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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

<html lang=en>
 <head><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type>

  <title>CSS Text Level 3</title>
  <link href=default.css rel=stylesheet type="text/css">

  <style type="text/css">
    .egbidiwsaA,.egbidiwsbB,.egbidiwsaB,.egbidiwsbC
      { white-space:pre;font-size:80%;font-family:monospace; vertical-align:2px; margin:1px }
    .egbidiwsaA { background:lime;padding:2px; }
    .egbidiwsbB { border:2px solid blue }
    .egbidiwsaB { background:yellow;border:2px dotted white }
    .egbidiwsbC { border:2px dotted red }

    .char { border: 1px dotted gray; }
    .quarter { font-size: 25%; }
    tt[lang="ja"] { font-family: "MS Gothic", "Osaka", monospace }
  </style>
  <link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD.css" rel=stylesheet
  type="text/css">

 <body>
  <div class=head> <!--begin-logo-->
   <p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt=W3C height=48
    src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width=72></a> <!--end-logo-->

   <h1>CSS Text Level 3</h1>

   <h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=longstatus-date>W3C Working Draft 1 September
    2011</h2>

   <dl>
    <dt>This version:

    <dd><a
     href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-text-20110901/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-text-20110901/</a>

    <dt>Latest version:

    <dd><a
     href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text</a>

    <dt>Latest editor's draft:

    <dd><a
     href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-text/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-text/</a>

    <dt>Previous version:

    <dd><a
     href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-text-20110412/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-text-20110412/</a>

    <dt>Editors:

    <dd><a href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">Elika J. Etemad</a>
     (Mozilla)

    <dd><a href="mailto:kojiishi@gluesoft.co.jp">Koji Ishii</a> (Invited
     Expert)

    <dd><a href="mailto:murakami@antenna.co.jp">Shinyu Murakami</a> (<a
     href="http://www.antenna.co.jp/">Antenna House</a>)
   </dl>
   <!--begin-copyright-->
   <p class=copyright><a
    href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright"
    rel=license>Copyright</a> &copy; 2011 <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym title="World Wide Web
    Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>&reg;</sup> (<a
    href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute
    of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><acronym
    title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and
    Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a
    href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
    <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>
    and <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
    use</a> rules apply.</p>
   <!--end-copyright-->
   <hr title="Separator for header">
  </div>

  <h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=abstract>Abstract</h2>

  <p>This CSS3 module defines properties for text manipulation and specifies
   their processing model. It covers line breaking, justification and
   alignment, white space handling, text decoration and text transformation.

  <h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=status>Status of This Document</h2>

  <p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of
   its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of
   current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report
   can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports
   index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</a></em>

  <p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
   Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or
   obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this
   document as other than work in progress.

  <p>This CSS module has been produced as a combined effort of the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/International/Activity">W3C Internationalization
   Activity</a>, and the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/Activity">Style
   Activity</a> and is maintained by the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a>. It also
   includes contributions made by participants in the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/Group/">XSL Working Group</a> (<a
   href="http://cgi.w3.org/MemberAccess/AccessRequest">members only</a>).

  <p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February
   2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status"
   rel=disclosure>public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in
   connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
   instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
   knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
   Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
   6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.

  <p><strong>Feedback on this draft should be posted to the (<a
   href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>) public
   mailing list <a
   href="mailto:www-style@w3.org">www-style@w3.org</a></strong> (see <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>) <strong>with
   <kbd>[css3-text]</kbd> in the subject line.</strong> You are strongly
   encouraged to complain if you see something stupid in this draft. The
   editors will do their best to respond to all feedback.

  <p><strong>If you have implemented properties from the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/CR-css3-text-20030514/">May 2003 CSS3 Text
   CR</a></strong> <em>please</em> let us know so we can take that into
   account as we redraft the spec. You can post to <a
   href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">www-style</a>
   (public), post to the <a
   href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Member/w3c-css-wg/">CSS WG mailing
   list</a> (<a
   href="http://cgi.w3.org/MemberAccess/AccessRequest">Member-restricted</a>),
   or <a href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">email fantasai
   directly</a> (personal).

  <p>The following features are at risk and may be cut from the spec during
   its CR period if there are no (correct) implementations:

  <ul>
   <li>the &lt;length> values of the &lsquo;<a href="#tab-size0"><code
    class=property>tab-size</code></a>&rsquo; property

   <li>the &lsquo;<a href="#hanging-punctuation0"><code
    class=property>hanging-punctuation</code></a>&rsquo; property

   <li>the percentage values of &lsquo;<a href="#letter-spacing0"><code
    class=property>letter-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
    href="#word-spacing0"><code class=property>word-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;
    

   <li>the &lsquo;<code class=css>hyphenate-limit-*</code>&rsquo; properties

   <li>the &lsquo;<a href="#text-spacing"><code
    class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; property

   <li>the &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-skip0"><code
    class=property>text-decoration-skip</code></a>&rsquo; property /
    &lsquo;<code class=css>ink</code>&rsquo; value

   <li>the &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-skip0"><code
    class=property>text-emphasis-skip</code></a>&rsquo; property

   <li><span class=issue>audit draft and add more here</span>
  </ul>

  <h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=contents>Table of Contents</h2>
  <!--begin-toc-->

  <ul class=toc>
   <li><a href="#intro"><span class=secno>1. </span> Introduction</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#placement"><span class=secno>1.1. </span> Module
      Interactions</a>

     <li><a href="#values"><span class=secno>1.2. </span> Values</a>

     <li><a href="#terms"><span class=secno>1.3. </span> Terminology</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#transforming"><span class=secno>2. </span> Transforming
    Text</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#text-transform"><span class=secno>2.1. </span>
      Transforming Text: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>text-transform</code>&rsquo; property</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#white-space-processing"><span class=secno>3. </span> White
    Space Processing</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#white-space-collapsing"><span class=secno>3.1. </span>
      White Space Collapsing: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>text-space-collapse</code>&rsquo; property</a>

     <li><a href="#tab-size"><span class=secno>3.2. </span> Tab Character
      Size: the &lsquo;<code class=property>tab-size</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>

     <li><a href="#white-space-rules"><span class=secno>3.3. </span> The
      White Space Processing Rules</a>
      <ul class=toc>
       <li><a href="#egbidiwscollapse"><span class=secno>3.3.1. </span>
        Example of bidirectionality with white space collapsing</a>

       <li><a href="#line-break-transform"><span class=secno>3.3.2. </span>
        Line Feed Transformation Rules</a>

       <li><a href="#white-space-summary"><span class=secno>3.3.3. </span>
        Informative Summary of White Space Collapsing Effects</a>
      </ul>

     <li><a href="#white-space"><span class=secno>3.4. </span> White Space
      and Text Wrapping Shorthand: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>white-space</code>&rsquo; property</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#line-breaking"><span class=secno>4. </span> Line Breaking
    and Word Boundaries</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#line-break"><span class=secno>4.1. </span> Line Breaking
      Strictness: the &lsquo;<code class=property>line-break</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>

     <li><a href="#word-break"><span class=secno>4.2. </span> Word Breaking
      Rules: the &lsquo;<code class=property>word-break</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#hyphenation"><span class=secno>5. </span>Hyphenation</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#hyphens"><span class=secno>5.1. </span>Hyphenation
      Control: the &lsquo;<code class=property>hyphens</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>

     <li><a href="#hyphenate-character"><span class=secno>5.2. </span>
      Hyphens: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>hyphenate-character</code>&rsquo; property</a>

     <li><a href="#hyphenate-size-limits"><span class=secno>5.3. </span>
      Hyphenation Size Limit: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-zone</code>&rsquo; property</a>

     <li><a href="#hyphenate-char-limits"><span class=secno>5.4. </span>
      Hyphenation Character Limits: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-word</code>&rsquo; property</a>

     <li><a href="#hyphenate-line-limits"><span class=secno>5.5. </span>
      Hyphenation Line Limits: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-lines</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-last</code>&rsquo; properties</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#wrapping"><span class=secno>6. </span> Text Wrapping</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#text-wrap"><span class=secno>6.1. </span> Text Wrap
      Settings: the &lsquo;<code class=property>text-wrap</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>
      <ul class=toc>
       <li><a href="#example-avoid"><span class=secno>6.1.1. </span> Example
        of using &lsquo;<code class=css>text-wrap: avoid</code>&rsquo; in
        presenting a footer</a>
      </ul>

     <li><a href="#overflow-wrap"><span class=secno>6.2. </span> Emergency
      Wrapping: the &lsquo;<code class=property>overflow-wrap</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#justification"><span class=secno>7. </span> Alignment and
    Justification</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#text-align"><span class=secno>7.1. </span> Text Alignment:
      the &lsquo;<code class=property>text-align</code>&rsquo; property</a>
      <ul class=toc>
       <li><a href="#character-alignment"><span class=secno>7.1.1.
        </span>Details on Character-based Alignment in a Table Column</a>
      </ul>

     <li><a href="#text-align-last"><span class=secno>7.2. </span> Last Line
      Alignment: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>text-align-last</code>&rsquo; property</a>

     <li><a href="#text-justify"><span class=secno>7.3. </span> Justification
      Method: the &lsquo;<code class=property>text-justify</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#spacing"><span class=secno>8. </span> Spacing</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#word-spacing"><span class=secno>8.1. </span> Word Spacing:
      the &lsquo;<code class=property>word-spacing</code>&rsquo; property</a>
      

     <li><a href="#letter-spacing"><span class=secno>8.2. </span> Tracking:
      the &lsquo;<code class=property>letter-spacing</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>

     <li><a href="#text-spacing-prop"><span class=secno>8.3. </span>
      Character Class Spacing: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>text-spacing</code>&rsquo; property</a>
      <ul class=toc>
       <li><a href="#fullwidth-collapsing"><span class=secno>8.3.1. </span>
        Fullwidth Punctuation Collapsing</a>

       <li><a href="#text-spacing-classes"><span class=secno>8.3.2. </span>
        Text Spacing Character Classes</a>
      </ul>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#edge-effects"><span class=secno>9. </span> Edge Effects</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#text-indent"><span class=secno>9.1. </span> First Line
      Indentation: the &lsquo;<code class=property>text-indent</code>&rsquo;
      property</a>

     <li><a href="#hanging-punctuation"><span class=secno>9.2. </span>
      Hanging Punctuation: the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>hanging-punctuation</code>&rsquo; property</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#decoration"><span class=secno>10. </span> Text
    Decoration</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#line-decoration"><span class=secno>10.1. </span> Line
      Decoration: Underline, Overline, and Strike-Through</a>
      <ul class=toc>
       <li><a href="#text-decoration-line"><span class=secno>10.1.1. </span>
        Text Decoration Lines: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-decoration-line</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-decoration-color"><span class=secno>10.1.2. </span>
        Text Decoration Color: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-decoration-color</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-decoration-style"><span class=secno>10.1.3. </span>
        Text Decoration Style: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-decoration-style</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-decoration"><span class=secno>10.1.4. </span> Text
        Decoration Shorthand: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-decoration</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-decoration-skip"><span class=secno>10.1.5. </span>
        Text Decoration Line Continuity: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-decoration-skip</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-underline-position"><span class=secno>10.1.6.
        </span> Text Underline Position: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-underline-position</code>&rsquo; property</a>
      </ul>

     <li><a href="#emphasis-marks"><span class=secno>10.2. </span> Emphasis
      Marks</a>
      <ul class=toc>
       <li><a href="#text-emphasis-style"><span class=secno>10.2.1. </span>
        Emphasis Mark Style: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-emphasis-style</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-emphasis-color"><span class=secno>10.2.2. </span>
        Emphasis Mark Color: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-emphasis-color</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-emphasis"><span class=secno>10.2.3. </span>
        Emphasis Mark Shorthand: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-emphasis</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-emphasis-position"><span class=secno>10.2.4.
        </span> Emphasis Mark Position: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-emphasis-position</code>&rsquo; property</a>

       <li><a href="#text-emphasis-skip"><span class=secno>10.2.5. </span>
        Emphasis Mark Skip: the &lsquo;<code
        class=property>text-emphasis-skip</code>&rsquo; property</a>
      </ul>

     <li><a href="#text-shadow"><span class=secno>10.3. </span> Text Shadows:
      the &lsquo;<code class=property>text-shadow</code>&rsquo; property</a>
    </ul>

   <li><a href="#conformance"><span class=secno>11. </span> Conformance</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li><a href="#conventions"><span class=secno>11.1. </span> Document
      Conventions</a>

     <li><a href="#conformance-classes"><span class=secno>11.2. </span>
      Conformance Classes</a>

     <li><a href="#partial"><span class=secno>11.3. </span> Partial
      Implementations</a>

     <li><a href="#experimental"><span class=secno>11.4. </span> Experimental
      Implementations</a>

     <li><a href="#testing"><span class=secno>11.5. </span>Non-Experimental
      Implementations</a>

     <li><a href="#cr-exit-criteria"><span class=secno>11.6. </span> CR Exit
      Criteria</a>
    </ul>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#acknowledgements"> Appendix A:
    Acknowledgements</a>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#appendix-b-references">Appendix B:
    References</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li class=no-num><a href="#normative-ref">Normative references</a>

     <li class=no-num><a href="#informative-ref">Informative references</a>
    </ul>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#changes">Appendix C: Changes</a>
    <ul class=toc>
     <li class=no-num><a href="#recent-changes"> Changes from the April 2011
      CSS3 Text <abbr title="Working Draft">WD</abbr></a>
    </ul>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#default-stylesheet">Appendix D: Default UA
    Stylesheet</a>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#script-groups">Appendix E: Scripts and
    Spacing</a>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#small-kana">Appendix F: Small Kana Mappings</a>
    

   <li class=no-num><a
    href="#appendix-g-text-processing-order-of-oper">Appendix G: Text
    Processing Order of Operations</a>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#appendix-h-full-property-index">Appendix H:
    Full Property Index</a>

   <li class=no-num><a href="#traditions">Appendix J: Cultural
    Correlations</a>
  </ul>
  <!--end-toc-->

  <h2 id=intro><span class=secno>1. </span> Introduction</h2>

  <p>[document here]

  <p class=issue>This draft describes features that are specific to certain
   scripts. There is an ongoing discussion about where these features belong:
   in existing CSS properties, in new CSS properties, or perhaps in other
   specifications.

  <h3 id=placement><span class=secno>1.1. </span> Module Interactions</h3>

  <p>This module replaces and extends the text-level features defined in <a
   href="#CSS21" rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a> chapter 16.

  <h3 id=values><span class=secno>1.2. </span> Values</h3>

  <p>This specification follows the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#property-defs">CSS property
   definition conventions</a> from <a href="#CSS21"
   rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a>. Value types not defined in
   this specification are defined in CSS Level 2 Revision 1 <a
   href="#CSS21" rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a>. Other CSS
   modules may expand the definitions of these value types: for example <a
   href="#CSS3COLOR" rel=biblioentry>[CSS3COLOR]<!--{{CSS3COLOR}}--></a>,
   when combined with this module, expands the definition of the
   &lt;color&gt; value type as used in this specification.

  <p>In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
   all properties defined in this specification also accept the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#value-def-inherit">inherit</a>
   keyword as their property value. For readability it has not been repeated
   explicitly.

  <h3 id=terms><span class=secno>1.3. </span> Terminology</h3>

  <p id=grapheme-cluster>A <dfn id=grapheme-cluster0>grapheme cluster</dfn>
   is what a language user considers to be a character or a basic unit of the
   script. The term is described in detail in the Unicode Technical Report:
   Text Boundaries <a href="#UAX29"
   rel=biblioentry>[UAX29]<!--{{!UAX29}}--></a>. This specification uses the
   <em>extended grapheme cluster</em> definition in <a href="#UAX29"
   rel=biblioentry>[UAX29]<!--{{!UAX29}}--></a> (not the <em>legacy grapheme
   cluster</em> definition). The UA may further tailor the definition as
   allowed by Unicode. Within this specification, the ambiguous term <dfn
   id=character>character</dfn> is used as a friendlier synonym for <a
   href="#grapheme-cluster0"><i>grapheme cluster</i></a>. See <a
   href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-writing-modes/#character-properties">Characters
   and Properties</a> for how to determine the Unicode properties of a
   character.

  <p id=letter>A <dfn id=letter0>letter</dfn> for the purpose of this
   specification is a <a href="#character"><i>character</i></a> belonging to
   one of the Letter or Number general categories in Unicode. <a
   href="#UAX44" rel=biblioentry>[UAX44]<!--{{!UAX44}}--></a>

  <h2 id=transforming><span class=secno>2. </span> Transforming Text</h2>

  <h3 id=text-transform><span class=secno>2.1. </span> <a name=caps-prop></a>
   Transforming Text: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-transform0"><code
   class=property>text-transform</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-transform0>text-transform</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | [ [ capitalize | uppercase | lowercase ] || full-width ||
      full-size-kana ]

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>none

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property transforms text for styling purposes. Values have the
   following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=none title="text-transform:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>No effects.

   <dt><dfn id=capitalize title="text-transform:capitalize">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>capitalize</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Puts the first <a href="#character"><i>character</i></a> of each word
    in titlecase; other characters are unaffected.

   <dt><dfn id=uppercase title="text-transform:uppercase">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>uppercase</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Puts all characters in uppercase.

   <dt><dfn id=lowercase title="text-transform:lowercase">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>lowercase</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Puts all characters in lowercase.

   <dt><dfn id=full-width title="text-transform:full-width">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>full-width</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Puts all characters in fullwidth form. If the character does not have
    a corresponding fullwidth form, it is left as is. This value is typically
    used to typeset Latin characters and digits like ideographic characters.

   <dt><dfn id=full-size-kana
    title="text-transform:full-size-kana">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>full-size-kana</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Converts all small Kana characters to normal Kana. This value is
    typically used for ruby annotation text, where all small Kana should be
    drawn as large Kana.
  </dl>

  <p>The case mapping rules for the character repertoire specified by the
   Unicode Standard can be found on the Unicode Consortium Web site <a
   href="#UNICODE" rel=biblioentry>[UNICODE]<!--{{!UNICODE}}--></a>. The UA
   must use the full case mappings for Unicode characters, including any
   conditional casing rules, as defined in Default Case Algorithm section. If
   (and only if) the content language of the element is known, then any
   applicable language-specific rules must be used as well. (See <a
   href="http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/SpecialCasing.txt">SpecialCasing.txt</a>)
   

  <p>The definition of "word" used for &lsquo;<code
   class=css>capitalize</code>&rsquo; is UA-dependent; <a href="#UAX29"
   rel=biblioentry>[UAX29]<!--{{!UAX29}}--></a> is suggested (but not
   required) for determining such word boundaries. Authors should not expect
   &lsquo;<code class=css>capitalize</code>&rsquo; to follow
   language-specific titlecasing conventions (such as skipping articles in
   English).
   <!-- www-style notes that UAX29 won't work for 'Tis and similar, so
      the UA might want to use UAX29 to split into words, but skip forward
      past any starting non-letters (as an example of why UAX29 is not ideal) -->
   

  <p>The definition of fullwidth and halfwidth forms can be found on the
   Unicode consortium web site at <a href="#UAX11"
   rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a>. The mapping to fullwidth
   form is defined by taking code points with the &lt;wide&gt; tag in their
   Decomposition_Mapping in <a href="#UAX44"
   rel=biblioentry>[UAX44]<!--{{!UAX44}}--></a> and mapping their
   decomposition (minus the &lt;wide&gt; tag) back to the original code
   point.

