of a character frame in the block direction.</td></tr><tr id="term.characters-not-ending-line"><td>characters not ending line</td><td>行末禁則文字</td><td>gyōmatsu kinsoku moji</td><td>Any character for which "line-end prohibition rule" is invoked. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.characters-not-starting-line"><td>characters not starting line</td><td>行頭禁則文字</td><td>gyōtō kinsoku moji</td><td>Any character for which "line-start prohibition rule" is invoked. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.chronological-history"><td>chronological history</td><td>年譜</td><td>nenpu</td><td>Chronological tabels about the histories of persons or organizations.</td></tr><tr id="term.chronological-table"><td>chronological table</td><td>年表</td><td>nenpyō</td><td>Chronologocal tables about histrical incidents. There are special types of chronological tables besides general ones, focused to specific view points and aspects.</td></tr><tr id="term.chu-boso-kei"><td>chu-boso-kei</td><td>中細罫</td><td>chūbosokei</td><td>Middle width line, usually about 0.25mm.</td></tr><tr id="term.column"><td>column</td><td>段</td><td>dan</td><td>A partition on a page in multi-column format. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.column-gap"><td>column gap</td><td>段間</td><td>dankan</td><td>Amount of space between columns on a page. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.column-spanning"><td>column spanning</td><td>段抜き</td><td>dannuki</td><td>A setting style of illustrations, tables, etc., over hanging to multiple columns. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.column-spanning-heading"><td>column spanning heading</td><td>段抜きの見出し</td><td>dannuki no midashi</td><td>Headings using multiple columns.</td></tr><tr id="term.composition"><td>composition</td><td>組版</td><td>kumihan</td><td>Process of arrangement of text, figures and/or pictures, etc on a page in a desired layout (design) in preparation for printing.</td></tr><tr id="term.compound-word">
	<td>compound word (jukugo)</td><td>熟語</td><td>jukugo</td>
	<td>A combination of two or more kanji characters which makes one word.</td></tr><tr id="term.continuous-pagination"><td>continuous pagination</td><td>通しノンブル</td><td>tōshi nonburu</td><td><div>a) To number the pages of a book continuously across all those in the front matter, the text and the back matter.</div><div>b) To number the pages continuously across those of all books, such as a series published in separate volumes. Also to number the pages continuously across those of all issues of a periodical published in a year, aside from pagination per issue.</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.drop-heading"><td>cut-in heading</td><td>窓見出し</td><td>madomidashi</td><td>A style of headings. Headings do not occupy the full lines, but share lines area with following main text lines.</td></tr><tr id="term.descender-line">
	<td>descender line</td><td>ディセンダライン</td><td>disenda rain</td>
	<td>A descender is the part of a letter extending below the base line, as in 'g', 'j', 'p', 'q', or 'y'.  A descender line is a virtual line drawn at the bottom of descender parallel to base line.</td></tr><tr id="term.double-running-head-method"><td>double running head method</td><td>両柱方式</td><td>ryōbashira hōshiki</td>
	<td>A method that prints running heads on both even and odd pages. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.emphasis-dots"><td>emphasis dots</td><td>圏点</td><td>kenten</td>
	<td>Symbols attached alongside a run of base characters to emphasize them. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.endnote"><td>endnote</td><td>後注</td><td>kōchū</td><td>A set of notes placed at the end of a part, chapter, section, paragraph and so on, or at the end of a book. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.european-numerals"><td>European numerals</td><td>アラビア数字</td><td>arabia sūji</td><td>Any of the symbols in [0-9] used to represent numbers. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.even-inter-character-spacing"><td>even inter-character spacing</td><td>均等割り</td><td>kintō wari</td><td>A text setting with uniform inter-character spacing per line so that each line is aligned on the same line-head and line-end. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.even-tsumegumi"><td>even tsumegumi</td><td>均等詰め</td><td>kintō zume</td><td>Adjustment of inter-character space by subtracting the same amount of space. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.face-tsumegumi"><td>face tsumegumi</td><td>字面詰め</td><td>jizura zume</td>