  <p>The mappings for small Kana to normal Kana are defined in <a
   href="#small-kana">Small Kana Mappings</a>.

  <p>When multiple values are specified and therefore multiple
   transformations need to be applied, they are applied in the following
   order:

  <ol>
   <li>&lsquo;<code class=css>capitalize</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
    class=css>uppercase</code>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<code
    class=css>lowercase</code>&rsquo;

   <li>&lsquo;<code class=css>full-width</code>&rsquo;

   <li>&lsquo;<code class=css>full-size-kana</code>&rsquo;
  </ol>

  <p>Text transformation happens after <a href="#white-space-rules">white
   space processing</a>, which means that &lsquo;<code
   class=css>full-width</code>&rsquo; transforms only preserved U+0020 spaces
   to U+3000.

  <div class=example>
   <p>The following example converts the ASCII characters in abbreviations in
    Japanese to their fullwidth variants so that they lay out and line break
    like ideographs:

   <pre>abbr:lang(ja) { text-transform: full-width; }</pre>
  </div>

  <p class=issue>All-caps text sometimes has special typographic
   considerations. For example: Punctuation and number glyphs might be
   adjusted for the higher "center of gravity" (see the <a
   href="http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/features_ae.htm#case">case</a>
   feature in OpenType). Should we turn that on by default, as they suggest?
   Or spacing might be adjusted for the increased visual weight of the glyphs
   (see the <a
   href="http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/features_ae.htm#cpsp">cpsp</a>
   feature in OpenType). Should we turn that on when &lsquo;<a
   href="#letter-spacing0"><code
   class=property>letter-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; is &lsquo;<code
   class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;?

  <p class=issue>A more complicated problem is the <a
   href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/michkap/archive/2006/08/18/706383.aspx">greek
   uppercasing rules</a> which actually alter the diacritics. How should we
   handle that?

  <p class=note>A future level of CSS may introduce the ability to create
   custom mapping tables for less common text transforms, such as by
   &lsquo;<a href="#text-transform0"><code
   class=css>@text-transform</code></a>&rsquo; rule similar to &lsquo;<code
   class=css>@counter-style</code>&rsquo; from <a href="#CSS3LIST"
   rel=biblioentry>[CSS3LIST]<!--{{CSS3LIST}}--></a>.

  <h2 id=white-space-processing><span class=secno>3. </span> White Space
   Processing</h2>

  <p>The source text of a document often contains formatting that is not
   relevant to the final rendering: for example, breaking the source into
   segments (lines) for ease of editing or adding white space characters such
   as tabs and spaces to indent the source code. CSS white space processing
   allows the author to control interpretation of such formatting: to
   preserve or collapse it away when rendering the document.

  <p id=segment-normalization> In the document source, segments can be
   delimited by carriage returns (U+000D), linefeeds (U+000A) or a
   combination (U+000D U+000A), or by some other mechanism, such as the SGML
   RECORD-START and RECORD-END tokens. If no segmentation rules are specified
   for the document language, each line feed (U+000A), carriage return
   (U+000D) and CRLF sequence (U+000D U+000A) in the text is considered a
   segment break. (This default rule also applies to generated content.) In
   CSS, each such segment break is treated as a single line feed character
   (U+000A).

  <p>White space processing in CSS interprets white space characters only for
   rendering: it has no effect on the underlying document data.

  <p class=note>Note that the document parser may have not only normalized
   segment breaks, but also collapsed other space characters or otherwise
   processed white space according to markup rules. Because CSS processing
   occurs <em>after</em> the parsing stage, it is not possible to restore
   these characters for styling. Therefore, some of the behavior specified
   below can be affected by these limitations and may be user agent
   dependent.

  <p>Control characters (Unicode class Cc) other than tab (U+0009), line feed
   (U+000A), space (U+0020), and the bidi formatting characters
   (U+202<var>x</var>) should be rendered as invisible zero-width characters.
   UAs may instead treat them as visible characters. (Note, however, that
   this will usually result in them being rendered as missing glyphs.) <span
   class=issue>What's the line-breaking behavior? Effects on joining? Can we
   just copy the behavior of some zero-width Unicode character?</span>

  <h3 id=white-space-collapsing><span class=secno>3.1. </span> White Space
   Collapsing: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
   class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <p class=issue>This section is still under discussion and may change in
   future drafts.

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-space-collapse>text-space-collapse</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>collapse | discard | [ [preserve | preserve-breaks] && [ trim-inner
      || consume-before || consume-after ]

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>collapse

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p class=issue>Need a property name

  <p>This property declares whether and how <a
   href="#white-space-processing">white space</a> inside the element is
   collapsed. Values have the following meanings, which must be interpreted
   according to the <a href="#white-space-rules">white space processing
   rules</a>:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=collapse0 title="white-space:collapse">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>collapse</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>This value directs user agents to collapse sequences of white space
    into a single character (or <a href="#line-break-transform">in some
    cases</a>, no character).

   <dt><dfn id=preserve title="white-space:preserve">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>preserve</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of white
    space. Line feeds are preserved as forced line breaks.

   <dt><dfn id=preserve-breaks
    title="white-space:preserve-breaks">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>preserve-breaks</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>This value collapses white space as for &lsquo;<code
    class=css>collapse</code>&rsquo;, but preserves line feeds as forced line
    breaks.

   <dt><dfn id=discard title="white-space:discard">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>discard</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>This value directs user agents to "discard" all white space in the
    element.

   <dt><dfn id=trim-inner title="white-space:trim-inner">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>trim-inner</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>For block containers this value directs UAs to discard all whitespace
    at the beginning of the element up to and including the last line feed
    before the first non-white-space character in the element as well as to
    discard all white space at the end of the element starting with the first
    line feed after the last non-white-space character in the element. For
    other elements this value directs UAs to discard all whitespace at the
    beginning and end of the element.

   <dt><dfn id=consume-before title="white-space:consume-before">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>consume-before</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>This value directs the UA to collapse all collapsible whitespace
    immediately before the start of the element.

   <dt><dfn id=consume-after title="white-space:consume-after">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>consume-after</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>This value directs the UA to collapse all collapsible whitespace
    immediately after the end of the element.
  </dl>

  <div class=example>
   <p>The following style rules implement MathML's white space processing:

   <pre>
<!-- -->@namespace m "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML";
<!-- -->m|* {
<!-- -->  text-space-collapse: discard;
<!-- -->}
<!-- -->m|mi, m|mn, m|mo, m|ms, m|mtext {
<!-- -->  text-space-collapse: trim-inner;
<!-- -->}</pre>
  </div>

  <p class=issue>It's been pointed out that &lsquo;<code
   class=css>trim-inner</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
   class=css>consume-before</code>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<code
   class=css>consume-after</code>&rsquo; won't work well because &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-space-collapse"><code
   class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; is inherited, meaning
   that inserting a &lt;span> or &gt;div> would cause more white space to be
   removed than otherwise.

  <h3 id=tab-size><span class=secno>3.2. </span> Tab Character Size: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#tab-size0"><code
   class=property>tab-size</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=tab-size0>tab-size</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>&lt;integer&gt; | &lt;length&gt;

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>8

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property determines the measure of the tab character (U+0009) when
   rendered. Integers represent the measure in space characters (U+0020).
   Negative integers are not allowed.

  <h3 id=white-space-rules><span class=secno>3.3. </span> The White Space
   Processing Rules</h3>

  <p>White space processing affects only spaces (U+0020), tabs (U+0009), and
   (<a href="#segment-normalization">post-normalization</a>) line feeds
   (U+00A0).

  <p>For each inline (including anonymous inlines) within an inline
   formatting context, white space characters are handled as follows,
   ignoring bidi formatting characters as if they were not there:

  <ul>
   <li id=collapse>
    <p>If &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
     class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; is set to
     &lsquo;<code class=css>collapse</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
     class=css>preserve-breaks</code>&rsquo;, white space characters are
     considered <dfn id=collapsible>collapsible</dfn> and are processed by
     performing the following steps:</p>

    <ol>
     <li>All spaces and tabs immediately preceding or following a line feed
      character are removed.

     <li>If &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
      class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; is not
      &lsquo;<code class=css>preserve-breaks</code>&rsquo;, line feed
      characters are transformed for rendering according to the <a
      href="#line-break-transform">line feed transformation rules</a>.

     <li>Every tab is converted to a space (U+0020).

     <li>Any space immediately following another collapsible space
      &mdash;even one outside the boundary of the inline&mdash;is removed.
      However, if removing this space would eliminate a line breaking
      opportunity in the text, that opportunity is still considered to exist.

     <li>A collapsible space immediately preceding an element with
      &lsquo;<code class=css>consume-before</code>&rsquo; is removed. Such
      removed spaces do not indicate a line breaking opportunity in the text.
      

     <li>Any collapsible spaces after the end of an element with &lsquo;<code
      class=css>consume-after</code>&rsquo; are removed. Such removed spaces
      do not indicate a line breaking opportunity in the text.
    </ol>

   <li>
    <p>If &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
     class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; is set to
     &lsquo;<code class=css>preserve</code>&rsquo;, any sequence of spaces
     unbroken by an element boundary is treated as a sequence of non-breaking
     spaces. However, a line breaking opportunity exists at the end of the
     sequence.

   <li>
    <p>If &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
     class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; is set to
     &lsquo;<code class=css>discard</code>&rsquo;, the first white space
     character in every white space sequence is converted to a zero width
     non-joiner (U+200C) and the rest of the sequence is removed.</p>
  </ul>

  <p>Then, the entire block is rendered. Inlines are laid out, taking bidi
   reordering into account, and wrapping as specified by the &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-wrap0"><code class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo;
   property.

  <p>As each line is laid out,

  <ol>
   <li>A sequence of collapsible spaces at the beginning of a line is
    removed.

   <li>Each tab is rendered as a horizontal shift that lines up the start
    edge of the next glyph with the next tab stop. Tab stops occur at points
    that are multiples of the width of a space (U+0020) rendered in the
    block's font from the block's starting content edge. How many spaces is
    given by the &lsquo;<a href="#tab-size0"><code
    class=property>tab-size</code></a>&rsquo; property.

   <li>A sequence of collapsible spaces at the end of a line is removed.

   <li>If spaces or tabs at the end of a line are non-collapsible but have
    &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
    class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; set to &lsquo;<code
    class=property>normal</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
    class=property>avoid</code>&rsquo; the UA may visually collapse their
    character advance widths.
  </ol>

  <p>White space that was not removed during the white space processing steps
   is called <dfn id=preserved>preserved</dfn> white space.

  <div class=example>
   <h4 id=egbidiwscollapse><span class=secno>3.3.1. </span> Example of
    bidirectionality with white space collapsing</h4>

   <p>Consider the following markup fragment, taking special note of spaces
    (with varied backgrounds and borders for emphasis and identification):</p>

   <pre><code>&lt;ltr&gt;A<span class=egbidiwsaA>&#160;</span>&lt;rtl&gt;<span class=egbidiwsbB>&#160;</span>B<span class=egbidiwsaB>&#160;</span>&lt;/rtl&gt;<span class=egbidiwsbC>&#160;</span>C&lt;/ltr&gt;</code></pre>

   <p>where the <code>&lt;ltr&gt;</code> element represents a left-to-right
    embedding and the <code>&lt;rtl&gt;</code> element represents a
    right-to-left embedding. If the &lsquo;<a
    href="#text-space-collapse"><code
    class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; property is set to
    &lsquo;<code class=css>collapse</code>&rsquo;, the above processing model
    would result in the following:</p>

   <ul style="line-height:1.3">
    <li>The space before the B (<span class=egbidiwsbB>&#160;</span>) would
     collapse with the space after the A (<span
     class=egbidiwsaA>&#160;</span>).

    <li>The space before the C (<span class=egbidiwsbC>&#160;</span>) would
     collapse with the space after the B (<span
     class=egbidiwsaB>&#160;</span>).
   </ul>

   <p>This would leave two spaces, one after the A in the left-to-right
    embedding level, and one after the B in the right-to-left embedding
    level. This is then ordered according to the Unicode bidirectional
    algorithm, with the end result being:</p>

   <pre>A<span class=egbidiwsaA>&#160;</span><span class=egbidiwsaB>&#160;</span>BC</pre>

   <p>Note that there are two spaces between A and B, and none between B and
    C. This is best avoided by putting spaces outside the element instead of
    just inside the opening and closing tags and, where practical, by relying
    on implicit bidirectionality instead of explicit embedding levels.</p>
  </div>

  <h4 id=line-break-transform><span class=secno>3.3.2. </span> Line Feed
   Transformation Rules</h4>

  <p>When line feeds are <a href="#collapse">collapsible</a>, they are either
   transformed into a space (U+0020) or removed depending on the context
   before and after the line break.

  <p class=note>Note that the white space processing rules have already
   removed any tabs and spaces after the line feed before these checks take
   place.

  <ul>
   <li>If the character immediately before or immediately after the line feed
    is the zero width space character (U+200B), then the line feed is
    removed.

   <li>Otherwise, if the East Asian Width property <a href="#UAX11"
    rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a> of both the character before
    and after the line feed is F, W, or H (not A), and neither side is
    Hangul, then the line feed is removed.

   <li>Otherwise, the line feed is converted to a space (U+0020).
  </ul>

  <p class=issue>Comments on how well this would work in practice would be
   very much appreciated, particularly from people who work with Thai and
   similar scripts.

  <h4 id=white-space-summary><span class=secno>3.3.3. </span> Informative
   Summary of White Space Collapsing Effects</h4>

  <ul>
   <li>Consecutive white space collapses into a single space.

   <li>A sequence of newlines and other white space between two Chinese,
    Japanese, or Yi characters collapses into nothing.

   <li>A zero width space before or after a white space sequence containing a
    newline causes the entire sequence of white space to collapse into a zero
    width space.
  </ul>

  <h3 id=white-space><span class=secno>3.4. </span> White Space and Text
   Wrapping Shorthand: the &lsquo;<a href="#white-space0"><code
   class=property>white-space</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=white-space0>white-space</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>normal | pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-line

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>not defined for shorthand properties

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>see individual properties
  </table>

  <p>The &lsquo;<a href="#white-space0"><code
   class=property>white-space</code></a>&rsquo; property is a shorthand for
   the &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
   class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-wrap0"><code class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo;
   properties. Not all combinations are represented. Values have the
   following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=normal title="white-space:normal">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Sets &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
    class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>collapse</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
    class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;

   <dt><dfn id=pre title="white-space:pre">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>pre</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Sets &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
    class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>preserve</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
    class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;

   <dt><dfn id=nowrap title="white-space:nowrap">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>nowrap</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Sets &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
    class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>collapse</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
    class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;

   <dt><dfn id=pre-wrap title="white-space:pre-wrap">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>pre-wrap</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Sets &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
    class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>preserve</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
    class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;

   <dt><dfn id=pre-line title="white-space:pre-line">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>pre-line</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Sets &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
    class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>preserve-breaks</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
    href="#text-wrap0"><code class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; to
    &lsquo;<code class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;
  </dl>

  <p>The following informative table summarizes the behavior of various
   &lsquo;<a href="#white-space0"><code
   class=property>white-space</code></a>&rsquo; values:

  <table class=data>
   <colgroup class=header></colgroup>

   <colgroup span=3></colgroup>

   <thead>
    <tr>
     <th>

     <th>New Lines

     <th>Spaces and Tabs

     <th>Text Wrapping

   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>normal

     <td>Collapse

     <td>Collapse

     <td>Wrap

    <tr>
     <th>pre

     <td>Preserve

     <td>Preserve

     <td>No wrap

    <tr>
     <th>nowrap

     <td>Collapse

     <td>Collapse

     <td>No wrap

    <tr>
     <th>pre-wrap

     <td>Preserve

     <td>Preserve

     <td>Wrap

    <tr>
     <th>pre-line

     <td>Preserve

     <td>Collapse

     <td>Wrap
  </table>

  <h2 id=line-breaking><span class=secno>4. </span> Line Breaking and Word
   Boundaries</h2>

  <p>In most writing systems, in the absence of hyphenation a line break
   occurs only at word boundaries. Many writing systems use spaces or
   punctuation to explicitly separate words, and line break opportunities can
   be identified by these characters. Scripts such as Thai, Lao, and Khmer,
   however, do not use spaces or punctuation to separate words. Although the
   zero width space (U+200B) can be used as an explicit word delimiter in
   these scripts, this practice is not common. As a result, a lexical
   resource is needed to correctly identify break points in such texts.

  <p>In several other writing systems, (including Chinese, Japanese, Yi, and
   sometimes also Korean) a line break opportunity is based on character
   boundaries, not word boundaries. In these systems a line can break
   anywhere <em>except</em> between certain character combinations.
   Additionally the level of strictness in these restrictions can vary with
   the typesetting style.

  <p>CSS does not fully define where line breaking opportunities occur,
   however some controls are provided to distinguish common variations.

  <p class=note>Further information on line breaking conventions can be found
   in <a href="#JLREQ" rel=biblioentry>[JLREQ]<!--{{JLREQ}}--></a> and <a
   href="#JIS4051" rel=biblioentry>[JIS4051]<!--{{JIS4051}}--></a> for
   Japanese, <a href="#ZHMARK" rel=biblioentry>[ZHMARK]<!--{{ZHMARK}}--></a>
   for Chinese, and in <a href="#UAX14"
   rel=biblioentry>[UAX14]<!--{{!UAX14}}--></a> for all scripts in Unicode.
   <!-- The CSS Working Group notes that although UAX 14 contains a wealth of
      information about line breaking conventions, a literal implementation
      of its algorithm has been found to be inadequate in multiple situations. -->

  <p class=issue>Any guidance for appropriate references here would be much
   appreciated.

  <p class=issue>Information on line-breaking in the absence of dictionaries:
   <a
   href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2011Feb/0126.html">for
   Thai</a>

  <p>Floated and absolutely-positioned elements do not introduce a line
   breaking opportunity. The line breaking behavior of a replaced element is
   equivalent to that of a Latin character.

  <p class=issue>It is not clear whether this section handles Southeast Asian
   scripts well. Additionally, some guidance should be provided on how to
   break or not break Southeast Asian in the absence of a dictionary.

  <h3 id=line-break><span class=secno>4.1. </span> Line Breaking Strictness:
   the &lsquo;<a href="#line-break0"><code
   class=property>line-break</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=line-break0>line-break</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>auto | loose | normal | strict

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>auto

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the strictness of line-breaking rules applied
   within an element: particularly how line-breaking interacts with
   punctuation. Values have the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=auto title="line-break:auto">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The UA determines the set of line-breaking restrictions to use, and it
    may vary the restrictions based on the length of the line; e.g., use a
    less restrictive set of line-break rules for short lines.

   <dt><dfn id=loose title="line-break:loose">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>loose</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Breaks text using the least restrictive set of line-breaking rules.
    Typically used for short lines, such as in newspapers.

   <dt><dfn id=normal0 title="line-break:normal">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Breaks text using the most common set of line-breaking rules.

   <dt><dfn id=strict title="line-break:strict">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>strict</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Breaks text using the most stringent set of line-breaking rules.
  </dl>

  <p>CSS distinguishes between three levels of strictness in the rules for
   implicit line breaking. The precise set of rules in effect for each level
   is up to the UA and should follow language conventions. However, this
   specification does recommend that:

  <ul>
   <li>Following breaks be forbidden in &lsquo;<code
    class=css>strict</code>&rsquo; line breaking and allowed in &lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
    class=css>loose</code>&rsquo;:
    <ul>
     <li>breaks before Japanese <a href="#small-kana">small kana</a>

     <li>breaks before the Katakana-Hiragana prolonged sound mark:
      &#x30FC;&nbsp;U+30FC
    </ul>
    If the language is known to be Chinese or Japanese, then additionally:
    <ul>
     <li>breaks before before hyphens:<br>
      &#x2010;&nbsp;U+2010, &#x2013;&nbsp;U+2013, &#x301C;&nbsp;U+301C,
      &#x30A0;&nbsp;U+30A0
    </ul>

   <li>Following breaks be forbidden in &lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
    class=css>strict</code>&rsquo; line breaking and allowed in &lsquo;<code
    class=css>loose</code>&rsquo;:
    <ul>
     <li>breaks before iteration marks:<br>
      &#x3005;&nbsp;U+3005, &#x303B;&nbsp;U+303B, &#x309D;&nbsp;U+309D,
      &#x309E;&nbsp;U+309E, &#x30FD;&nbsp;U+30FD, &#x30FE;&nbsp;U+30FE

     <li>breaks between some inseparable characters:<br>
      &#x2025;&nbsp;U+2025, &#x2026;&nbsp;U+2026
    </ul>
    If the language is known to be Chinese or Japanese, then additionally:
    <ul>
     <li>breaks before certain centered punctuation marks:<br>
      &#x003A;&nbsp;U+003A, &#x003B;&nbsp;U+003B, &#x30FB;&nbsp;U+30FB,
      &#xFF1A;&nbsp;U+FF1A, &#xFF1B;&nbsp;U+FF1B, &#xFF65;&nbsp;U+FF65,
      &#x0021;&nbsp;U+0021, &#x003F;&nbsp;U+003F, &#x203C;&nbsp;U+203C,
      &#x2047;&nbsp;U+2047, &#x2048;&nbsp;U+2048, &#x2049;&nbsp;U+2049,
      &#xFF01;&nbsp;U+FF01, &#xFF1F;&nbsp;U+FF1F

     <li>breaks before postfixes:<br>
      &#x0025;&nbsp;U+0025, &#x00A2;&nbsp;U+00A2, &#x00B0;&nbsp;U+00B0,
      &#x2030;&nbsp;U+2030, &#x2032;&nbsp;U+2032, &#x2033;&nbsp;U+2033,
      &#x2103;&nbsp;U+2103, &#xFF05;&nbsp;U+FF05, &#xFFE0;&nbsp;U+FFE0

     <li>breaks after prefixes:<br>
      &#x0024;&nbsp;U+0024, &#x00A3;&nbsp;U+00A3, &#x00A5;&nbsp;U+00A5,
      &#x20AC;&nbsp;U+20AC, &#x2116;&nbsp;U+2116, &#xFF04;&nbsp;U+FF04,
      &#xFFE1;&nbsp;U+FFE1, &#xFFE5;&nbsp;U+FFE5
    </ul>
  </ul>

  <p class=note>In CSS3 no distinction is made among the levels of strictness
   in non-CJK text: only CJK codepoints are affected, unless the text is
   marked as Chinese or Japanese, in which case some additional common
   codepoints are affected. However a future level of CSS may add behaviors
   affecting non-CJK text.

  <p>Support for this property is <em>optional</em>. It is recommended for
   UAs that wish to support CJK typography and strongly recommended for UAs
   in the Japanese market.

  <p class=note>The CSSWG recognizes that in a future edition of the
   specification finer control over line breaking may be necessary to satisfy
   high-end publishing requirements.

  <h3 id=word-break><span class=secno>4.2. </span> Word Breaking Rules: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#word-break0"><code
   class=property>word-break</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=word-break0>word-break</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>normal | keep-all | break-all

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>normal

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies line break opportunities within words. Values
   have the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=normal1 title="word-break:normal">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Break lines according to their usual rules.

   <dt><dfn id=break-all title="word-break:break-all">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>break-all</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Lines may break between any two characters within words. Hyphenation
    is not applied. This option is used mostly in a context where the text is
    predominantly using CJK characters with few non-CJK excerpts and it is
    desired that the text be better distributed on each line.

   <dt><dfn id=keep-all title="word-break:keep-all">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>keep-all</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Lines may break only at <a href="#word-separator">word separators</a>
    and other explicit break opportunities. Otherwise this option is
    equivalent to &lsquo;<code class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;. This option is
    mostly used where the presence of word separator characters still creates
    line-breaking opportunities, as in Korean.
  </dl>

  <p>When shaping scripts such as Arabic are allowed to break within words
   due to &lsquo;<code class=css>break-all</code>&rsquo;, the characters must
   still be shaped as if the word were not broken.

  <h2 id=hyphenation><span class=secno>5. </span>Hyphenation</h2>

  <p>Hyphenation allows the controlled splitting of words to improve the
   layout of paragraphs. CSS3 Text does not define the exact rules for
   hyphenation, but defines six properties and an at-rule that influence
   hyphenation.

  <p>Whether hyphenation is applied can controlled with the &lsquo;<a
   href="#hyphens0"><code class=property>hyphens</code></a>&rsquo; property.

  <p>The following author controls are not required to be supported for the
   UA to claim conformance to CSS Text Level 3:

  <ul>
   <li>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-zone"><code
    class=property>hyphenate-limit-zone</code></a>&rsquo;

   <li>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-chars"><code
    class=property>hyphenate-limit-chars</code></a>&rsquo;

   <li>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-lines"><code
    class=property>hyphenate-limit-lines</code></a>&rsquo;
  </ul>

  <p>Nonetheless, UAs are strongly encouraged to optimize their line-breaking
   implementation to choose good break points and appropriate hyphenation
   points.

  <p class=note>These controls are optional because for a low-end
   implementation of hyphenation, they are not critical enough; and for a
   high-end implementation of paragraph breaking (such as in T<span
   style="font-variant: small-caps">e</span>&chi;) they are not considered
   especially useful.

  <p>Hyphenation opportunities are not considered when calculating
   &lsquo;<code class=css>min-content</code>&rsquo; intrinsic sizes.

  <h3 id=hyphens><span class=secno>5.1. </span>Hyphenation Control: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#hyphens0"><code class=property>hyphens</code></a>&rsquo;
   property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <td>Name:

     <td><dfn id=hyphens0>hyphens</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | manual | auto

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>manual

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&nbsp;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property controls whether hyphenation is allowed to create more
   break opportunities within a line of text. Values have the following
   meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=none0 title="hyphens:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Words are not broken at line breaks, even if characters inside the
    word suggest line break points.

   <dt><dfn id=manual title="hyphens:manual">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>manual</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Words are only broken at line breaks where there are characters inside
    the word that suggest line break opportunities. Characters can be
    explicit or conditional.
    <div class=example>
     <p>In Unicode, U+00AD is a conditional "soft hyphen" and U+2010 is an
      explicit hyphen. Unicode Standard Annex #14 describes the <a
      href="http://unicode.org/reports/tr14/#SoftHyphen">role of soft hyphens
      in</a> Unicode line breaking. <a href="#UAX14"
      rel=biblioentry>[UAX14]<!--{{!UAX14}}--></a>
    </div>

    <div class=example>
     <p>In HTML, &amp;shy; represents the soft hyphen character which
      suggests a line break opportunity.

     <pre>ex&amp;shy;ample</pre>
    </div>

   <dt><dfn id=auto0 title="hyphens:auto">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Words can be broken at appropriate hyphenation points either as
    determined by hyphenation characters inside the word or as determined
    automatically by a language-appropriate hyphenation resource (such as
    those provided via &lsquo;<code
    class=css>@hyphenation-resource</code>&rsquo;). Conditional hyphenation
    characters inside a word, if present, take priority over automatic
    resources when determining hyphenation points within the word.
  </dl>

  <p>Correct automatic hyphenation requires a hyphenation resource
   appropriate to the language of the text being broken. The UA is therefore
   only required to automatically hyphenate text for which the author has
   declared a language (e.g. via HTML <code>lang</code> or XML
   <code>xml:lang</code>) and for which it has an appropriate hyphenation
   resource.

  <p>When shaping scripts such as Arabic are allowed to break within words
   due to hyphenation, the characters must still be shaped as if the word
   were not broken.

  <h3 id=hyphenate-character><span class=secno>5.2. </span> Hyphens: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-character0"><code
   class=property>hyphenate-character</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=hyphenate-character0>hyphenate-character</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>auto | &lt;string>

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>auto

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&nbsp;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies strings that are shown between parts of
   hyphenated words. The &lsquo;<code class=property>auto</code>&rsquo; value
   means that the user agent should find an appropriate value. If a string is
   specified, it appears at the end of the line before a hyphenation break.

  <div class=example>
   <p>In Latin scripts, the hyphen character (U+2010) is often used to
    indicate that a word has been split. Normally, it will not be necessary
    to set it explicitly. However, this can easily be done:

   <pre>article { hyphenate-character: "\2010" }</pre>
  </div>

  <p class=note>Both hyphens triggered by automatic hyphenation and hyphens
   triggered by soft hyphens are rendered according to &lsquo;<a
   href="#hyphenate-character0"><code
   class=property>hyphenate-character</code></a>&rsquo;.

  <p class=issue>Can we point to CLDR for hyphenation character data?

  <h3 id=hyphenate-size-limits><span class=secno>5.3. </span> Hyphenation
   Size Limit: the &lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-zone"><code
   class=property>hyphenate-limit-zone</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=hyphenate-limit-zone>hyphenate-limit-zone</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>&lt;percentage> | &lt;length>

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>0

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>refers to width of the line box

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&nbsp;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p class=issue>Is &lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-zone"><code
   class=property>hyphenate-limit-zone</code></a>&rsquo; a good name?
   Comments/suggestions?

  <p>This property specifies the maximum amount of unfilled space (before
   justification) that may be left in the line box before hyphenation is
   triggered to pull part of a word from the next line back up into the
   current line.

  <h3 id=hyphenate-char-limits><span class=secno>5.4. </span> Hyphenation
   Character Limits: the &lsquo;<code
   class=property>hyphenate-limit-word</code>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=hyphenate-limit-chars>hyphenate-limit-chars</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>auto | &lt;integer&gt;{1,3}

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>auto

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&nbsp;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the minimum number of characters in a hyphenated
   word. If the word does not meet the required minimum number of characters
   in the word / before the hyphen / after the hyphen, then the word must not
   be hyphenated. Nonspacing combining marks (<span class=issue>Unicode
   class</span>) and intra-word punctuation (Unicode classes P*) do not count
   towards the minimum.

  <p>If three values are specified, the first value is the required minimum
   for the total characters in a word, the second value is the minimum for
   characters before the hyphenation point, and the third value is the
   minimum for characters after the hyphenation point. If the third value is
   missing, it is the same as the second. If the second value is missing,
   then it is &lsquo;<code class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;. The &lsquo;<code
   class=css>auto</code>&rsquo; value means that the UA chooses a value that
   adapts to the current layout.

  <p class=note>Unless the UA is able to calculate a better value, it is
   suggested that &lsquo;<code class=css>auto</code>&rsquo; means 2 for
   before and after, and 5 for the word total.

  <div class=example>
   <p>In the example below, the minimum size of a hyphenated word is left to
    the UA (which means it may vary depending on the language, the length of
    the line, or other factors), but the minimum number of characters before
    and after the hyphenation point is set to 3.

   <pre>p { hyphenate-limit-chars: auto 3; }</pre>
  </div>

  <h3 id=hyphenate-line-limits><span class=secno>5.5. </span> Hyphenation
   Line Limits: the &lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-lines"><code
   class=property>hyphenate-limit-lines</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
   href="#hyphenate-limit-last"><code
   class=property>hyphenate-limit-last</code></a>&rsquo; properties</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=hyphenate-limit-lines>hyphenate-limit-lines</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>no-limit | &lt;integer>

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>no-limit

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&nbsp;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property indicates the maximum number of successive hyphenated
   lines in an element. The &lsquo;<code class=css>no-limit</code>&rsquo;
   value means that there is no limit.

  <p>In some cases, user agents may not be able to honor the specified value.
   (See &lsquo;<a href="#overflow-wrap0"><code
   class=property>overflow-wrap</code></a>&rsquo;.) It is not defined whether
   hyphenation introduced by such emergency breaking influences nearby
   hyphenation points.

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=hyphenate-limit-last>hyphenate-limit-last</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | always | column | page | spread

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>none

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&nbsp;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property indicates hyphenation behavior at the end of elements,
   column, pages and spreads. A spread is a set of two pages that are visible
   to the reader at the same time. Values are:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=none1>&lsquo;<code class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>No restrictions imposed.

   <dt><dfn id=always>&lsquo;<code class=css>always</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The last full line of the element, or the last line before any column,
    page, or spread break inside the element should not be hyphenated.

   <dt><dfn id=column>&lsquo;<code class=css>column</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The last line before any column, page, or spread break inside the
    element should not be hyphenated.

   <dt><dfn id=page>&lsquo;<code class=css>page</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The last line before page or spread break inside the element should
    not be hyphenated.

   <dt><dfn id=spread>&lsquo;<code class=css>spread</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The last line before any spread break inside the element should not be
    hyphenated.
  </dl>

  <div class=example>
   <pre>
<!-- -->p { hyphenate-limit-last: always }
<!-- -->div.chapter {  hyphenate-limit-last: spread }</pre>
  </div>

  <div class=example>
   <p>A paragraph may be formatted like this when &lsquo;<code
    class=css>hyphenate-limit-last: none</code>&rsquo; is set:

   <pre>
<!-- -->This is just a
<!-- -->simple example
<!-- -->to show Antarc-
<!-- -->tica.
      </pre>

   <p>With &lsquo;<code class=css>hyphenate-limit-last: always</code>&rsquo;
    one would get:

   <pre>
<!-- -->This is just a
<!-- -->simple example
<!-- -->to        show 
<!-- -->Antarctica.
      </pre>
  </div>

  <h2 id=wrapping><span class=secno>6. </span> Text Wrapping</h2>

  <p>Text wrapping is controlled by the &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
   class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
   href="#overflow-wrap0"><code
   class=property>overflow-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; properties:

  <h3 id=text-wrap><span class=secno>6.1. </span> Text Wrap Settings: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
   class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-wrap0>text-wrap</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>normal | none | avoid

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>normal

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the mode for text wrapping. Possible values:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=normal2 title="text-wrap:normal">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Lines may break at allowed break points, as determined by the
    line-breaking rules in effect. Line breaking behavior defined for the WJ,
    ZW, and GL line-breaking classes in <a href="#UAX14"
    rel=biblioentry>[UAX14]<!--{{!UAX14}}--></a> must be honored.

   <dt><dfn id=none2 title="text-wrap:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Lines may not break; text that does not fit within the block container
    overflows it.

   <dt><dfn id=avoid title="text-wrap:avoid">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>avoid</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Line breaking is suppressed within the element: the UA may only break
    within the element if there are no other valid break points in the line.
    If the text breaks, line-breaking restrictions are honored as for
    &lsquo;<code class=property>normal</code>&rsquo;.
  </dl>

  <p>Regardless of the &lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
   class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; value, lines always break at
   forced breaks: for all values, line-breaking behavior defined for the BK,
   CR, LF, CM NL, and SG line breaking classes in <a href="#UAX14"
   rel=biblioentry>[UAX14]<!--{{!UAX14}}--></a> must be honored.