	<td>Adjustment of inter-character space by subtracting space to the extent that two letter faces are placed adjacent. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.fixed-inter-character-spacing"><td>fixed inter-character spacing</td><td>アキ組</td><td>aki gumi</td><td>A text setting with a uniform inter-character spacing. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.fixed-width"><td>fixed-width</td><td>モノスペース</td><td>monosupēsu</td><td>A characteristic of a font where the same character advance is assigned for all glyphs. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.font"><td>font</td><td>フォント</td><td>fonto</td><td>A set of character glyphs of a given typeface. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.foot"><td>foot</td><td>地</td><td>chi</td><td><div>a) The bottom part of a book or a page.</div><div>b) The bottom margin between the edge of a trimmed page and the hanmen (text area)</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.footnote"><td>footnote</td><td>脚注</td><td>kyakuchū</td><td>A note in a smaller face than that of main text, placed at the bottom of a page. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.fore-edge"><td>fore-edge</td><td>小口</td><td>koguchi</td><td><div>a) The three front trimmed edges of pages in a book.</div><div>b) The opposite sides of the gutter in a book.</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.front-matter"><td>front matter</td><td>前付</td><td>maezuke</td><td>The first part of a book followed by the text, usually consisting of a forward, preface, table of contents, list of illustrations, acknowledgement and so on. </td></tr><tr id="term.full-width"><td>full-width</td><td>全角</td><td>zenkaku</td><td><div>a) Relative index for the length which is equal to a given character size.</div><div>
	b) Character frame which character advance is equal to the amount referred to as a). A full-width character frame is  square in shape by definition.</div></td></tr><tr id="term.furigana"><td>furigana</td><td>振り仮名</td><td>furigana</td>
	<td>A method of ruby annotation using kana characters to indicate how to read kanji characters. This term derives from a Japanese verb "furu (to attach alongside)" and "kana", and has been used synonymously with "ruby". This document prefers to use the term "ruby".</td></tr><tr id="term.furikanji"><td>furikanji</td><td>振り漢字</td><td>furikanji</td>
	<td>A method of ruby annotation using Kanji characters for ruby instead of kana characters.</td></tr><tr id="term.furiwake"><td>furiwake</td><td>振分け</td><td>furiwake</td><td>A method of placing multiple runs of text in a line. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.general-ruby"><td>general-ruby</td><td>総ルビ</td><td>sō rubi</td>
	<td>A method of ruby annotation that attaches ruby text for all Kanji characters in the text. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.group-ruby"><td>group-ruby</td><td>グループルビ</td><td>gurūpu rubi</td>
	<td>A method of ruby character distribution such that the length of ruby text matches to that of the base text by giving the same adjusted amount of space between ruby characters.</td></tr><tr id="term.gutter"><td>gutter</td><td>のど</td><td>nodo</td><td><div>a) The binding side of a spread of a book.</div><div>b) the margin between the binding edge of a book and the hanmen (text area).</div><div>c) The part of a book where all pages are bound together to the book spine.</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.gyodori"><td>gyodori</td><td>行取り</td><td>gyōdori</td><td>To keep block direction area for headings and so on, along with line units in kihon-hanmen. The width of the gyodori space is calculated with following fomula: line width × number of lines + line gap × (number of lines − 1). However, deceptively, in middle of page or column, the line gaps before and after seem to be added to the gyodori space, and in the start of page or column, the line gap after seems to be added to the gyodori space.</td></tr><tr id="term.half-em"><td>half em</td><td>二分</td><td>nibu</td><td>Half of the full-width size. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.half-em-space"><td>half em space</td><td>二分アキ</td><td>nibu aki</td><td>Amount of space that is half size of em space.</td></tr><tr id="term.half-width"><td>half-width</td><td>半角</td><td>hankaku</td>
	<td>Character frame which has a character advance of a half em.</td></tr><tr id="term.han-tobira"><td>han-tobira</td><td>半扉</td><td>hantobira</td>
	<td>A simplified version of naka-tobira, the verso side of which text of the new part starts. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.hanmen"><td>hanmen (page content area)</td><td>版面</td><td>hanmen</td>
	<td>Actual printed area in a page excluding the margins. (note: Running heads and page numbers are not part of hanmen.) (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.head"><td>head</td><td>天</td><td>ten</td><td><div>a) The top part of a book or a page.</div><div>b) The top margin between the top edge of a trimmed page and the hanmen (text area)</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.heading"><td>heading</td><td>見出し</td><td>midashi</td><td><div>a) A title of a paper or an article.</div><div>b) A title for each section of a book, paper or article.</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.headnote"><td>headnote</td><td>頭注</td><td>tōchū</td><td>A kind of notes in vertical writing style, head area in kihon-hanmen is kept beforehand, and notes are set with smaller size font than main text.</td></tr><tr id="term.horizontal-writing-mode"><td>horizontal writing mode</td><td>横組</td><td>yokogumi</td>
	<td>The process or the result of arranging characters on a line from left to right, of lines on a page from top to bottom, and/or of columns on a page from left to right. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.hyphenation"><td>hyphenation</td><td>ハイフネーション</td><td>haifunēshon</td>