  <p>When <span class=property>&lsquo;<a href="#text-wrap0"><code
   class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo;</span> is set to &lsquo;<code
   class=property>normal</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
   class=property>avoid</code>&rsquo;, UAs that allow breaks at punctuation
   other than spaces should prioritize breakpoints. For example, if breaks
   after slashes have a lower priority than spaces, the sequence "check /etc"
   will never break between the &lsquo;<code class=css>/</code>&rsquo; and
   the &lsquo;<code class=property>e</code>&rsquo;. The UA may use the width
   of the containing block, the text's language, and other factors in
   assigning priorities. As long as care is taken to avoid such awkward
   breaks, allowing breaks at appropriate punctuation other than spaces is
   recommended, as it results in more even-looking margins, particularly in
   narrow measures.</p>
  <!-- add a sample prioritization algorithm -->

  <h4 id=example-avoid><span class=secno>6.1.1. </span> Example of using
   &lsquo;<code class=css>text-wrap: avoid</code>&rsquo; in presenting a
   footer</h4>

  <div class=example>
   <p>The priority of breakpoints can be set to reflect the intended grouping
    of text.</p>

   <p>Given the rules</p>

   <pre>
<!-- -->footer { text-wrap: avoid; /* inherits to all descendants */ }
      </pre>

   <p>and the following markup:</p>

   <pre>
<!-- -->&lt;footer>
<!-- -->  &lt;venue>27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference&lt;/venue>
<!-- -->  &amp;#8226; &lt;date>April 7, 2005&lt;/date> &amp;#8226;
<!-- -->  &lt;place>Berlin, Germany&lt;/place>
<!-- -->&lt;/footer>
      </pre>

   <p>In a narrow window the footer could be broken as</p>

   <pre>
<!-- -->27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference &#8226;
<!-- -->April 7, 2005 &#8226; Berlin, Germany
      </pre>

   <p>or in a narrower window as</p>

   <pre>
<!-- -->27th Internationalization and Unicode
<!-- -->Conference &#8226; April 7, 2005 &#8226;
<!-- -->Berlin, Germany
      </pre>

   <p>but not as</p>

   <pre>
<!-- -->27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference &#8226; April
<!-- -->7, 2005 &#8226; Berlin, Germany
      </pre>
  </div>

  <h3 id=overflow-wrap><span class=secno>6.2. </span> Emergency Wrapping: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#overflow-wrap0"><code
   class=property>overflow-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=overflow-wrap0>overflow-wrap</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>normal | [ break-word || hyphenate ]

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>normal

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies whether the UA may break within a word to
   prevent overflow when an otherwise-unbreakable string is too long to fit
   within the line box. It only has an effect when &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-wrap0"><code class=property>text-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; is
   either &lsquo;<code class=property>normal</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
   class=property>avoid</code>&rsquo;. Possible values:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=normal3 title="overflow-wrap:normal">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Lines may break only at allowed break points. However, the
    restrictions introduced by &lsquo;<code class=css>word-break:
    keep-all</code>&rsquo; may be relaxed to match &lsquo;<code
    class=css>word-break: normal</code>&rsquo; and the various hyphenation
    limit properties may be ignored if there are no otherwise-acceptable
    break points in the line.

   <dt><dfn id=hyphenate title="overflow-wrap:hyphenate">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>hyphenate</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>An unbreakable "word" may be hyphenated if there are no
    otherwise-acceptable break points in the line even if hyphenation is
    turned off or otherwise restricted. Hyphenation controls may influence
    where the word breaks, but cannot forbid the word from hyphenating to
    prevent overflow.

   <dt><dfn id=break-word title="overflow-wrap:break-word">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>break-word</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>An unbreakable "word" may be broken at an arbitrary point if there are
    no otherwise-acceptable break points in the line. Shaping characters are
    still shaped as if the word were not broken, and grapheme clusters must
    together stay as one unit. If specified together with &lsquo;<code
    class=css>hyphenate</code>&rsquo;, valid hyphenation takes precedence
    over &lsquo;<code class=css>break-word</code>&rsquo; breaking.
  </dl>

  <p>Break opportunities not part of &lsquo;<code class=css>overflow-wrap:
   normal</code>&rsquo; line breaking are not considered when calculating
   &lsquo;<code class=css>min-content</code>&rsquo; intrinsic sizes.

  <p>For legacy reasons, UAs may also accept &lsquo;<code
   class=property>word-wrap</code>&rsquo; as an alternate name for the
   &lsquo;<a href="#overflow-wrap0"><code
   class=property>overflow-wrap</code></a>&rsquo; property. However this
   syntax not valid.

  <h2 id=justification><span class=secno>7. </span> Alignment and
   Justification</h2>

  <h3 id=text-align><span class=secno>7.1. </span> Text Alignment: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#text-align0"><code
   class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-align0>text-align</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>[ start | <a class=noxref
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-string"><span
      class=value-inst-string>&lt;string&gt;</span></a> ]? [ start | end |
      left | right | center | justify | match-parent ]

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>start

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value, except for &lsquo;<code
      class=property>match-parent</code>&rsquo; (see prose)
  </table>

  <p>This property describes how inline contents of a block are horizontally
   aligned if the contents do not completely fill the line box. Values have
   the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=start title="text-align:start">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>start</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The inline contents are aligned to the start edge of the line box.

   <dt><dfn id=end title="text-align:end">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>end</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The inline contents are aligned to the end edge of the line box.

   <dt><dfn id=left title="text-align:left">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>left</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The inline contents are aligned to the left edge of the line box. In
    vertical text, &lsquo;<code class=property>left</code>&rsquo; aligns to
    the edge of the line box that would be the start edge for left-to-right
    text.

   <dt><dfn id=right title="text-align:right">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>right</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The inline contents are aligned to the right edge of the line box. In
    vertical text, &lsquo;<code class=property>right</code>&rsquo; aligns to
    the edge of the line box that would be the end edge for left-to-right
    text.

   <dt><dfn id=center title="text-align:center">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>center</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The inline contents are centered within the line box.

   <dt><dfn id=justify title="text-align:justify">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>justify</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The text is justified according to the method specified by the <a
    class=property href="#text-justify">&lsquo;<code
    class=property>text-justify</code>&rsquo;</a> property.

   <dt><dfn id=ltstringgt title="text-align:&lt;string>">&lsquo;<code
    class=css><span title="&lt;string&gt;"><a class=noxref
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-string"><span
    class=value-inst-string>&lt;string&gt;</span></a></span></code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The string must be a single character; otherwise the declaration must
    be <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#ignore">ignored</a>.
    When applied to a table cell, specifies the <dfn
    id=alignment-character>alignment character</dfn> around which the cell's
    contents will align. See <a href="#character-alignment">below</a> for
    further details.

   <dt><dfn id=match-parent title="text-align:match-parent">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>match-parent</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>This value behaves the same as &lsquo;<code
    class=property>inherit</code>&rsquo; except that an inherited
    &lsquo;<code class=property>start</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
    class=property>end</code>&rsquo; keyword is calculated against its
    parent's &lsquo;<code class=property>direction</code>&rsquo; value and
    results in a computed value of either &lsquo;<code
    class=property>left</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
    class=property>right</code>&rsquo;.
  </dl>

  <p>If two keywords are given in combination, then the first value specifies
   the alignment of the first line and any line immediately after a forced
   line break; and the second value specifies the alignment of any remaining
   lines.

  <p>A block of text is a stack of <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#line-box">line boxes</a>. In
   the case of &lsquo;<code class=property>start</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
   class=property>end</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
   class=property>left</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
   class=property>right</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
   class=property>center</code>&rsquo;, this property specifies how the
   inline-level boxes within each line box align with respect to the start
   and end sides of the line box: alignment is not with respect to the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#viewport">viewport</a> or
   containing block.

  <p>In the case of &lsquo;<code class=property>justify</code>&rsquo;, the UA
   may stretch or shrink any inline boxes by <a
   href="#text-justify">adjusting</a> their text in addition to shifting
   their positions. (See also &lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
   class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<a
   href="#letter-spacing0"><code
   class=property>letter-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<a
   href="#word-spacing0"><code
   class=property>word-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;.) If an element's white
   space is set to be <a href="#collapse">collapsible</a>, then the UA is not
   required to adjust its text for the purpose of justification and may
   instead treat the text as having no expansion opportunities. If the UA
   chooses to adjust the text, then it must ensure that tab stops continue to
   line up as required by the <a
   href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-text/#white-space-rules">white space
   processing rules</a>.

  <h4 id=character-alignment><span class=secno>7.1.1. </span>Details on
   Character-based Alignment in a Table Column</h4>

  <p>When multiple cells in a column have an alignment character specified,
   the alignment character of each such cell in the column is centered along
   a single column-parallel axis and the rest of the text in the column
   shifted accordingly. (Note that the strings do not have to be the same for
   each cell, although they usually are.)

  <p>If the alignment character appears more than once in the text, the first
   instance is used for alignment. If the alignment character does not appear
   in a cell at all, the string is aligned as if the alignment character had
   been inserted at the end of its contents.

  <p>Character-based alignment occurs before table cell width computation so
   that auto width computations can leave enough space for alignment. Whether
   column-spanning cells participate in the alignment prior to or after width
   computation is undefined. If width constraints on the cell contents
   prevent full alignment throughout the column, the resulting alignment is
   undefined.

  <p>A keyword value may be specified in conjunction with the &lt;string&gt;
   value; if it is not given, it defaults to &lsquo;<code
   class=css>right</code>&rsquo;. This value is used:

  <ul>
   <li>when character-based alignment is applied to boxes that are not table
    cells.

   <li>when the text wraps to multiple lines (at unforced break points).

   <li>when the column is wide enough that the character alignment alone does
    not determine the positions of its character-aligned contents. In this
    case the keyword alignment of the first cell in the column with a
    specified alignment character is used to slide the position of the
    character-aligned contents to match the keyword alignment insofar as
    possible without changing the width of the column. For &lsquo;<code
    class=css>center</code>&rsquo;, the UA may center the aligned contents
    using its extremes, center the alignment axis itself (insofar as
    possible), or optically center the aligned contents some other way (such
    as by taking a weighted average of the extent of the cells' contents to
    either side of the axis).

   <li>when a character-aligned cell spans more than one column. In this case
    the keyword alignment value is used to determine which column's axis to
    align with: the leftmost column for &lsquo;<code
    class=css>left</code>&rsquo;, the rightmost column for &lsquo;<code
    class=css>right</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
    class=css>center</code>&rsquo;, the startmost column for &lsquo;<code
    class=css>start</code>&rsquo;, the endmost column for &lsquo;<code
    class=css>end</code>&rsquo;.
  </ul>

  <div class=example> The following style sheet:
   <pre>TD { text-align: "." center }</pre>
   will cause the column of dollar figures in the following HTML table:
   <pre class=html-example>
<!-- -->&lt;TABLE&gt;
<!-- -->&lt;COL width="40"&gt;
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TH&gt;Long distance calls
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; $1.30
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; $2.50
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; $10.80
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; $111.01
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; $85.
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; N/A
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; $.05
<!-- -->&lt;TR&gt; &lt;TD&gt; $.06
<!-- -->&lt;/TABLE&gt;</pre>

   <p>to align along the decimal point. The table might be rendered as
    follows:</p>

   <pre>
<!-- -->+---------------------+
<!-- -->| Long distance calls |
<!-- -->+---------------------+
<!-- -->|        $11.30       |
<!-- -->|        $22.50       |
<!-- -->|         $0.80       |
<!-- -->|    $200567.01       |
<!-- -->|        $85.         |
<!-- -->|        N/A          |
<!-- -->|          $.05       |
<!-- -->|          $.06       |
<!-- -->+---------------------+
<!-- --></pre>
  </div>

  <p class=note>Right alignment is used by default for character-based
   alignment because numbering systems are almost all left-to-right even in
   right-to-left writing systems, and the primary use case of character-based
   alignment is for numerical alignment.

  <h3 id=text-align-last><span class=secno>7.2. </span> Last Line Alignment:
   the &lsquo;<a href="#text-align-last0"><code
   class=property>text-align-last</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-align-last0>text-align-last</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>auto | start | end | left | right | center | justify

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>auto

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property describes how the last line of a block or a line right
   before a forced line break is aligned. If a line is also the first line of
   the block or the first line after a forced line break, then &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-align-last0"><code
   class=property>text-align-last</code></a>&rsquo; takes precedence over
   &lsquo;<a href="#text-align0"><code
   class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo; <em>except</em> when two
   keywords are given for &lsquo;<a href="#text-align0"><code
   class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo; (i.e. when &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-align0"><code class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo;
   assigns an explicit first line alignment).

  <p>&lsquo;<code class=css>auto</code>&rsquo; is equivalent to the value of
   the &lsquo;<a href="#text-align0"><code
   class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo; property except when &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-align0"><code class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo; is
   set to &lsquo;<code class=css>justify</code>&rsquo;, in which case it is
   &lsquo;<code class=css>justify</code>&rsquo; when &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-justify0"><code class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;
   is &lsquo;<code class=css>distribute</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
   class=css>start</code>&rsquo; otherwise. All other values have the same
   meanings as in &lsquo;<a href="#text-align0"><code
   class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo;.

  <h3 id=text-justify><span class=secno>7.3. </span> Justification Method:
   the &lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
   class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-justify0>text-justify</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>auto | none | inter-word | inter-ideograph | inter-cluster |
      distribute | kashida

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>auto

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers and, optionally, inline elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property selects the justification method used when a line's
   alignment is set to &lsquo;<code class=css>justify</code>&rsquo; (see
   &lsquo;<a href="#text-align0"><code
   class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo;), primarily by controlling
   which scripts' characters are adjusted together or separately. The
   property applies to block containers, but the UA may (but is not required
   to) also support it on inline elements. It takes the following values:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=auto1 title="text-justify:auto">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The UA determines the justification algorithm to follow, based on a
    balance between performance and adequate presentation quality.
    <p class=note>One possible algorithm is to determine the behavior based
     on the language of the paragraph: the UA can then choose appropriate
     value for the language, like &lsquo;<code
     class=css>inter-ideograph</code>&rsquo; for CJK, or &lsquo;<code
     class=css>inter-word</code>&rsquo; for English. Another possibility is
     to use a justification method that is a universal compromise for all
     scripts, e.g. the &lsquo;<code class=css>inter-cluster</code>&rsquo;
     method with block scripts raised to first priority.</p>

   <dt><dfn id=none3 title="text-justify:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Justification is disabled. <span class=note>This value is intended for
    use in user stylesheets to improve readability or for accessibility
    purposes.</span>

   <dt><dfn id=inter-word title="text-justify:inter-word">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>inter-word</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Justification primarily changes spacing at word separators. This value
    is typically used for languages that separate words using spaces, like
    English or Korean.

   <dt><dfn id=inter-ideograph
    title="text-justify:inter-ideographic">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>inter-ideograph</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Justification primarily changes spacing at word separators and between
    characters in <a href="#block-scripts">block scripts</a>. This value is
    typically used for <abbr title="Chinese/Japanese/Korean">CJK</abbr>
    languages.

   <dt><dfn id=inter-cluster title="text-justify:inter-cluster">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>inter-cluster</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Justification primarily changes spacing at word separators and between
    characters in <a href="#clustered-scripts">clustered scripts</a>. This
    value is typically used for Southeast Asian scripts such as Thai.

   <dt><dfn id=distribute title="text-justify:distribute">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>distribute</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Justification primarily changes spacing both at word separators and
    between characters in all scripts equally (except those in the connected
    and cursive categories). This value is sometimes used in e.g. Japanese.

   <dt><a name=kashida-prop></a><a name=text-kashida-space></a> <dfn
    id=kashida title="text-justify:kashida">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>kashida</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Justification primarily stretches <a href="#cursive-scripts">cursive
    scripts</a> through the use of kashida or other calligraphic elongation.
    This value is <em>optional</em> for conformance to CSS3 Text. (UAs that
    do not support cursive elongation must <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css-2010/#partial">treat the value as
    invalid</a>.)
  </dl>

  <p>When justifying text, the user agent takes the remaining space between
   the ends of a line's contents and the edges of its line box, and
   distributes that space throughout its contents so that the contents
   exactly fill the line box. If the &lsquo;<a href="#letter-spacing0"><code
   class=property>letter-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
   href="#word-spacing0"><code class=property>word-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;
   property values allow it, the user agent may also distribute negative
   space, putting more content on the line than would otherwise fit under
   normal spacing conditions. The exact justification algorithm is
   UA-dependent; however, CSS provides some general guidelines which should
   be followed when any justification method other than &lsquo;<code
   class=property>auto</code>&rsquo; is specified.

  <p id=expansion-opportunity>CSS defines <dfn
   id=expansion-opportunities>expansion opportunities</dfn> as points where
   the justification algorithm may alter spacing within the text. These
   expansion opportunities fall into priority levels as defined by the
   justification method. Within a line, expansion and compression should
   primarily target the first-priority expansion opportunities; lower
   priority expansion opportunities are adjusted at a lower priority as
   needed.

  <p>Expansion and compression limits are given by the <a
   href="#letter-spacing">letter-spacing</a> and <a
   href="#word-spacing">word-spacing</a> properties. How any remaining space
   is distributed once all expansion opportunities reach their limits is up
   to the UA. If the inline contents of a line cannot be stretched to the
   full width of the line box, then they must be aligned as specified by the
   &lsquo;<a href="#text-align-last0"><code
   class=property>text-align-last</code></a>&rsquo; property. (If &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-align-last0"><code
   class=property>text-align-last</code></a>&rsquo; is &lsquo;<code
   class=css>justify</code>&rsquo;, then they must be aligned as for
   &lsquo;<code class=css>center</code>&rsquo; if &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-justify0"><code class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;
   is &lsquo;<code class=css>distribute</code>&rsquo; and as &lsquo;<code
   class=css>start</code>&rsquo; otherwise.)

  <p>The expansion opportunity priorities for values of &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-justify0"><code class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;
   are given in the table below. Since justification behavior varies by
   writing system, expansion opportunities are organized by <a
   href="#script-groups">script categories</a>. An expansion opportunity
   exists between two <i>letters</i> at a priority level when at least one of
   them belongs to a script category at that level and the other does not
   belong to a higher priority level. All scripts in the same priority level
   must be treated exactly the same. Word separators (spaces) and other
   symbols and punctuation are treated specially, see below.

  <table class=data>
   <caption>Prioritization of Expansion Points</caption>

   <colgroup class=header></colgroup>

   <colgroup span=6></colgroup>

   <thead>
    <tr>
     <td>

     <th>&lsquo;<code class=css>inter-word</code>&rsquo;

     <th>&lsquo;<code class=css>inter-ideograph</code>&rsquo;

     <th>&lsquo;<code class=css>distribute</code>&rsquo;

     <th>&lsquo;<code class=css>inter-cluster</code>&rsquo;

     <th>&lsquo;<code class=css>kashida</code>&rsquo;

     <th>&lsquo;<code class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;

   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th scope=row><a href="#block-scripts">block</a>

     <td>2

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td>2

     <td>2

     <td>3

     <td><strong>1</strong>*

    <tr>
     <th scope=row><a href="#clustered-scripts">clustered</a>

     <td>2

     <td>2

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td>3

     <td><strong>1</strong>*

    <tr>
     <th scope=row><a href="#cursive-scripts">cursive</a>

     <td>2

     <td>2

     <td>2

     <td>2

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td>2*

    <tr>
     <th scope=row><a href="#discrete-scripts">discrete</a>

     <td>2

     <td>2

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td>2

     <td>3

     <td>2*

    <tr>
     <th scope=row><a href="#connected-scripts">connected</a>

     <td>never

     <td>never

     <td>never

     <td>never

     <td>never

     <td>never

   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th scope=row>spaces

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td>2

     <td><strong>1</strong>*

    <tr>
     <th scope=row>symbols

     <td>2

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td><strong>1</strong>

     <td>3

     <td>*
  </table>

  <p id=auto-justify><small>* The &lsquo;<code class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;
   column defined above is informative; it suggests a prioritization that
   presents a universal compromise among justification methods.</small>

  <p id=justify-spaces>The <dfn id=spaces title=spaces-category>spaces</dfn>
   category represents expansion opportunities at <a
   href="#word-separator">word separators</a>. (See <a
   href="#word-spacing">&lsquo;<code
   class=property>word-spacing</code>&rsquo;</a>.) The UA may treat spaces
   differently than other expansion points in the same priority, but must not
   change their priority with respect to expansion points in other priority
   levels. For example, in Japanese &lsquo;<code
   class=css>inter-ideograph</code>&rsquo; justification (which treats CJK
   characters at a higher priority than Latin characters), word spaces
   traditionally have a higher priority than inter-CJK spacing, and the UA
   may split the 1st-priority level to implement that. However the UA is not
   allowed to drop spaces to the same priority as Latin characters.

  <p id=justify-symbols>The <dfn id=punctuation-symbols>symbols</dfn>
   category represents the expansion opportunities existing at or between any
   pair of characters from the Unicode Symbols (S*) and Punctuation (P*)
   classes and at enabled <a href="#text-autospace">autospace</a> points. The
   default justification priority of these points is given above. However,
   there may be additional rules controlling their justification behavior due
   to typographic tradition. Therefore, the UA may reassign specific
   characters or introduce additional levels of prioritization to handle
   expansion opportunities involving symbols and punctuation. For example,
   there are traditionally no expansion opportunities between consecutive EM
   DASH U+2014, HORIZONTAL BAR U+2015, HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS U+2026, or TWO DOT
   LEADER U+2025 characters <a href="#JLREQ"
   rel=biblioentry>[JLREQ]<!--{{JLREQ}}--></a>; thus a UA might assign these
   characters to the "never" prioritization level. As another example,
   certain fullwidth punctuation characters are considered to contain an
   expansion opportunity (see &lsquo;<a href="#text-spacing"><code
   class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;). The UA might therefore
   assign these characters to a higher prioritization level than the
   opportunities between ideographic characters.

  <p id=justify-cursive>For justification of <a
   href="#cursive-scripts0"><i>cursive scripts</i></a>, words may be expanded
   through kashida elongation or other cursive expansion processes. Kashida
   may be applied in discrete units or continuously, and the prioritization
   of kashida points is UA-dependent: for example, the UA may apply more at
   the end of the line. The UA should not apply kashida to fonts for which it
   is inappropriate. It may instead rely on other justification methods that
   lengthen or shorten Arabic segments (e.g. by substituting in swash forms
   or optional ligatures). Because elongation rules depend on the typeface
   style, the UA should rely on on the font whenever possible rather than
   inserting kashida based on a font-independent ruleset. The UA should limit
   elongation so that, e.g. in multi-script lines a short stretch of Arabic
   will not be forced to soak up too much of the extra space by itself. If
   the UA does not support cursive elongation, then, as with connected
   scripts, no expansion points exist between characters of these scripts.

  <p>The UA may enable or break optional ligatures or use other font features
   such as alternate glyphs or glyph compression to help justify the text
   under any method. This behavior is not controlled by this level of CSS.

  <p class=issue>Add example of using &lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
   class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo; with the TeX algorithm.

  <div class=example>
   <p>3.8 Line Adjustment in <a href="#JLREQ"
    rel=biblioentry>[JLREQ]<!--{{JLREQ}}--></a> gives an example of a set of
    rules for how a text formatter can justify Japanese text. It describes
    rules for cases where the &lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
    class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo; property is &lsquo;<code
    class=css>inter-ideograph</code>&rsquo; and the &lsquo;<a
    href="#text-spacing"><code class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;
    property does not specify &lsquo;<code
    class=css>no-compress</code>&rsquo;.</p>

   <p>It produces an effect similar to cases where the computed value of
    &lsquo;<a href="#text-spacing"><code
    class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; property does not specify
    &lsquo;<code class=css>trim-end</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
    class=css>space-end</code>&rsquo;. If the UA wants to prohibit this
    behavior, rule b. of 3.8.3 should be omitted.</p>

   <p>Note that the rules described in the document specifically target
    Japanese. Therefore they may produce non-optimal results when used to
    justify other languages such as English. To make the rules more
    applicable to other scripts, the UA could, for instance, omit the rule to
    compress half-width spaces (rule a. of 3.8.3).</p>
   <!--
      <p>JIS X-4051 [[JIS4051]] defines how a text formatter can justify Japanese text.
        Here is one example of the interpretation of JIS X-4051 with slight modification.</p>
        <ol>
          <li>If no justification is necessary, neither compression nor expansion occur.</li>
          <li>If justification is necessary,
            take the first line break opportunity beyond the end of line
            and apply the following rules (in order) to compress until it fits.
            <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha">
              <li>Compress space characters up to the minimum value specified by 'word-spacing' property, or up to 1/4em.</li>
              <li>Compress <a href="#fullwidth-middle-dot-punctuation">fullwidth middle dot punctuations</a>
                and <a href="#fullwidth-colon-punctuation">fullwidth colon punctuations</a>
                up to 1/2em, by trimming the same amount of spaces from both sides of the characters.</li>
              <li>Compress the left side of <a href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation">fullwidth opening punctuations</a>
                and the right side of <a href="#fullwidth-closing-punctuation">fullwidth closing punctuations</a>
                up to 1/2em.</li>
              <li>Compress spaces created by 'text-spacing' property up to 1/8em.</li>
            </ol></li>
          <li>If the compression fails to fit the line,
            take the last line break opportunity before the end of line,
            and apply the following rules (in order) to expand until it fits.
            <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha">
              <li>Expand space characters up to the maximum value specified by 'word-spacing' property, or up to 1/2em.</li>
              <li>Expand spaces created by 'text-spacing' property up to 1/2em.</li>
              <li>Expand all expansion opportunities as defined above in equal percent of the size of each character.</li>
            </ol></li>
        </ol>
      -->
   </div>

  <h2 id=spacing><span class=secno>8. </span> Spacing</h2>

  <p id=spacing-limit>The next two properties refer to the
   &lt;spacing-limit&gt; value type, which is defined as follows:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=ltspacing-limitgt title="&lt;spacing-limit&gt;">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>&lt;spacing-limit&gt;</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd> [ normal | <a class=noxref
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-length"><span
    class=value-inst-length>&lt;length&gt;</span></a> | <a class=noxref
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-percentage"><span
    class=value-inst-percentage>&lt;percentage&gt;</span></a> ]

   <dt><dfn id=normal4 title="&lt;spacing-limit&gt;:normal">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Specifies the normal optimum/minimum/maximum spacing, as defined by
    the current font and/or the user agent. Normal spacing should be
    percentage-based. Normal minimum and maximum spacing must be based on the
    optimum spacing so that the minimum and maximum limits increase and
    decrease with changes to the optimum spacing. Normal minimum and maximum
    spacing may also vary according to some measure of the amount of text on
    a line (e.g. block width divided by font size): larger measures can
    accommodate tighter spacing constraints. Normal optimum/minimum/maximum
    spacing may also vary based on the value of the <a
    href="#text-justify">&lsquo;<code
    class=property>text-justify</code>&rsquo;</a> property, the element's
    language, and other factors. Normal minimum, maximum, and optimal spacing
    between a pair of <a href="#connected-scripts">connected</a> or <a
    href="#cursive-scripts">cursive</a> characters is always zero.

   <dt><dfn id=ltlengthgt-or-ltpercentagegt
    title="&lt;spacing-limit&gt;:&lt;length&gt;|&lt;percentage&gt;">&lsquo;<code
    class=css><a class=noxref
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-length"><span
    class=value-inst-length>&lt;length&gt;</span></a> or <a class=noxref
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-percentage"><span
    class=value-inst-percentage>&lt;percentage&gt;</span></a></code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Specifies extra spacing <em>in addition to</em> the normal spacing.
    Percentages are with respect to the width of the affected character.
    Values may be negative, but there may be implementation-dependent limits.
    
  </dl>

  <h3 id=word-spacing><span class=secno>8.1. </span> Word Spacing: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#word-spacing0"><code
   class=property>word-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=word-spacing0>word-spacing</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td><a href="#spacing-limit">&lt;spacing-limit&gt;</a> {1,3}

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>normal

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>refers to width of space (U+0020) glyph

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>&lsquo;<code class=property>normal</code>&rsquo; or computed value
      or percentage
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the minimum, maximum, and optimal spacing
   between words. If only one value is specified, then it represents the
   optimal spacing and the minimum and maximum are both &lsquo;<code
   class=property>normal</code>&rsquo;. If two values are specified, then the
   first represents both the optimal spacing and the minimum spacing, and the
   second represents the maximum spacing. If three values are specified, they
   represent the optimum, minimum, and maximum respectively.

  <p>If the value of the optimum or maximum spacing is less than the value of
   the minimum spacing, then its used value is the minimum spacing. If the
   optimum spacing is greater than the maximum spacing then its used value is
   the maximum spacing. (This substitution occurs after inheritance.)

  <p>In the absence of justification the optimal spacing must be used. The
   text justification process may alter the spacing from its optimum (see the
   <a href="#text-justify">&lsquo;<code
   class=property>text-justify</code>&rsquo;</a> property, above) but must
   not violate the minimum spacing limit and should also avoid exceeding the
   maximum.

  <p id=word-separator>Spacing is applied to each word-separator character
   left in the text after the <a href="#white-space-rules">white space
   processing rules</a> have been applied and should be applied half on each
   side of the character. <span class=issue>This is correct for Ethiopian and
   doesn't matter for invisible spaces, but is it correct for Tibetan? Most
   publications seem to add space <em>after</em> the tsek mark during
   justification.</span> Word-separator characters include the space
   (U+0020), the no-break space (U+00A0), the Ethiopic word space (U+1361),
   the Aegean word separators (U+10100,U+10101), the Ugaritic word divider
   (U+1039F), and the Tibetan tsek (U+0F0B, U+0F0C). <span class=issue>Is
   this list correct?</span> If there are no word-separator characters, or if
   the word-separating character has a zero advance width (such as the zero
   width space U+200B) then the user agent must not create an additional
   spacing between words. General punctuation and fixed-width spaces (such as
   U+3000 and U+2000 through U+200A) are not considered word-separators.

  <h3 id=letter-spacing><span class=secno>8.2. </span> Tracking: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#letter-spacing0"><code
   class=property>letter-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=letter-spacing0>letter-spacing</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td><a href="#spacing-limit">&lt;spacing-limit&gt;</a>{1,3}

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>normal

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>refers to width of space (U+0020) glyph

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>&lsquo;<code class=property>normal</code>&rsquo; or computed value
      or percentage
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the minimum, maximum, and optimal spacing
   between <i>characters</i>. If only one value is specified, then it
   represents all three values. If two values are specified, then the first
   represents both the optimal spacing and the minimum spacing, and the
   second represents the maximum spacing. If three values are specified, they
   represent the optimum, minimum, and maximum respectively.

  <p>If the value of the optimum or maximum spacing is less than the value of
   the minimum spacing, then its used value is the minimum spacing. If the
   optimum spacing is greater than the maximum spacing then its used value is
   the maximum spacing. (This substitution occurs after inheritance.)

  <p>In the absence of justification the optimal spacing must be used. The
   text justification process may alter the spacing from its optimum (see the
   <a href="#text-justify">&lsquo;<code
   class=property>text-justify</code>&rsquo;</a> property, above) but must
   not violate the minimum spacing limit and should also avoid exceeding the
   maximum. Letter-spacing is applied in addition to any word-spacing.
   &lsquo;<code class=property>normal</code>&rsquo; optimum letter-spacing is
   typically zero.

  <p>Letter-spacing must not be applied at the beginning or at the end of a
   line. At element boundaries, the letter spacing is given by and rendered
   within the innermost element that <em>contains</em> the boundary.

  <div class=example>
   <p>For example, given the markup</p>

   <pre>&lt;P&gt;a&lt;LS&gt;b&lt;Z&gt;cd&lt;/Z&gt;&lt;Y&gt;ef&lt;/Y&gt;&lt;/LS&gt;g&lt;/P&gt;</pre>

   <p>and the style sheet</p>

   <pre><!--
     -->LS { letter-spacing: 1em; }
<!-- -->Z { letter-spacing: 0.3em; }
<!-- -->Y { letter-spacing: 0.4em; }</pre>

   <p>the spacing would be</p>

   <pre>a[0]b[1em]c[0.3em]d[1em]e[0.4em]f[0]g</pre>
  </div>

  <p>UAs may apply letter-spacing to cursive scripts. In this case, UAs
   should extend the space between disjoint characters as specified above
   <em>and</em> extend the visible connection between cursively connected
   characters by the same amount (rather than leaving a gap). The UA may use
   glyph substitution or other font capabilities to spread out the letters.
   If the UA cannot expand a cursive script without breaking the cursive
   connections, it should not apply letter-spacing between characters of that
   script at all.

  <p>When the resulting space between two characters is not the same as the
   default space, user agents should not use optional ligatures.

  <h3 id=text-spacing-prop><span class=secno>8.3. </span> <a
   name=punctuation-trim></a> <a name=text-trim-prop></a><a
   name=text-trim></a> <a name=text-autospace-prop></a><a
   name=text-autospace></a> Character Class Spacing: the &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-spacing"><code class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;
   property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-spacing>text-spacing</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>normal | none | [ trim-start | space-start ] || [ trim-end |
      space-end | allow-end ] || [ trim-adjacent | space-adjacent ] ||
      no-compress || ideograph-alpha || ideograph-numeric || punctuation

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>normal

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>specified value
  </table>

  <p>This property controls spacing between adjacent characters on the same
   line within the same inline formatting context using a set of
   character-class-based rules. Such spacing can either be created between or
   trimmed from the affected glyphs. Values are defined as follows:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=normal5 title="text-spacing:normal">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Specifies the baseline behavior, equivalent to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>space-start allow-end trim-adjacent</code>&rsquo;.

   <dt><dfn id=none4 title="text-spacing:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dt>

   <dd>Turns off all text-spacing features. All fullwidth characters are set
    with full-width glyphs.

   <dt><dfn id=ideograph-alpha
    title="text-spacing:ideograph-alpha">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>ideograph-alpha</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Creates 1/4em extra spacing between runs of <a
    href="#ideographs"><i>ideographs</i></a> and <a
    href="#non-ideographic-letters"><i>non-ideographic letters</i></a>. <span
    class=note>A commonly used algorithm for determining this behavior is
    specified in <a href="#JLREQ"
    rel=biblioentry>[JLREQ]<!--{{JLREQ}}--></a></span>

   <dt><dfn id=ideograph-numeric
    title="text-spacing:ideograph-numeric">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>ideograph-numeric</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Creates 1/4em extra spacing between runs of <a
    href="#ideographs"><i>ideographs</i></a> and <a
    href="#non-ideographic-numerals"><i>non-ideographic numerals</i></a>
    glyphs. <span class=note>A commonly used algorithm for determining this
    behavior is specified in <a href="#JLREQ"
    rel=biblioentry>[JLREQ]<!--{{JLREQ}}--></a></span>

   <dt><dfn id=punctuation title="text-spacing:punctuation">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>punctuation</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Creates extra non-breaking spacing around punctuation as required by
    language-specific typographic conventions. In this level, if the
    element's content language is French, narrow no-break space (U+202F) and
    no-break space (U+00A0) is be inserted where required by <a
    href="http://unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_fra.html">French typographic
    guidelines</a>. Otherwise this value has no effect. However future
    specifications may add automatic spacing behavior for other languages.

   <dt><dfn id=space-start title="text-spacing:space-start">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>space-start</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Set <a href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth opening
    punctuation</i></a> with full-width glyphs (spaced) at the start of each
    line.

   <dt><dfn id=trim-start title="text-spacing:trim-start">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>trim-start</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Set <a href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth opening
    punctuation</i></a> with half-width glyphs (flush) at the start of each
    line.

   <dt><dfn id=allow-end title="text-spacing:allow-end">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>allow-end</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Set <a href="#fullwidth-closing-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth closing
    punctuation</i></a> with half-width glyphs (flush) at the end of each
    line if it does not otherwise fit prior to justification, otherwise sets
    the punctuation with full-width glyphs.

   <dt><dfn id=space-end title="text-spacing:space-end">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>space-end</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Set <a href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth opening
    punctuation</i></a> with full-width glyphs (spaced) at the start of each
    line.

   <dt><dfn id=trim-end title="text-spacing:trim-end">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>trim-end</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Set <a href="#fullwidth-closing-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth closing
    punctuation</i></a> with half-width glyphs (flush) at the end of each
    line.

   <dt><dfn id=space-adjacent
    title="text-spacing:space-adjacent">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>space-adjacent</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Set <a href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth opening
    punctuation</i></a> with full-width glyphs (spaced) when not at the start
    of the line. Set <a href="#fullwidth-closing-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth
    closing punctuation</i></a> with full-width glyphs (spaced) when not at
    the end of the line.

   <dt><dfn id=trim-adjacent title="text-spacing:trim-adjacent">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>trim-adjacent</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Collapse spacing between punctuation glyphs <a
    href="#fullwidth-collapsing">as described below</a>.

   <dt><dfn id=no-compress title="text-spacing:no-compress">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>no-compress</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Justification may not compress text-spacing. (If this value is not
    specified, the justification process may reduce autospacing except when
    the spacing is at the start or end of the line.) <span class=note> An
    example of compression rules is given for Japanese in 3.8 Line Adjustment
    in <a href="#JLREQ" rel=biblioentry>[JLREQ]<!--{{JLREQ}}--></a>.</span>
  </dl>

  <p>This property is additive with the &lsquo;<a href="#word-spacing0"><code
   class=property>word-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
   href="#letter-spacing0"><code
   class=property>letter-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; properties. That is, the
   amount of spacing contributed by the &lsquo;<a
   href="#letter-spacing0"><code
   class=property>letter-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; setting (if any) is added
   to the spacing created by &lsquo;<a href="#text-spacing"><code
   class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;. The same applies to
   &lsquo;<a href="#word-spacing0"><code
   class=property>word-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;.

  <p>At element boundaries, the amount of extra spacing introduced between
   characters is determined by and rendered within the innermost element that
   contains the boundary. If the extra spacing is applied to a particular
   glyph, then the spacing is determined by the innermost element containing
   that glyph.

  <p class=note>Values other than &lsquo;<code
   class=css>normal</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code class=css>none</code>&rsquo;,
   &lsquo;<code class=css>trim-start</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
   class=css>trim-end</code>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<code
   class=css>space-end</code>&rsquo; are at-risk and may be dropped from this
   level of CSS. They are defined here currently to help work out a complete
   design of this feature.