	<td>A method of breaking a line by dividing a Western word at the end of a line and adding a hyphen  at the end of the first half of the syllable. </td></tr><tr id="term.ideographic-numerals"><td>ideographic numerals</td><td>漢数字</td><td>kansūji</td>
	<td>Ideographic characters representing numbers.</td></tr><tr id="term.illustrations"><td>illustrations</td><td>図版</td><td>zuhan</td><td>A general term referring to a diagram, chart, cut, figure, picture and the like, to be used for printed materials.</td></tr><tr id="term.independent-pagination"><td>independent pagination</td><td>別ノンブル</td><td>betsu nonburu</td><td>To number the pages of the front matter, the text and the back matter independently. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.index"><td>index</td><td>索引</td><td>sakuin</td>
	<td>A list of terms or subjects with page numbers for where they are referred to in a single or multiple volumes of a book. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.inline-direction"><td>inline direction</td><td>字詰め方向</td><td>jizume hōkō</td><td>Text direction in a line. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.inseparable-characters-rule"><td>inseparable characters rule</td><td>分離禁止</td><td>bunri kinshi</td>
	<td>A line adjustment rule that prohibits inserting any space between specific combinations of characters. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.inter-character-space"><td>inter-character space</td><td>字間</td><td>jikan</td><td>Amount of space between two adjacent character frames on the same line.</td></tr><tr id="term.itemization"><td>itemization</td><td>箇条書き</td><td>kajō gaki</td><td>To list ordered or unordered items one under the other. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.japanese-and-western-mixed-text-composition"><td>Japanese and Western mixed text composition</td><td>和欧文混植</td><td>waō konshoku</td><td>To mix Japanese text and Western text in the same composition.</td></tr><tr id="term.japanese-characters">
	<td>Japanese characters</td><td>和文文字</td><td>wabun moji</td><td>Characters used to compose Japanese text.</td></tr><tr id="term.japanese-gothic-face"><td>Japanese gothic face</td><td>ゴシック体</td><td>goshikku tai</td>
	<td>A Japanese typeface, with strokes almost the same in thickness, and no special ornament on a stroke such as a triangular element commonly seen in the Mincho typeface. Used for text emphasis and/or headings.</td></tr><tr id="term.jidori"><td>jidori</td><td>字取り</td><td>jidori</td><td>A method of aligning a run of text to both edges which is specified by a position to start and the length calculated by a specified number of a given size of characters. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.jouyou-kanji-table"><td>Jouyou Kanji Table</td><td>常用漢字表</td><td>jōyō kanji hyō</td><td>The official list of Kanji characters "for general use in society. such as in legal and official documents, newspapers, magazines, broadcasting and the like". It was established in 1981 as a reference guide for people in composing contemporary Japanese. It listed 1,945 of Kanji characters together with their orthographic shapes, Japanese native reading (Kun), Chinese derived reading (On) and other useful information.</td></tr><tr id="term.jukugo-ruby"><td>jukugo-ruby</td><td>熟語ルビ</td><td>jukugo rubi</td><td>A method of ruby character distribution determined by two functions, one is to provide reading for each Kanji character, the other is to give a united appearance attached to a word.</td></tr><tr id="term.kabe"><td>kabe</td><td>かべ</td><td>kabe</td><td>Main text is bounced before the dannuki headings, illustrations, tables, etc., like balls and walls.</td></tr><tr id="term.kanbun-composition"><td>kanbun composition</td><td>漢文</td><td>kanbun</td><td>Chinese classic text (or  text in the same style) with various auxiliary symbols so that it can be read as Japanese text.</td></tr><tr id="term.katatsuki"><td>katatsuki (katatsuki-ruby)</td><td>肩付き（肩付きルビ）</td><td>katatsuki (katatsuki rubi)</td><td>A method of attaching ruby at the upper right of each base character. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.kihon-hanmen"><td>kihon-hanmen</td><td>基本版面</td><td>kihon hanmen</td><td>The default dimensions of the main area of a typeset page specified by text direction, number of columns, character size, number of characters in a line, number of lines in a column, inter-line spacing and inter-column spacing. (JIS X 4051)</td></tr><tr id="term.label-name"><td>label name</td><td>ラベル名</td><td>raberumei</td><td>Text following or followed by numbers for illustrations, tables, headings and running headings. (JIS X 4051)</td></tr><tr id="term.letter-face"><td>letter face</td><td>字面</td><td>jizura</td><td>Area in which glyph is drawn. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.letterpress-printing"><td>letterpress printing</td><td>活字組版</td><td>katsuji kumihan</td><td>The traditional printing method using movable type.</td></tr><tr id="term.line-adjustment"><td>line adjustment</td><td>行の調整処理</td><td>gyō no chōsei shori</td><td>A method of aligning both edges of all lines to be the same given length by removing or adding adjustable spaces.</td></tr><tr id="term.line-adjustment-by-hanging-punctuation"><td>line adjustment by hanging punctuation</td><td>ぶら下げ組</td><td>burasage gumi</td><td>A line breaking rule to avoid commas or full stops at a line head (which is prohibited in Japanese typography) by taking them back to the end of the previous line beyond the specified line length. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-expansion"><td>line adjustment by inter-character space expansion</td><td>追出し処理</td><td>oidashi shori</td>