  <p>Support for this property is <em>optional</em>. It is strongly
   recommended for UAs that wish to support CJK typography.

  <p class=issue>It was requested to add a value for doubling the space after
   periods.

  <h4 id=fullwidth-collapsing><span class=secno>8.3.1. </span> Fullwidth
   Punctuation Collapsing</h4>

  <p>Typically fullwidth characters have glyphs with the same advance width
   as a standard Han character (e.g. 水 U+6C34). However, many fullwidth
   punctuation glyphs only take up part of the fullwidth design space. Thus
   such punctuation are not always set fullwidth. Several values of &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-spacing"><code class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;
   allow the author to control when such characters are set half-width
   (typically half the width of an ideograph) and when they are set
   full-width.

  <p>In order to set the text as specified, the UA may need to either

  <ul>
   <li>trim (kern) the blank half of the glyphs if they are given full-width
    and must be set half-width, or

   <li>add space to the glyphs if they are given half-width must be set
    full-width.
  </ul>

  <p>Some fonts use proportional glyphs for fullwidth punctuation characters.
   For such proportional glyphs, the given advance width is considered
   simultaneously full-width and half-width: no space is added or removed.

  <p class=note>The advance width of a standard Han character can be
   determined either from font metrics such as the OpenType <code>ideo</code>
   and <code>idtp</code> baselines for the opposite writing mode, or by
   taking the advance width of a Han character such as 水 U+6C34. (The
   opposite writing mode must be used because some fonts are compressed so
   that the characters are not square.) More information on OpenType metrics
   can be found <a
   href="http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/baselinetags.htm#ideoembox">in
   the OpenType spec</a>. Note that if 水 U+6C34, 卜 U+535C, and 一 U+4E00
   do not all have the same advance width, the font has proportional
   ideographs and the fullwidth advance width cannot be reliably determined
   by measuring glyphs.

  <p>Unless &lsquo;<a href="#text-spacing"><code
   class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo; is set to &lsquo;<code
   class=css>space-adjacent</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
   class=css>none</code>&rsquo; (or the font has proportional fullwidth
   punctuation glyphs), the UA must collapse the space typically associated
   with such full width glyphs as follows:

  <ul>
   <li>Set <a href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth opening
    punctuation</i></a> half-width if the previous character is a <a
    href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth opening
    punctuation</i></a>, <a
    href="#fullwidth-middle-dot-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth middle dot
    punctuation</i></a>, or ideographic space (U+3000). Else set it
    full-width.

   <li>Set <a href="#fullwidth-closing-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth closing
    punctuation</i></a> half-width if the next character is a <a
    href="#fullwidth-closing-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth closing
    punctuation</i></a>, <a
    href="#fullwidth-middle-dot-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth middle dot
    punctuation</i></a>, or ideographic space (U+3000). Else set it
    full-width.

   <li>Set <a href="#fullwidth-closing-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth closing
    punctuation</i></a> followed by <a
    href="#fullwidth-opening-punctuation0"><i>fullwidth opening
    punctuation</i></a> each "3/4-width", i.e. halfway between fullw-width
    and half-width.
  </ul>

  <div class=example>
   <p>The following example table lists the punctuation pairs affected by
    adjancent-pairs trimming. It uses halfwidth equivalents to approximate
    the trimming effect.</p>

   <table class=data>
    <caption>Demonstration of adjacent-pairs punctuation trimming</caption>

    <thead>
     <tr>
      <th>Combination

      <th>Sample Pair

      <th>Looks Like

    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Opening&#8212;Opening

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>〔</tt>+<tt class=char lang=ja>（</tt>

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>〔</tt><tt class="char half-r"
       lang=ja>(</tt>

     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Middle Dot&#8212;Opening

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>・</tt>+<tt class=char lang=ja>（</tt>

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>・</tt><tt class=char lang=ja>(</tt>

     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Closing&#8212;Opening

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>〕</tt>+<tt class=char lang=ja>（</tt>

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>)<span class=quarter>&#x3000;</span></tt><tt
       class=char lang=ja><span class=quarter>&#x3000;</span>(</tt>

     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Ideographic Space&#8212;Opening

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>　</tt>+<tt class=char lang=ja>（</tt>

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>　</tt><tt class=char lang=ja>(</tt>

     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Closing&#8212;Closing

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>）</tt>+<tt class=char lang=ja>〕</tt>

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>)</tt><tt class=char lang=ja>〕</tt>

     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Closing&#8212;Middle Dot

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>）</tt>+<tt class=char lang=ja>・</tt>

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>)</tt><tt class=char lang=ja>・</tt>

     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Closing&#8212;Ideographic Space

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>）</tt>+<tt class=char lang=ja>　</tt>

      <td><tt class=char lang=ja>)</tt><tt class=char lang=ja>　</tt>
   </table>
  </div>

  <h4 id=text-spacing-classes><span class=secno>8.3.2. </span> Text Spacing
   Character Classes</h4>

  <p>In the context of this property the following definitions apply:

  <p class=issue>classes and Unicode code point should be reviewed.

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=ideographs>Ideographs</dfn>

   <dd>Includes all characters listed below:
    <ul>
     <li>All characters in the range of U+3041 to U+30FF, except that belongs
      to Unicode Punctuation [P*] category.

     <li>CJK Strokes (U+31C0 to U+31EF).

     <li>Katakana Phonetic Extensions (U+31F0 to U+31FF).

     <li>All characters that belongs to Han Unicode Script Property <a
      href="#UAX24" rel=biblioentry>[UAX24]<!--{{!UAX24}}--></a>.
    </ul>

   <dt><dfn id=non-ideographic-letters>Non-ideographic letters</dfn>

   <dd>Includes all characters that belongs to Unicode Letters [L*] and Mark
    [M*] category, except any of the following conditions are met:
    <ul>
     <li>Is defined as Ideographic letters.

     <li>Is categorized as East Asian Fullwidth (F) by <a href="#UAX11"
      rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a>.

     <li>Is upright in vertical text flow using the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>text-orientation</code>&rsquo; property or the
      &lsquo;<code class=property>text-combine</code>&rsquo; property.
    </ul>

   <dt><dfn id=non-ideographic-numerals>Non-ideographic numerals</dfn>

   <dd>Includes all characters that belongs to Unicode Number, Decimal Digit
    [Nd] category, except any of the following conditions are met:
    <ul>
     <li>Is categorized as East Asian Fullwidth (F) by <a href="#UAX11"
      rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a>.

     <li>Is upright in vertical text flow using the &lsquo;<code
      class=property>text-orientation</code>&rsquo; property or the
      &lsquo;<code class=property>text-combine</code>&rsquo; property.
    </ul>

   <dt id=fullwidth-opening-punctuation><dfn
    id=fullwidth-opening-punctuation0>fullwidth opening punctuation</dfn>

   <dd>Includes any opening punctuation character (Unicode category
    <code>Ps</code>) that belongs to the <i>CJK Symbols and Punctuation</i>
    block (U+3000&#8211;U+303F) or is categorized as <i>East Asian Fullwidth
    (F)</i> by <a href="#UAX11" rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a>.
    Also includes LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK (U+2018) and LEFT DOUBLE
    QUOTATION MARK (U+201C). When trimmed, the left (for horizontal text) or
    top (for vertical text) half is kerned.

   <dt id=fullwidth-closing-punctuation><dfn
    id=fullwidth-closing-punctuation0>fullwidth closing punctuation</dfn>

   <dd>Includes any closing punctuation character (Unicode category
    <code>Pe</code>) that belongs to the <i>CJK Symbols and Punctuation</i>
    block (U+3000&#8211;U+303F) or is categorized as <i>East Asian Fullwidth
    (F)</i> by <a href="#UAX11" rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a>.
    Also includes RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK (U+2019) and RIGHT DOUBLE
    QUOTATION MARK (U+201D). May also include fullwidth colon punctuation
    and/or fullwidth dot punctuation (see below). When trimmed, the right
    (for horizontal text) or bottom (for vertical text) half is kerned.

   <dt id=fullwidth-middle-dot-punctuation><dfn
    id=fullwidth-middle-dot-punctuation0>fullwidth middle dot
    punctuation</dfn>

   <dd>Includes MIDDLE DOT (U+00B7), HYPHENATION POINT (U+2027), and KATAKANA
    MIDDLE DOT (U+30FB). May also include fullwidth colon punctuation and/or
    fullwidth dot punctuation (see below).

   <dt id=fullwidth-colon-punctuation><dfn
    id=fullwidth-colon-punctuation0>fullwidth colon punctuation</dfn>

   <dd>Includes FULLWIDTH COLON (U+FF1A) and FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON (U+FF1B).

   <dt id=fullwidth-dot-punctuation><dfn
    id=fullwidth-dot-punctuation0>fullwidth dot punctuation</dfn>

   <dd>Includes IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA (U+3001), IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP (U+3002),
    FULLWIDTH COMMA (U+FF0C), FULLWIDTH FULL STOP (U+FF0E).
  </dl>

  <p>Whether fullwidth colon punctuation and fullwidth dot punctuation should
   be considered fullwidth closing punctuation or fullwidth middle dot
   punctuation depends on where in the glyph's box the punctuation is drawn.
   If the punctuation is centered, then it should be considered middle dot
   punctuation. If the punctuation is drawn to one side (left in horizontal
   text, top in vertical text) and the other half is therefore blank then the
   punctuation should be considered closing punctuation and trimmed
   accordingly.

  <p>The UA must classify fullwidth colon punctuation and fullwidth dot
   punctuation under either the fullwidth closing punctuation category or the
   fullwidth middle dot punctuation category as appropriate. The UA may rely
   on language conventions and the writing mode (horizontal vs. vertical),
   and/or font information to determine this categorization. The UA may also
   add additional characters to any category as appropriate.

  <div class=note>
   <p>The following informative table summarizes language conventions for
    classifying fullwidth colon and dot punctuation:</p>

   <table class=data>
    <colgroup class=header></colgroup>

    <colgroup span=2></colgroup>

    <thead>
     <tr>
      <td>

      <th>colon punctuation

      <th>dot punctuation

    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th>Simplified Chinese (horizontal)

      <td>closing

      <td>closing

     <tr>
      <th>Simplified Chinese (vertical)

      <td>closing

      <td>closing

     <tr>
      <th>Traditional Chinese

      <td>middle dot

      <td>middle dot

     <tr>
      <th>Korean

      <td>middle dot

      <td>closing

     <tr>
      <th>Japanese

      <td>middle dot

      <td>closing
   </table>

   <p>Note, that for Chinese fonts at least, the author observes that the
    standard convention is often not followed.</p>
  </div>

  <h2 id=edge-effects><span class=secno>9. </span> Edge Effects</h2>

  <p>Edge effects control the indentation of lines with respect to other
   lines in the block (&lsquo;<a href="#text-indent0"><code
   class=property>text-indent</code></a>&rsquo;) and how content is aligned
   to the start and end edges of a line (&lsquo;<a
   href="#hanging-punctuation0"><code
   class=property>hanging-punctuation</code></a>&rsquo;, see also &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-spacing"><code class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;).
   

  <div class=example>
   <p>Japanese has three common start-edge typesetting schemes, which are
    distinguished by their handling of opening brackets.

   <div class=figure>
    <p><img alt="The first scheme aligns opening brackets flush with the
     indent edge on the first line and with the start edge of other lines.
     The second scheme gives the opening bracket its full width, so that it
     is effectively indented half an em from the indent edge and from the
     start edge of other lines. The third scheme aligns the opening brackets
     flush with the start edge of lines, but hangs them inside the indent on
     the first line (resulting in an effective half-em indent instead of the
     full em for paragraphs that begin with an opening bracket)." height=360
     src=opening-brackets-at-line-head.png width=646>

    <p class=caption>Positioning of opening brackets at line head <a
     href="#JLREQ" rel=biblioentry>[JLREQ]<!--{{JLREQ}}--></a></p>
   </div>

   <p>Assuming a UA style sheet of <code>p { margin: 1em 0; }</code>, CSS can
    achieve the Japanese typesetting styles with the following rules:

   <ul>
    <li>Brackets flush with indent, flush with other lines (first scheme):
     <pre>p { /* Flush alignment */
<!--   -->  margin: 0;
<!--   -->  text-indent: 1em;
<!--   -->  text-spacing: trim-start;
<!--   -->}</pre>

    <li>Brackets preserve fullwidth spacing on all lines (second scheme):
     <pre>p { /* Fullwidth alignment */
<!--   -->  margin: 0;
<!--   -->  text-indent: 1em;
<!--   -->  text-spacing: normal;
<!--   -->}</pre>

    <li>Brackets hang in indent, flush with other lines (third scheme):
     <pre>p { /* Hanging alignment */
<!--   -->  margin: 0;
<!--   -->  text-indent: 1em;
<!--   -->  text-spacing: trim-start;
<!--   -->  hanging-punctuation: first;
<!--   -->}</pre>
   </ul>
  </div>

  <h3 id=text-indent><span class=secno>9.1. </span> First Line Indentation:
   the &lsquo;<a href="#text-indent0"><code
   class=property>text-indent</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-indent0>text-indent</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>[ <span class=value-inst-length><a
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-length">&lt;length&gt;</a></span>
      | <span class=value-inst-percentage><a
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-percentage">&lt;percentage&gt;</a></span>
      ] && [ hanging || each-line ]?

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>0

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>block containers

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>refers to width of containing block

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>the percentage as specified or the absolute length
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the indentation applied to lines of inline
   content in a block. The indent is treated as a margin applied to the start
   edge of the line box. Unless otherwise specified via the &lsquo;<code
   class=css>each-line</code>&rsquo; and/or &lsquo;<code
   class=css>hanging</code>&rsquo; keywords, only lines that are the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/selector.html#first-line-pseudo">first
   formatted line</a> of an element are affected. For example, the first line
   of an anonymous block box is only affected if it is the first child of its
   parent element.

  <p>Values have the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt>&lsquo;<code class=css>&lt;length&gt;</code>&rsquo;

   <dd>Gives the amount of the indent as an absolute length.

   <dt>&lsquo;<a href="#ltlengthgt-or-ltpercentagegt"><code
    class=css>&lt;percentage&gt;</code></a>&rsquo;

   <dd>Gives the amount of the indent as a percentage of the containing
    block's logical width.

   <dt><dfn id=each-line>&lsquo;<code class=css>each-line</code>&rsquo;</dfn>
    

   <dd>Indentation affects the first line of the block container as well as
    each line after a forced line break, but does not affect lines after a
    text wrap break.

   <dt><dfn id=hanging>&lsquo;<code class=css>hanging</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inverts which lines are affected.
  </dl>

  <div class=example>
   <p>If &lsquo;<a href="#text-align0"><code
    class=property>text-align</code></a>&rsquo; is &lsquo;<code
    class=property>start</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
    href="#text-indent0"><code class=property>text-indent</code></a>&rsquo;
    is &lsquo;<code class=css>5em</code>&rsquo; in left-to-right text with no
    floats present, then first line of text will start 5em into the block:</p>

   <pre><!--
       -->     Since CSS1 it has been possible
<!--   -->to indent the first line of a block
<!--   -->element using the 'text-indent'
<!--   -->property.<!--
   --></pre>
  </div>

  <p class=note>Note that since the &lsquo;<a href="#text-indent0"><code
   class=property>text-indent</code></a>&rsquo; property inherits, when
   specified on a block element, it will affect descendant inline-block
   elements. For this reason, it is often wise to specify &lsquo;<code
   class=css>text-indent: 0</code>&rsquo; on elements that are specified
   &lsquo;<code class=css>display: inline-block</code>&rsquo;.

  <h3 id=hanging-punctuation><span class=secno>9.2. </span> Hanging
   Punctuation: the &lsquo;<a href="#hanging-punctuation0"><code
   class=property>hanging-punctuation</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=hanging-punctuation0>hanging-punctuation</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | [ first || [ force-end | allow-end ] ]

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>none

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>inline elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property determines whether a punctuation mark, if one is present,
   may be placed outside the line box (or in the indent) at the start or at
   the end of a line of text.

  <p class=note>Note that if there is not sufficient padding on the block
   container, hanging punctuation can trigger overflow.

  <p>Values have the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=none5 title="hanging-punctuation:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>No characters can hang.

   <dt><dfn id=first title="hanging-punctuation:first">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>first</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>An opening bracket or quote at the start of the <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/selector.html#first-line-pseudo">first
    formatted line</a> of an element hangs. This applies to all characters in
    the Unicode categories Ps, Pf, Pi.

   <dt><dfn id=force-end title="hanging-punctuation:force-end">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>force-end</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>A stop or comma at the end of a line hangs.

   <dt><dfn id=allow-end0 title="hanging-punctuation:allow-end">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>allow-end</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>A stop or comma at the end of a line hangs if it does not otherwise
    fit prior to justification.
  </dl>

  <p>When a punctuation mark hangs, it is not considered when measuring the
   line's contents for fit, alignment, or justification. Depending on the
   line's alignment, this can push the mark outside the line box. At most one
   punctuation character may hang outside each edge of the line.

  <p class=note>A hanging punctuation mark is still enclosed inside its
   inline box and participates in text justification: its character advance
   width is just not measured when determining how much content fits on the
   line, how much the line's contents need to be expanded or compressed for
   justification, or how to position the content within the line box for text
   alignment.

  <p>Non-zero start and end borders or padding on an inline box are not
   allowed to hang. This can sometimes prevent a hangable punctuation mark
   from hanging: for example, a period at the end of an inline box with end
   padding cannot hang outside the end edge of a line.

  <p>Stops and commas allowed to hang include: U+002C COMMA, U+002E FULL
   STOP, U+060C ARABIC COMMA, U+06D4 ARABIC FULL STOP, U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC
   COMMA, U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP, U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA, U+FF0E
   FULLWIDTH FULL STOP, U+FE50 SMALL COMMA, U+FE51 SMALL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA,
   U+FE52 SMALL FULL STOP, U+FF61 HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP, U+FF64
   HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA. The UA may include other characters as
   appropriate.

  <p class=issue>Should other characters be included?

  <p class=note>The CSS Working Group would appreciate if UAs including other
   characters would <a href="#status">inform the working group</a> of such
   additions.

  <p>Support for this property is <em>optional</em>. It is recommended for
   UAs that wish to support CJK typography, particularly those in the
   Japanese market.