<td>A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by expanding inter-character spaces. (JIS Z 8125).</td></tr><tr id="term.line-adjustment-by-inter-character-space-reduction"><td>line adjustment by inter-character space reduction</td><td>追込み処理</td><td>oikomi shori</td>
<td>A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by removing adjustable spaces such as conditional spaces for punctuation marks. (JIS Z 8125).</td></tr><tr id="term.line-breaking-rules"><td>line breaking rules</td><td>禁則処理</td><td>kinsoku shori</td><td>A set of rules to avoid prohibited layout in Japanese typography, such as "line-start prohibition rule", "line-end prohibition rule", inseparable or unbreakable character sequences and so on. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-end"><td>line end</td><td>行末</td><td>gyōmatsu</td>
	<td>The position at which a line ends. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-end-alignment"><td>line end alignment</td><td>行末そろえ</td><td>gyōmatsu soroe</td><td>To align a run of text to the line end. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-end-indent"><td>line end indent</td><td>字上げ</td><td>jiage</td><td>To reserve a certain amount of space before the default position of a line end. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-feed"><td>line feed</td><td>行送り</td><td>gyō okuri</td>
	<td>The distance between two adjacent lines measured by their reference points. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-gap"><td>line gap</td><td>行間</td><td>gyōkan</td><td>The smallest amount of space between adjacent lines.</td></tr><tr id="term.line-head"><td>line head</td><td>行頭</td><td>gyōtō</td>
	<td>The  position at which a line starts. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-head-alignment"><td>line head alignment</td><td>行頭そろえ</td><td>gyōtō soroe</td><td>To align a run of text to the line head. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-head-indent"><td>line head indent</td><td>字下げ</td><td>jisage</td><td>To reserve a certain amount of space after the default position of a line head. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-length"><td>line length</td><td>行長</td><td>gyōchō</td>
<td>Length of a line with a pre-defined number of characters. When the line is indented at the line head or the line end, it is length of the line from the specified amount of line head indent to the specified amount of line end indent.</td></tr><tr id="term.line-end-prohibition-rule"><td>line-end prohibition rule</td><td>行末禁則</td><td>gyōmatsu kinsoku</td>
	<td>A line breaking rule that prohibits specific characters at a line end. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.line-start-prohibition-rule"><td>line-start prohibition rule</td><td>行頭禁則</td><td>gyōtō kinsoku</td>
	<td>A line breaking rule that prohibits specific characters at a line head. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.main-text">
	<td>main text</td><td>本文</td><td>honbun</td><td><div>a) The principal part of  a book, usually preceded by the front matter, followed by the back matter.</div><div>b) The principal part of an article excluding figures, tables, heading, notes, leads and so on.</div><div>c) The content of a page excluding running heads and page numbers.</div><div>d) The net contents of a book excluding covers, end papers, insets and so on.</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.matrix"><td>matrix</td><td>母型</td><td>bokei</td><td>A metal mold from which movable type is cast.</td></tr><tr id="term.mawarikomi"><td>mawarikomi</td><td>回り込み</td><td>mawarikomi</td>
<td>Text setting style to fill the left line direction space, which is happen to appear because of the arragnement of illustrations, tables, etc. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.mincho-typeface"><td>Mincho typeface</td><td>明朝体</td><td>minchōtai</td><td>A major style of Japanese font. Horizontal lines are thin and vertical lines are thick. At the start position and the end position, there are triangular figure representing press of brush. Kana are designed to balance the Kanji design. In Japanese text setting, Mincho typeface is most frequently used for main text, especially for long text.
Similar to "serif" of Western typography.</td></tr><tr id="term.mixed-text-composition"><td>mixed text composition</td><td>混植</td><td>konshoku</td><td><div>a) To interleave Japanese text with Western text in a line (Japanese and Western mixed text composition).</div><div>
	b) To compose text with different sizes of characters (mixed size composition).</div><div>
	c) To compose text with different typefaces (mixed typeface composition).</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.mono-ruby"><td>mono-ruby</td><td>モノルビ</td><td>mono rubi</td>
	<td>A method of ruby distribution where a run of ruby text is attached to each base character. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.multi-column-format"><td>multi-column format</td><td>段組</td><td>dangumi</td>
	<td>A format of text on a page where  text is divided into two or more sections (columns) in the inline direction and each column is separated by a certain amount of space (column space). (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.multivolume-work"><td>multivolume work</td><td>多巻物</td><td>takanmono</td><td>A set of work published in two or more volumes, as in the complete work or the first/last half volumes.</td></tr><tr id="term.naka-tobira"><td>naka-tobira</td><td>中扉</td><td>naka tobira</td><td>A recto or a page inserted to divide two different parts in a book. It often has a title or other text to describe the new part. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.nakatsuki"><td>nakatsuki (nakatsuki-ruby)</td><td>中付き（中付きルビ）</td><td>nakatsuki (nakatsuki rubi)</td>
	<td>A method of ruby character distribution where each ruby character is aligned to the vertical center of the corresponding base character in vertical writing mode, or to the horizontal center of the base character in horizontal writing mode. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.new-column"><td>new column</td><td>改段</td><td>kaidan</td><td>In multi-column setting, to change to new column before the end of current column.</td></tr><tr id="term.new-recto"><td>new recto</td><td>改丁</td><td>kaichō</td><td>To start a new heading or something on a odd page. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.note"><td>note</td><td>注</td><td>chū</td><td>Explanatory information added to terms, figures or tables. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.number-of-characters-per-line"><td>number of characters per line</td><td>字詰め</td><td>jizume</td><td>Number of characters in a line to specify the length of lines. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.number-of-columns"><td>number of columns</td><td>段数</td><td>dansū</td><td>Number of columns on a page. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.omote-kei"><td>omote-kei</td><td>表罫</td><td>omotekei</td><td>Thin width line. Usually about 0.12mm. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.one-em-space"><td>one em space</td><td>全角アキ</td><td>zenkaku aki</td><td>Amount of space that is full-width size.</td></tr><tr id="term.one-third-em"><td>one third em</td><td>三分</td><td>sanbu</td><td>One third of the full-width size. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.one-third-em-space"><td>one third em space</td><td>三分アキ</td><td>sanbu aki</td><td>Amount of space that is one third size of em space.</td></tr><tr id="term.one-third-ruby"><td>one-third-ruby</td><td>三分ルビ</td><td>sanbu rubi</td>
	<td>Ruby characters, narrow enough so that three can fit within the width of a full-width base character.</td></tr><tr id="term.original-pattern"><td>original pattern</td><td>原図</td><td>genzu</td><td>An original drawn pattern of a character image to be used for a printing type or a digitized glyph.</td></tr><tr id="term.ornament-characters"><td>ornament characters</td><td>添え字</td><td>soeji</td>
	<td>A superscript or subscript attached to a base character. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.page"><td>page</td><td>ページ</td><td>pēji</td><td>A side of a sheet of paper in a written work such as a book. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.page-break"><td>page break</td><td>改ページ</td><td>kai pēji</td><td>To end a page even if it is not full and to start a new page with the next paragraph, a new heading and so on. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.page-format"><td>page format</td><td>組体裁</td><td>kumi teisai</td><td>The layout and presentation of a page with text, graphics and other elements for a publication such as a book.</td></tr><tr id="term.page-number"><td>page number</td><td>ノンブル</td><td>nonburu</td><td>A sequential number to indicate the order of pages in a publication. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.para-ruby"><td>para-ruby</td><td>パラルビ</td><td>para rubi</td>
	<td>A method of ruby annotation where ruby text is only attached to selected Kanji characters in the text. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.paragraph"><td>paragraph</td><td>段落</td><td>danraku</td>
	<td>A group of sentences to be processed for line composition. A paragraph consists of one or more lines. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.paragraph-break"><td>paragraph break</td><td>改行</td><td>kaigyō</td><td>To start a new line to indicate a new paragraph.</td></tr><tr id="term.paragraph-format"><td>paragraph format</td><td>段落整形</td><td>danraku seikei</td><td>A format of a paragraph, as in line head indent or line end indent.</td></tr><tr id="term.parallel-note"><td>parallel-note</td><td>並列注</td><td>heiretsuchū</td><td>Areas of notes are kept when the kihon-hanmen is designed. Related notes are set in these areas, with page unit or spread unit. Parallel-note is the general name for head note (in vertical writing mode), foot note (in vertical writing mode) and side note (in horizontal writing mode).</td></tr><tr id="term.point"><td>point</td><td>ポイント</td><td>pointo</td>