  <div class=example>
   <p>The &lsquo;<code class=css>allow-end</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
    class=css>force-end</code>&rsquo; are two variations of hanging
    punctuation used in East Asia.</p>

   <div>
    <div class=sidefigure> <img alt="hanging-punctuation: allow-end"
     height=51 src=hanging-punctuation-allow-end.png width=202></div>

    <pre><code class=css><!--
     -->p {
<!-- -->   hanging-punctuation: allow-end;
<!-- -->}
<!----></code></pre>

    <div class=sidefigure> <img alt="hanging-punctuation: force-end"
     height=51 src=hanging-punctuation-force-end.png width=202></div>

    <pre><code class=css><!--
     -->p {
<!-- -->   hanging-punctuation: force-end;
<!-- -->}
<!----></code></pre>
   </div>

   <p>The punctuation at the end of the first line for &lsquo;<code
    class=css>allow-end</code>&rsquo; does not hang, because it fits without
    hanging. However, if &lsquo;<code class=css>force-end</code>&rsquo; is
    used, it is forced to hang. The justification measures the line without
    the hanging punctuation. Therefore the line is expanded.</p>
  </div>

  <h2 id=decoration><span class=secno>10. </span> <a
   name=text-decoration>Text Decoration</a></h2>

  <h3 id=line-decoration><span class=secno>10.1. </span> Line Decoration:
   Underline, Overline, and Strike-Through</h3>

  <p>The following properties describe line decorations that are added to the
   content of an element. When specified on or propagated to an inline box,
   such decoration affects all the boxes generated by that element, and is
   further propagated to any in-flow block-level boxes that split the inline
   (see <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#anonymous-block-level">CSS2.1
   section 9.2.1.1</a>) When specified on or propagated to a a block
   container that establishes an inline formatting context, the decorations
   are propagated to an anonymous inline element that wraps all the in-flow
   inline-level children of the block container. For all other elements, the
   decorations are propagated to any in-flow children.

  <p class=note>Note that text decorations are not propagated to any
   out-of-flow descendants, nor to the contents of atomic inline-level
   descendants such as inline blocks and inline tables.

  <p>By default underlines, overlines, and line-throughs are applied only to
   text (including white space, letter spacing, and word spacing): margins,
   borders, and padding are skipped. Elements containing no text, such as
   images, are likewise not decorated. The &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration-skip0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-skip</code></a>&rsquo; property can be used
   to modify this behavior, for example allowing inline replaced elements to
   be underlined or requiring that white space be skipped.

  <p>In determining the position and thickness of text decoration lines, user
   agents may consider the font sizes and dominant baselines of descendants,
   but for a given element's decoration must use the same position and
   thickness throughout each line box. The <a
   href="#text-decoration-color">color</a> and <a
   href="#text-decoration-style">line style</a> of decorations must remain
   the same on all decorations applied by a given element, even if descendant
   elements have different color or line style values.

  <p class=issue>One use case we would like to support is to <a
   href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2011Apr/0407.html">change
   color and/or style of descendants while keeping the same position and
   thickness</a>.

  <div class=example>
   <p>The following figure shows the averaging for underline:

   <p><img alt="In the first rendering of the underlined text '1st a' with
    'st' as a superscript, both the '1st' and the 'a' are rendered in a small
    font. In the second rendering, the 'a' is rendered in a larger font. In
    the third, both '1st' and 'a' are large." height=105
    src=underline-averaging.gif width=326>

   <p>In the three fragments of underlined text, the underline is drawn
    consecutively lower and thicker as the ratio of large text to small text
    increases.</p>
  </div>

  <p>Relatively positioning a descendant moves all text decorations affecting
   it along with the descendant's text; it does not affect calculation of the
   decoration's initial position on that line. The &lsquo;<code
   class=property>visibility</code>&rsquo; property, filters, and other
   graphical transformations likewise affect text decorations as part of the
   text they're drawn on, even if the decorations were specified on an
   ancestor element.

  <div class=example>
   <p>In the following style sheet and document fragment:</p>

   <pre><code class=css>
<!-- -->   blockquote { text-decoration: underline; color: blue; }
<!-- -->   em { display: block; }
<!-- -->   cite { color: fuchsia; }
<!----></code></pre>

   <pre class=html><code>
<!-- -->   &lt;blockquote&gt;
<!-- -->    &lt;p&gt;
<!-- -->     &lt;span&gt;
<!-- -->      Help, help!
<!-- -->      &lt;em&gt; I am under a hat! &lt;/em&gt;
<!-- -->
<!-- -->      &lt;cite&gt; &mdash;GwieF &lt;/cite&gt;
<!-- -->     &lt;/span&gt;
<!-- -->    &lt;/p&gt;
<!-- -->   &lt;/blockquote&gt;
<!----></code></pre>

   <p>...the underlining for the blockquote element is propagated to an
    anonymous inline element that surrounds the span element, causing the
    text "Help, help!" to be blue, with the blue underlining from the
    anonymous inline underneath it, the color being taken from the blockquote
    element. The <code>&lt;em&gt;text&lt;/em&gt;</code> in the em block is
    also underlined, as it is in an in-flow block to which the underline is
    propagated. The final line of text is fuchsia, but the underline
    underneath it is still the blue underline from the anonymous inline
    element.</p>

   <p><img alt="Sample rendering of the above underline example"
    src=underline-example.png></p>

   <p>This diagram shows the boxes involved in the example above. The rounded
    aqua line represents the anonymous inline element wrapping the inline
    contents of the paragraph element, the rounded blue line represents the
    span element, and the orange lines represent the blocks.</p>
  </div>

  <h4 id=text-decoration-line><span class=secno>10.1.1. </span> Text
   Decoration Lines: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-line0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-line</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-decoration-line0>text-decoration-line</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | [ underline | no-underline | replace-underline ] || [
      overline | no-overline | replace-overline ] || [ line-through |
      no-line-through | replace-line-through ] | remove-all

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>none

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>no (but see prose)

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>Specifies what line decorations, if any, are added to the element.
   Values have the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=none6 title="text-decoration-line:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Neither produces nor inhibits text decoration.

   <dt><dfn id=underline>&lsquo;<code class=css>underline</code>&rsquo;</dfn>
    

   <dd>Each line of text is underlined.

   <dt><dfn id=no-underline>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>no-underline</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inhibits propagated underlines.

   <dt><dfn id=replace-underline>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>replace-underline</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inhibits propagated underlines and produces an underline.

   <dt><dfn id=overline>&lsquo;<code class=css>overline</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Each line of text has a line above it (i.e. on the opposite side from
    an underline).

   <dt><dfn id=no-overline>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>no-overline</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inhibits propagated overlines.

   <dt><dfn id=replace-overline>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>replace-overline</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inhibits propagated overlines and produces an overline.

   <dt><dfn id=line-through>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>line-through</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Each line of text has a line through the middle.

   <dt><dfn id=no-line-through>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>no-line-through</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inhibits propagated line-throughs.

   <dt><dfn id=replace-line-through>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>replace-line-through</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inhibits propagated line-throughs and produces an line-through.

   <dt><dfn id=remove-all>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>remove-all</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Inhibits all propagated text decorations.
  </dl>

  <h4 id=text-decoration-color><span class=secno>10.1.2. </span> Text
   Decoration Color: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-color0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-color</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-decoration-color0>text-decoration-color</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#color0"><span
      class=value-inst-color>&lt;color&gt;</span></a>

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>currentColor

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>no

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>the computed color
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the color of text decoration (underlines
   overlines, and line-throughs) set on the element with &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration-line0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-line</code></a>&rsquo;.

  <h4 id=text-decoration-style><span class=secno>10.1.3. </span> Text
   Decoration Style: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-style0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-style</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-decoration-style0>text-decoration-style</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>solid | double | dotted | dashed | wavy

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>solid

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>no

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies the style of the line(s) drawn for text
   decoration specified on the element. Values have the same meaning as for
   the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/#the-border-style">border-style
   properties</a> <a href="#CSS3BG"
   rel=biblioentry>[CSS3BG]<!--{{!CSS3BG}}--></a>. &lsquo;<code
   class=css>wavy</code>&rsquo; indicates a wavy line.

  <h4 id=text-decoration><span class=secno>10.1.4. </span> Text Decoration
   Shorthand: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-decoration0>text-decoration</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td><var><a
      href="#text-decoration-line">&lt;text-decoration-line&gt;</a></var> ||
      <var><a
      href="#text-decoration-color">&lt;text-decoration-color&gt;</a></var>
      || <var><a
      href="#text-decoration-style">&lt;text-decoration-style&gt;</a></var>
      || blink

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>none

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>no

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property is a shorthand for setting &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration-line0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-line</code></a>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration-color0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-color</code></a>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration-style0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-style</code></a>&rsquo; in one declaration.
   Omitted values are set to their initial values. A &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration</code></a>&rsquo; declaration that omits
   both the &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-color0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-color</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration-style0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-style</code></a>&rsquo; values is
   backwards-compatible with CSS Levels 1 and 2.

  <p>If the &lsquo;<code class=css>blink</code>&rsquo; keyword is specified
   the text blinks (alternates between visible and invisible). Conforming
   user agents may simply not blink the text. Note that not blinking the text
   is one technique to satisfy <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG/guidelines.html#tech-on-off-blinking-text">checkpoint
   3.3 of WAI-UAAG</a>.

  <div class=example>
   <p>The following example underlines unvisited links with a solid blue
    underline in CSS1 and CSS2 UAs and a navy dotted underline in CSS3 UAs.</p>

   <pre><code class=css>
<!--   -->:link {
<!--   -->    color: blue;
<!--   -->    text-decoration: underline;
<!--   -->    text-decoration: navy dotted underline; /* <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#ignore">Ignored</a> in CSS1/CSS2 UAs */
<!--   -->}
<!-- --></code></pre>
  </div>

  <h4 id=text-decoration-skip><span class=secno>10.1.5. </span> Text
   Decoration Line Continuity: the &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-decoration-skip0"><code
   class=property>text-decoration-skip</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-decoration-skip0>text-decoration-skip</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | [ objects || spaces || ink || edges ]

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>objects

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property specifies what parts of the element's content any text
   decoration affecting the element must skip over. It controls all text
   decoration lines drawn by the element and also any text decoration lines
   drawn by its ancestors. Values have the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=none7 title="text-decoration-skip:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip nothing: text-decoration is drawn for all text content and for
    inline replaced elements.

   <dt><dfn id=objects title="text-decoration-skip:objects">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>objects</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip this element if it is an atomic inline (such as an image or
    inline-block).

   <dt><dfn id=spaces0 title="text-decoration-skip:spaces">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>spaces</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip white space: this includes regular spaces (U+0020) and tabs
    (U+0009), as well as nbsp (U+00A0), ideographic space (U+3000), all fixed
    width spaces (such as U+2000&ndash;U+200A, U+202F and U+205F), and any
    adjacent letter-spacing or word-spacing.

   <dt><dfn id=ink title="text-decoration-skip:ink">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>ink</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip over where glyphs are drawn: interrupt the decoration line to let
    text show through where the text decoration would otherwise cross over a
    glyph. The UA may also skip a small distance to either side of the glyph
    outline.

   <dt><dfn id=edges title="text-decoration-skip:edges">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>edges</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The UA should place the start and end of the line inwards from the
    content edge of the decorating element so that, e.g. two underlined
    elements side-by-side do not appear to have a single underline. (This is
    important in Chinese, where underlining is a form of punctuation.)
  </dl>

  <p class=issue>Do we need a value that <em>doesn't</em> skip margins and
   padding?

  <p class=note>Note that this property inherits and that descendant elements
   can have a different setting.

  <h4 id=text-underline-position><span class=secno>10.1.6. </span> Text
   Underline Position: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-underline-position0"><code
   class=property>text-underline-position</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-underline-position0>text-underline-position</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>auto | alphabetic | below left | below right

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>auto

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property sets the position of an underline specified on the same
   element: it does not affect underlines specified by ancestor elements.
   Values have the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=auto2>&lsquo;<code class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The user agent may use any algorithm to determine the underline's
    position; however in vertical typographic mode, if the language of the
    element is set to Japanese or Korean (matches <code>:lang(ja)</code> or
    <code>:lang(ko)</code>) the underline must be drawn on the right side of
    the text as described for &lsquo;<code class=css>below
    right</code>&rsquo;.
    <p class=note>It is suggested that the underline position be &lsquo;<code
     class=css>alphabetic</code>&rsquo; unless it crosses either subscripted
     (or otherwise lowered) text, or it affects characters from Asian scripts
     such as Han or Tibetan, for which an alphabetic underline is too high:
     in such cases, aligning to the em box edge as described for &lsquo;<code
     class=css>below left</code>&rsquo; is more appropriate.

   <dt><dfn id=alphabetic>&lsquo;<code
    class=css>alphabetic</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The underline is aligned with the alphabetic baseline. In this case
    the underline is likely to cross some descenders.

   <dt><dfn id=below-left>&lsquo;<code class=css>below
    left</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The underline is aligned with the under edge of the element's content
    box. In this case the underline usually does not cross the descenders.
    (This is sometimes called "accounting" underline.) If the underline
    affects descendants with a lower content edge, the user agent should
    shift the underline down further to the lowest underlined content box
    edge. The user agent may ignore elements with &lsquo;<code
    class=css>vertical-align</code>&rsquo; values given as lengths,
    percentages, &lsquo;<code class=css>top</code>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<code
    class=css>bottom</code>&rsquo; when making this adjustment. (Note that
    images that are not affected by the underline per &lsquo;<a
    href="#text-decoration-skip0"><code
    class=property>text-decoration-skip</code></a>&rsquo; will not affect the
    position of the underline.)

   <dt><dfn id=below-right>&lsquo;<code class=css>below
    right</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>In horizontal typographic mode, this value is equivalent to
    &lsquo;<code class=css>below left</code>&rsquo;. In vertical typographic
    mode, the underline is aligned as for &lsquo;<code class=css>below
    left</code>&rsquo;, except it is aligned to the right edge of the text.
    If this causes the underline to be drawn on the "over" side of the text,
    then an overline also switches sides and is drawn on the "under" side.
  </dl>

  <div class=note>
   <p>In some cases (such as in OpenType) the font format can offer
    information about the appropriate position of an underline. Typically
    this information gives the position of an &lsquo;<code
    class=css>alphabetic</code>&rsquo; underline; in some cases (especially
    in CJK fonts), it gives the position of a &lsquo;<code class=css>below
    left</code>&rsquo; underline. (In this case, the font's underline metrics
    typically touch the bottom edge of the em box). The UA is encouraged to
    use information (such as the underline thickness, or appropriate
    alphabetic alignment) from the font wherever appropriate.</p>
  </div>

  <h3 id=emphasis-marks><span class=secno>10.2. </span> Emphasis Marks</h3>

  <p>East Asian documents traditionally use small symbols next to each glyph
   to emphasize a run of text. For example:

  <div class=figure>
   <p> <img alt="Example of emphasis in Japanese appearing above the text"
    class=example height=28 src=text-emphasis-ja.gif width=225></p>

   <p class=caption>Accent emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied to
    Japanese text</p>
  </div>

  <h4 id=text-emphasis-style><span class=secno>10.2.1. </span> Emphasis Mark
   Style: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-style0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-style</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-emphasis-style0>text-emphasis-style</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | [ [ filled | open ] || [ dot | circle | double-circle |
      triangle | sesame ] ] | <a class=noxref
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-string"><span
      class=value-inst-string>&lt;string&gt;</span></a>

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>none

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>&lsquo;<code class=property>none</code>&rsquo;, a pair of keywords
      representing the shape and fill, or a string
  </table>

  <p>This property applies emphasis marks to the element's text. Values have
   the following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=none8 title="text-emphasis:none">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>none</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>No emphasis marks.

   <dt><dfn id=filled title="text-emphasis:filled">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>filled</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The shape is filled with solid color.

   <dt><dfn id=open title="text-emphasis:open">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>open</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>The shape is hollow.

   <dt><dfn id=dot title="text-emphasis:dot">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>dot</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Display small circles as marks. The filled dot is U+2022 &lsquo;<code
    class=css>&#x2022;</code>&rsquo;, and the open dot is U+25E6 &lsquo;<code
    class=css>&#x25e6;</code>&rsquo;.

   <dt><dfn id=circle title="text-emphasis:circle">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>circle</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Display large circles as marks. The filled circle is U+25CF
    &lsquo;<code class=css>&#x25cf;</code>&rsquo;, and the open circle is
    U+25CB &lsquo;<code class=css>&#x25cb;</code>&rsquo;.

   <dt><dfn id=double-circle title="text-emphasis:double-circle">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>double-circle</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Display double circles as marks. The filled double-circle is U+25C9
    &lsquo;<code class=css>&#x25c9;</code>&rsquo;, and the open double-circle
    is U+25CE &lsquo;<code class=css>&#x25ce;</code>&rsquo;.

   <dt><dfn id=triangle title="text-emphasis:triangle">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>triangle</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Display triangles as marks. The filled triangle is U+25B2 &lsquo;<code
    class=css>&#x25b2;</code>&rsquo;, and the open triangle is U+25B3
    &lsquo;<code class=css>&#x25b3;</code>&rsquo;.

   <dt><dfn id=sesame title="text-emphasis:sesame">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>sesame</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Display sesames as marks. The filled sesame is U+FE45 &lsquo;<code
    class=css>&#xfe45;</code>&rsquo;, and the open sesame is U+FE46
    &lsquo;<code class=css>&#xfe46;</code>&rsquo;.

   <dt><dfn id=ltstringgt0 title="text-emphasis:sesame">&lsquo;<code
    class=css><var>&lt;string&gt;</var></code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Display the given string as marks. Authors should not specify more
    than one <a href="#character"><i>character</i></a> in &lt;string&gt;. The
    UA may truncate or ignore strings consisting of more than one grapheme
    cluster.
  </dl>

  <p>If a shape keyword is specified but neither of &lsquo;<code
   class=css>filled</code>&rsquo; nor &lsquo;<code
   class=css>open</code>&rsquo; is specified, &lsquo;<code
   class=css>filled</code>&rsquo; is assumed. If only &lsquo;<code
   class=css>filled</code>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<code
   class=css>open</code>&rsquo; is specified, the shape keyword computes to
   &lsquo;<code class=css>circle</code>&rsquo; in horizontal writing mode and
   &lsquo;<code class=css>sesame</code>&rsquo; in vertical writing mode.

  <p>The marks should be drawn using the element's font settings with its
   size scaled down to 50%. However, not all fonts have all these glyphs, and
   some fonts use inappropriate sizes for emphasis marks in these code
   points. The UA may opt to use a font known to be good for emphasis marks,
   or the marks may instead be synthesized by the UA. Marks must remain
   upright in vertical typographic modes: like CJK characters, they do not
   rotate to match the writing mode.