	<td>A measurement unit of character size. 1 point is equal to 0.3514mm (see JIS Z 8305). There is another unit to measure character sizes called Q, where 1Q is equivalent to 0.25mm.</td></tr><tr id="term.printing-types"><td>printing types</td><td>活字</td><td>katsuji</td><td>Movable type used for letterpress printing.</td></tr><tr id="term.proportional">
	<td>proportional</td><td>プロポーショナル</td><td>puropōshonaru</td>
	<td>A characteristic of a font where  character advance is different per glyph. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.punctuation-marks"><td>punctuation marks</td><td>約物</td><td>yakumono</td>
	<td>A general term referring to the symbols used in text composition to help make the meaning of text clearer, as in commas, full stops, question marks, brackets, diereses and so on. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.quarter-em"><td>quarter em</td><td>四分</td><td>shibu</td><td>Quarter size of full-width.</td></tr><tr id="term.quarter-em-space"><td>quarter em space</td><td>四分アキ</td><td>shibu aki</td>
	<td>Amount of space that is a quarter of an em space in size.</td></tr><tr id="term.quarter-em-width"><td>quarter em width</td><td>四分角</td><td>shibu kaku</td>
	<td>Character frame which has a character advance  of a quarter em. (JIS X 4051)</td></tr><tr id="term.quotation"><td>quotation</td><td>引用文</td><td>in-yōbun</td><td>Excerps from other published works. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.reference-marks"><td>reference marks</td><td>合印</td><td>aijirushi</td><td>A symbol or short run of text attached to a specific part of text, to which notes are provided followed by the corresponding marks.</td></tr><tr id="term.reverse-pagination"><td>reverse pagination</td><td>逆ノンブル</td><td>gyaku nonburu</td><td>Numbering pages of a book backwards. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.roman-numerals"><td>Roman numerals</td><td>ローマ数字</td><td>rōma sūji</td><td>Numerals represented by upper case or lower case of Latin letters. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.ruby"><td>ruby</td><td>ルビ</td><td>rubi</td><td>Supplementary small characters indicating pronunciation, meaning, etc. for the character or the block of characters they annotate. (JIS Z 8125) (Sometimes these annotations are referred to as "furigana".)</td></tr><tr id="term.run-in-heading"><td>run-in heading</td><td>同行見出し</td><td>dōgyōmidashi</td><td>A kind of heading style to continue main text just after the heading without line break.</td></tr><tr id="term.running-head"><td>running head</td><td>柱</td><td>hashira</td>
	<td>A page element which contains information on the title of the book, chapter, section and so on, printed outside the area of the hanmen. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.second-level-heading"><td>second level heading</td><td>中見出し</td><td>nakamidashi</td><td>Second level and middle size heading between first level heading and third level heading. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.sidenote"><td>sidenote</td><td>傍注</td><td>bōchū</td><td>A kind of notes, in vertical writing mode with spread unit, and related notes are set from the left end of left page with smaller size font than the main text. A kind of notes, in horizontal writing mode, the realm is kept beforhand in right side or fore-edge side of kihon-hanmen, and related notes are set in the realm with smaller size font than main text.</td></tr><tr id="term.single-line-alignment-method"><td>single line alignment method</td><td>そろえ</td><td>soroe</td><td>To align a run of text that is shorter than a given line length to designated positions.</td></tr><tr id="term.single-running-head-method"><td>single running head method</td><td>片柱方式</td><td>katabashira hōshiki</td>
	<td>A method that puts running heads only on odd pages. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.small-kana"><td>small kana</td><td>小書きの仮名</td><td>kogaki no kana</td>
	<td>Kana with smaller letter faces to be used mainly for representing contracted sounds or prolonged vowels. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.solid-setting"><td>solid setting</td><td>ベタ組</td><td>beta gumi</td><td>To arrange characters with no inter-character space between adjacent character frames.</td></tr><tr id="term.space"><td>space</td><td>アキ</td><td>aki</td><td>Amount of space between adjacent characters or lines. It also refers to the blank area between the edges of a hanmen or an illustration and text or other hanmen elements.</td></tr><tr id="term.spread"><td>spread</td><td>見開き</td><td>mihiraki</td><td>Any two facing pages when opening a book and the like. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.subscript">
	<td>subscript (inferior)</td><td>下付き</td><td>shitatsuki</td><td>Smaller face of characters, attached to the lower right or the lower left of a normal size character. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.subtitle"><td>subtitle</td><td>副題</td><td>fukudai</td><td>Secondary title for headings, subtile. (JIS X 4051)</td></tr><tr id="term.superscript">
	<td>superscript (superior)</td><td>上付き</td><td>uwatsuki</td><td>Smaller face of characters, attached to the upper right or the upper left of a normal size character. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.tab-setting">
	<td>tab setting</td><td>タブ処理</td><td>tabu shori</td><td>A method of line composition to align one or more runs of text to  designated positions on a line.</td></tr><tr id="term.table"><td>table</td><td>表</td><td>hyō</td>
	<td>Formatted data consisting of characters or numbers, arranged in cells and sometimes divided by lines, in order to present the data in a way that is easier to understand. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.table-of-contents"><td>table of contents</td><td>目次</td><td>mokuji</td><td>A list of headings of contents of a book in page order or arranged by subjects, with page numbers on which each section begins. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.tate-chu-yoko"><td>tate-chu-yoko</td><td>縦中横</td><td>tate chū yoko</td>
<td>To typeset a (small) group of characters horizontally within a vertical line of main text.</td></tr><tr id="term.tentsuki"><td>tentsuki</td><td>天付き</td><td>tentsuki</td><td><div>a) To remove conditional space from opening brackets at a line head to align the line head to the ones of the adjacent lines.</div><div>
	b) Not to add the default line head indent for the first line of a paragraph so as to align all line heads.</div><div>(JIS Z 8125)</div></td></tr><tr id="term.text-direction">
	<td>text direction</td><td>組方向</td><td>kumi hōkō</td><td>Horizontal setting or vertical setting. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.third-level-heading"><td>third level heading</td><td>小見出し</td><td>komidashi</td><td>Headings for smallest or minimum unit of main text in books.</td></tr><tr id="term.top-level-heading"><td>top level heading</td><td>大見出し</td><td>ōmidashi</td><td>Headings for largest or muximum unit of main text in books.</td></tr><tr id="term.touyou-kanji-table"><td>Touyou Kanji Table</td><td>当用漢字表</td><td>tōyō kanji hyō</td><td>The official list of Kanji characters established in 1946, which was designed to restrict the Kanji characters for general use in society to only those 1850 specified in the list. The list together with other related tables was superseded by the Jouyou Kanji Table.</td></tr><tr id="term.trim-size"><td>trim size</td><td>仕上りサイズ</td><td>shiagari saizu</td><td>Dimensions of a full page in a publication, including margins. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.tsumegumi"><td>tsumegumi</td><td>詰め組</td>
	<td>tsumegumi</td><td>Adjustment of inter-character space by making the distance between the letter face of adjacent characters shorter than that produced by solid setting. (JIS Z 8125) </td></tr><tr id="term.type-picking"><td>type-picking</td><td>文選</td><td>bunsen</td>
	<td>To select metal type for characters needed to print a manuscript. (Metal type is stored in a type case, but because the number of Japanese characters is very large, an extra operation was invented that involves collecting type in a so-called 'bunsen box' before typesetting a manuscript using a composing stick.)</td></tr><tr id="term.typeface"><td>typeface</td><td>書体</td><td>shotai</td><td>A set of letters or symbols, which are designed to have coherent patterns to be used for printing or rendering to a computer screen. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.unbreakable-characters-rule"><td>unbreakable characters rule</td><td>分割禁止</td><td>bunkatsu kinshi</td>
	<td>A line breaking rule that prohibits breaking a line between consecutive dashes or leaders, or between other specific combinations of characters.</td></tr><tr id="term.underline"><td>underline</td><td>下線</td><td>kasen</td><td>A line drawn under a character or a run of text in horizontal writing mode. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.ura-kei"><td>ura-kei</td><td>裏罫</td><td>urakei</td><td>Thick width line. Usually about 0.4mm. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.vertical-writing-mode"><td>vertical writing mode</td><td>縦組</td><td>tate gumi</td>
	<td>The process or the result of arranging characters on a line from top to bottom, of lines on a page from right to left, and/or of columns on a page from top to bottom. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.warichu"><td>warichu (inline cutting note)</td><td>割注</td><td>warichū</td><td>A note of two or more lines inserted in the text. It includes brackets which surround the note (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.weight"><td>weight</td><td>ウェイト</td><td>weito</td><td>A measurement of the thickness of fonts. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.widow"><td>widow</td><td>ウィドウ</td><td>widō</td>
	<td>The term in Western text layout to describe that the last line of a paragraph with only a few words  appears at the top of a new page or a column. (JIS Z 8125)</td></tr><tr id="term.widow-adjustment"><td>widow adjustment</td><td>段落末尾処理</td><td>danraku matsubi shori</td><td>A method of line composition to adjust lines  in a paragraph so that the last line consists of more than a given number of characters.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_8">
			
				
				<h2 id="references">Appendix H <span class="heading"><span id="en-references">References</span></span></h2>
			
			
			<ul>
<li>

<p>Japan Editors School. ed. 1997. "A Guide to Publishing and Editing - New Edition -" 2 vols. Tokyo: Japan Editors School Press</p>
</li><li>

<p>Japan Editors School. ed. 1998. "A Guide to Proofreading - New Edition -" 2 vols. Tokyo: Japan Editors School Press</p>
</li><li>

<p>JIS X 4051：2004 "Formatting rules for Japanese documents" Tokyo: Japan Standards Association</p>
</li><li>

<p>JIS Z 8125：2004 "Graphic arts — Glossary — Digital printing" Tokyo: Japan Standards Association</p>
</li><li>

<p>ISO/IEC 10646:2003/Amd.3:2008 "Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) — Amendment 3: Lepcha, Ol Chiki, Saurashtra, Vai and other characters"</p>
</li><li>

<p>The University of Chicago. 2003. "The Chicago Manual of Style" 15th ed., Chicago: The University of Chicago Press</p>
</li><li>

<p>R. M. Ritter. 2002. "The Oxford Guide to Style" Oxford: Oxford University Press</p>
</li>
			</ul>
		</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_9">
			
				
				<h2 id="revision_log">Appendix I <span class="heading"><span id="en-revlog">Revision Log</span></span></h2>
			
			
				
				<p>This is the second version of this document and published as W3C
Working Draft. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-jlreq-20090604/">The first
version of this document</a> was published as W3C Working Group Note on June 2009.</p>
			
		</div><div class="div1" id="appendix_10">
			
				
				<h2 id="acknowledgments">Appendix J <span class="heading"><span id="en-acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</span></span></h2>
			
			
				
				<p>This document has been developed with contributions from participants of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2007/02/japanese-layout/">Japanese Layout Taskforce</a>.</p>
			
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