  <div class=example>
   <p>One example of good fonts for emphasis marks is Adobe's opensource
    project, <a href="http://sourceforge.net/adobe/kenten-generic/">Kenten
    Generic OpenType Font</a>, which is specially designed for the emphasis
    marks.</p>
  </div>

  <p>The marks are drawn once for each <a
   href="#character"><i>character</i></a>. However, emphasis marks are not
   drawn for characters that are:

  <ul>
   <li><a href="#word-separator">Word separators</a> or that belong to the
    Unicode separator classes (Z*). (But note that emphasis marks
    <em>are</em> drawn for a space that combines with any combining
    characters.)

   <li>Characters belonging to the Unicode classes for control codes and
    unassigned characters (Cc, Cf, Cn).

   <li>Characters designated by &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-skip0"><code
    class=property>text-emphasis-skip</code></a>&rsquo;.
  </ul>

  <p>If emphasis marks are drawn for characters for which ruby is drawn in
   the same position as the emphasis mark, the ruby should be stacked between
   the emphasis marks and the base text. In this case, the position of the
   emphasis marks for a given element should be determined as if all
   characters have ruby boxes of the same height as the highest ruby box in
   the element. If the UA is not capable of drawing ruby and emphasis marks
   on the same side, the UA may hide ruby and draw only emphasis marks.

  <div class=figure>
   <p><img alt="Example of emphasis marks applied to 4 characters, and ruby
    to 2 of them" height=50 src=text-emphasis-ruby.png width=134></p>

   <p class=caption>Emphasis marks applied to 4 characters, and ruby to 2 of
    them</p>
  </div>

  <p class=note>A future level of CSS may define controls to specify what to
   do when emphasis marks and ruby text coincide.

  <h4 id=text-emphasis-color><span class=secno>10.2.2. </span> Emphasis Mark
   Color: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-color0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-color</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-emphasis-color0>text-emphasis-color</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>&lt;color&gt;

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>currentcolor

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property describes the foreground color of the emphasis marks.

  <h4 id=text-emphasis><span class=secno>10.2.3. </span> Emphasis Mark
   Shorthand: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-emphasis0>text-emphasis</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>&lsquo;<code class=css>&lt;<a
      href="#text-emphasis-style">text-emphasis-style</a>&gt;</code>&rsquo;
      || &lsquo;<code class=css>&lt;<a
      href="#text-emphasis-color">text-emphasis-color</a>&gt;</code>&rsquo;

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>see individual properties

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>see individual properties
  </table>

  <p>This property is a shorthand for setting &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-emphasis-style0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-style</code></a>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-emphasis-color0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-color</code></a>&rsquo; in one declaration.
   Omitted values are set to their initial values.

  <p class=note>Note that &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-position0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-position</code></a>&rsquo; is not reset in
   this shorthand. This is because typically the shape and color vary, but
   the position is consistent for a particular language throughout the
   document. Therefore the position should inherit independently.

  <h4 id=text-emphasis-position><span class=secno>10.2.4. </span> Emphasis
   Mark Position: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-position0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-position</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-emphasis-position0>text-emphasis-position</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>[ above | below ] && [ right | left ]

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>above right

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property describes where emphasis marks are drawn at. The values
   have following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=above title="text-emphasis:above">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>above</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Draw marks over the text in horizontal typographic mode.

   <dt><dfn id=below title="text-emphasis:below">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>below</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Draw marks under the text in horizontal typographic mode.

   <dt><dfn id=right0 title="text-emphasis:right">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>right</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Draw marks to the right of the text in vertical typographic mode.

   <dt><dfn id=left0 title="text-emphasis:left">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>left</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Draw marks to the left of the text in vertical typographic mode.
  </dl>

  <p>Emphasis marks are drawn exactly as if each character was assigned the
   mark as its ruby annotation text with the ruby position given by &lsquo;<a
   href="#text-emphasis-position0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-position</code></a>&rsquo; and the ruby
   alignment as centered.

  <p>The effect of emphasis marks on the line height is the same as for ruby
   text.

  <div class=note>
   <p>Note, the preferred position of emphasis marks depends on the language.
    In Japanese for example, the preferred position is &lsquo;<code
    class=css>above right</code>&rsquo;. In Chinese, on the other hand, the
    preferred position is &lsquo;<code class=css>below right</code>&rsquo;.
    The informative table below summarizes the preferred emphasis mark
    positions for Chinese and Japanese:</p>

   <table class=data>
    <caption>Preferred emphasis mark and ruby position</caption>

    <thead>
     <tr>
      <th rowspan=2 scope=col>Language

      <th colspan=2 scope=col>Preferred mark position

      <th colspan=2 rowspan=2 scope=col>Illustration

     <tr>
      <th>Horizontal

      <th>Vertical

    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Japanese

      <td>above

      <td>right

      <td> <img alt="Emphasis marks appear above each emphasized character in
       horizontal Japanese text." height=28 src=text-emphasis-ja.gif
       title="Emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied above a fragment
       of Japanese text" width=225>

      <td rowspan=2> <img alt="Emphasis marks appear on the right of each
       emphasized character in vertical Japanese text." height=89
       src=text-emphasis-v.gif title="Emphasis applied on the right of a
       fragment of Japanese text" width=34>
     </tr>
     <!--
          <tr>
            <td scope="row">Mongolian</td>
            <td><span class="issue">?</span></td>
            <td>right</td>
          </tr>
          -->

     <tr>
      <td scope=row>Chinese

      <td>below

      <td>right

      <td> <img alt="Emphasis marks appear below each emphasized character in
       horizontal Simplified Chinese text." height=28
       src=text-emphasis-zh.gif title="Emphasis (shown in blue for clarity)
       applied below a fragment of Chinese text" width=133>
   </table>
  </div>

  <h4 id=text-emphasis-skip><span class=secno>10.2.5. </span> Emphasis Mark
   Skip: the &lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-skip0"><code
   class=property>text-emphasis-skip</code></a>&rsquo; property</h4>

  <p class=issue>This section is under brainstorming.

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-emphasis-skip0>text-emphasis-skip</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>spaces || punctuation || symbols || narrow

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>spaces

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>as specified
  </table>

  <p>This property describes for which characters marks are drawn. The values
   have following meanings:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=spaces1 title="text-emphasis-skip:spaces">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>spaces</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip <a href="#word-separator">Word separators</a> or characters
    belonging to the Unicode separator category (Z*). (But note that emphasis
    marks <em>are</em> drawn for a space that combines with any combining
    characters.)

   <dt><dfn id=punctuation0
    title="text-emphasis-skip:punctuation">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>punctuation</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip punctuation. Punctuation in this definition includes characters
    belonging to the Unicode Pc, Pd, Ps, Pe, Pi, or Pf categories. It also
    includes characters where the Unicode category is Po and the
    Sentence_Break property <a href="#UAX29"
    rel=biblioentry>[UAX29]<!--{{!UAX29}}--></a> of the Unicode database <a
    href="#UAX44" rel=biblioentry>[UAX44]<!--{{!UAX44}}--></a> is ATerm,
    Close, SContinue, or STerm.

   <dt><dfn id=symbols title="text-emphasis-skip:symbols">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>symbols</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip symbols. Symbols in this definition includes characters belonging
    to the Unicode S* category. It also includes the Unicode Po category that
    are not defined as &lsquo;<code
    class=css><a>punctuation</a></code>&rsquo; above.

   <dt><dfn id=narrow title="text-emphasis-skip:narrow">&lsquo;<code
    class=css>narrow</code>&rsquo;</dfn>

   <dd>Skip characters where the East_Asian_Width property <a href="#UAX11"
    rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a> of the Unicode database <a
    href="#UAX44" rel=biblioentry>[UAX44]<!--{{!UAX44}}--></a> is not F
    (Fullwidth) or W (Wide).
  </dl>

  <p>Characters belonging to the Unicode classes for control codes and
   unassigned characters (Cc, Cf, Cn) are skipped regardless of the value of
   this property.

  <p class=issue>This syntax requires UA to implement drawing marks for
   spaces. Is there any use case for doing so? If not, should we modify the
   syntax not to allow drawing marks for spaces?

  <h3 id=text-shadow><span class=secno>10.3. </span> Text Shadows: the
   &lsquo;<a href="#text-shadow0"><code
   class=property>text-shadow</code></a>&rsquo; property</h3>

  <table class=propdef>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th>Name:

     <td><dfn id=text-shadow0>text-shadow</dfn>

    <tr>
     <th>Value:

     <td>none | [<a href="#ltshadowgt"><var>&lt;shadow&gt;</var></a>, ] * <a
      href="#ltshadowgt"><var>&lt;shadow&gt;</var></a>

    <tr>
     <th>Initial:

     <td>none

    <tr>
     <th>Applies to:

     <td>all elements

    <tr>
     <th>Inherited:

     <td>yes

    <tr>
     <th>Percentages:

     <td>N/A

    <tr>
     <th>Media:

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th>Computed&#160;value:

     <td>a color plus three absolute &lt;length&gt;s
  </table>

  <p>This property accepts a comma-separated list of shadow effects to be
   applied to the text of the element. <dfn
   id=ltshadowgt>&lt;shadow&gt;</dfn> is the same as defined for the
   &lsquo;<code class=property>box-shadow</code>&rsquo; property except that
   the &lsquo;<code class=css>inset</code>&rsquo; keyword is not allowed. The
   shadow is applied to all of the element's text as well as any text
   decorations it specifies.

  <p>The shadow effects are applied front-to-back: the first shadow is on
   top. The shadows may thus overlay each other, but they never overlay the
   text itself. The shadow must be painted at a stack level between the
   element's border and/or background, if present, and the elements text and
   text decoration. UAs should avoid painting text shadows over text in
   adjacent elements belonging to the same stack level and stacking context.
   (This may mean that the exact stack level of the shadows depends on
   whether the element has a border or background: the exact stacking
   behavior of text shadows is thus UA-defined.)

  <p>Unlike &lsquo;<code class=property>box-shadow</code>&rsquo;, text
   shadows are not clipped to the shadowed shape and may show through if the
   text is partially-transparent. Like &lsquo;<code
   class=property>box-shadow</code>&rsquo;, text shadows do not influence
   layout, and do not trigger scrolling or increase the size of the
   scrollable area.

  <p class=note>The painting order of shadows defined here is the opposite of
   that defined in the 1998 <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512">CSS2
   Recommendation</a>.

  <p>The &lsquo;<a href="#text-shadow0"><code
   class=css>text-shadow</code></a>&rsquo; property applies to both the
   <code>::first-line</code> and <code>::first-letter</code> pseudo-elements.

  <h2 id=conformance><span class=secno>11. </span> Conformance</h2>

  <h3 id=conventions><span class=secno>11.1. </span> Document Conventions</h3>

  <p>Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of descriptive
   assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”, “MUST
   NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”,
   “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the
   normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
   2119. However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase
   letters in this specification.

  <p>All of the text of this specification is normative except sections
   explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. <a
   href="#RFC2119" rel=biblioentry>[RFC2119]<!--{{!RFC2119}}--></a>

  <p>Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for
   example” or are set apart from the normative text with
   <code>class="example"</code>, like this:

  <div class=example>
   <p>This is an example of an informative example.</p>
  </div>

  <p>Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from
   the normative text with <code>class="note"</code>, like this:

  <p class=note>Note, this is an informative note.

  <h3 id=conformance-classes><span class=secno>11.2. </span> Conformance
   Classes</h3>

  <p>Conformance to CSS Text Level 3 is defined for three conformance
   classes:

  <dl>
   <dt><dfn id=style-sheet title="style sheet!!as conformance class">style
    sheet</dfn>

   <dd>A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#style-sheet">CSS
    style sheet</a>.

   <dt><dfn id=renderer>renderer</dfn>

   <dd>A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#user-agent">UA</a>
    that interprets the semantics of a style sheet and renders documents that
    use them.

   <dt><dfn id=authoring-tool>authoring tool</dfn>

   <dd>A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#user-agent">UA</a>
    that writes a style sheet.
  </dl>

  <p>A style sheet is conformant to CSS Text Level 3 if all of its
   declarations that use properties defined in this module have values that
   are valid according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars
   of each property as given in this module.

  <p>A renderer is conformant to CSS Text Level 3 if, in addition to
   interpreting the style sheet as defined by the appropriate specifications,
   it supports all the features defined by CSS Text Level 3 by parsing them
   correctly and rendering the document accordingly. However, the inability
   of a UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device
   does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA is not required to
   render color on a monochrome monitor.)

  <p>An authoring tool is conformant to CSS Text Level 3 if it writes style
   sheets that are syntactically correct according to the generic CSS grammar
   and the individual grammars of each feature in this module, and meet all
   other conformance requirements of style sheets as described in this
   module.

  <h3 id=partial><span class=secno>11.3. </span> Partial Implementations</h3>

  <p>So that authors can exploit the forward-compatible parsing rules to
   assign fallback values, CSS renderers <strong>must</strong> treat as
   invalid (and <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#ignore">ignore as
   appropriate</a>) any at-rules, properties, property values, keywords, and
   other syntactic constructs for which they have no usable level of support.
   In particular, user agents <strong>must not</strong> selectively ignore
   unsupported component values and honor supported values in a single
   multi-value property declaration: if any value is considered invalid (as
   unsupported values must be), CSS requires that the entire declaration be
   ignored.

  <h3 id=experimental><span class=secno>11.4. </span> Experimental
   Implementations</h3>

  <p>To avoid clashes with future CSS features, the CSS2.1 specification
   reserves a <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#vendor-keywords">prefixed
   syntax</a> for proprietary and experimental extensions to CSS.

  <p>Prior to a specification reaching the Candidate Recommendation stage in
   the W3C process, all implementations of a CSS feature are considered
   experimental. The CSS Working Group recommends that implementations use a
   vendor-prefixed syntax for such features, including those in W3C Working
   Drafts. This avoids incompatibilities with future changes in the draft.

  <h3 id=testing><span class=secno>11.5. </span>Non-Experimental
   Implementations</h3>

  <p>Once a specification reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage,
   non-experimental implementations are possible, and implementors should
   release an unprefixed implementation of any CR-level feature they can
   demonstrate to be correctly implemented according to spec.

  <p>To establish and maintain the interoperability of CSS across
   implementations, the CSS Working Group requests that non-experimental CSS
   renderers submit an implementation report (and, if necessary, the
   testcases used for that implementation report) to the W3C before releasing
   an unprefixed implementation of any CSS features. Testcases submitted to
   W3C are subject to review and correction by the CSS Working Group.

  <p>Further information on submitting testcases and implementation reports
   can be found from on the CSS Working Group's website at <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/">http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/</a>.
   Questions should be directed to the <a
   href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-css-testsuite">public-css-testsuite@w3.org</a>
   mailing list.

  <h3 id=cr-exit-criteria><span class=secno>11.6. </span> CR Exit Criteria</h3>

  <p> For this specification to be advanced to Proposed Recommendation, there
   must be at least two independent, interoperable implementations of each
   feature. Each feature may be implemented by a different set of products,
   there is no requirement that all features be implemented by a single
   product. For the purposes of this criterion, we define the following
   terms:

  <dl>
   <dt>independent

   <dd>each implementation must be developed by a different party and cannot
    share, reuse, or derive from code used by another qualifying
    implementation. Sections of code that have no bearing on the
    implementation of this specification are exempt from this requirement.

   <dt>interoperable

   <dd>passing the respective test case(s) in the official CSS test suite,
    or, if the implementation is not a Web browser, an equivalent test. Every
    relevant test in the test suite should have an equivalent test created if
    such a user agent (UA) is to be used to claim interoperability. In
    addition if such a UA is to be used to claim interoperability, then there
    must one or more additional UAs which can also pass those equivalent
    tests in the same way for the purpose of interoperability. The equivalent
    tests must be made publicly available for the purposes of peer review.

   <dt>implementation

   <dd>a user agent which:
    <ol class=inline>
     <li>implements the specification.

     <li>is available to the general public. The implementation may be a
      shipping product or other publicly available version (i.e., beta
      version, preview release, or “nightly build”). Non-shipping product
      releases must have implemented the feature(s) for a period of at least
      one month in order to demonstrate stability.

     <li>is not experimental (i.e., a version specifically designed to pass
      the test suite and is not intended for normal usage going forward).
    </ol>
  </dl>

  <p>The specification will remain Candidate Recommendation for at least six
   months.

  <h2 class=no-num id=acknowledgements> Appendix A: Acknowledgements</h2>

  <p>This specification would not have been possible without the help from:
   Ayman Aldahleh, Bert Bos, Tantek Çelik, Stephen Deach, John Daggett,
   Martin Dürst, Laurie Anna Edlund, Ben Errez, Yaniv Feinberg, Arye
   Gittelman, Ian Hickson, Martin Heijdra, Richard Ishida, Masayasu Ishikawa,
   Michael Jochimsen, Eric LeVine, Ambrose Li, Håkon Wium Lie, Chris Lilley,
   Ken Lunde, Nat McCully, Shinyu Murakami, Paul Nelson, Chris Pratley,
   Marcin Sawicki, Arnold Schrijver, Rahul Sonnad, Michel Suignard, Takao
   Suzuki, Frank Tang, Chris Thrasher, Etan Wexler, Chris Wilson, Masafumi
   Yabe and Steve Zilles.

  <h2 class=no-num id=appendix-b-references>Appendix B: References</h2>

  <h3 class=no-num id=normative-ref>Normative references</h3>
  <!--begin-normative-->
  <!-- Sorted by label -->

  <dl class=bibliography>
   <dt style="display: none"><!-- keeps the doc valid if the DL is empty -->
    <!---->

   <dt id=CSS21>[CSS21]

   <dd>Bert Bos; et al. <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607"><cite>Cascading Style
    Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS&#160;2.1) Specification.</cite></a> 7 June
    2011. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=CSS3-WRITING-MODES>[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]

   <dd>Elika J. Etemad; Koji Ishii; Shinyu Murakami. <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-writing-modes-20110531/"><cite>CSS
    Writing Modes Module Level 3.</cite></a> 31 May 2011. W3C Working Draft.
    (Work in progress.) URL: <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-writing-modes-20110531/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-writing-modes-20110531/</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=CSS3BG>[CSS3BG]

   <dd>Bert Bos; Elika J. Etemad; Brad Kemper. <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/CR-css3-background-20110215"><cite>CSS
    Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3.</cite></a> 15 February 2011. W3C
    Candidate Recommendation. (Work in progress.) URL: <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/CR-css3-background-20110215">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/CR-css3-background-20110215</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=CSS3FONT>[CSS3FONT]

   <dd>John Daggett. <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-fonts-20110324"><cite>CSS Fonts
    Module Level 3.</cite></a> 24 March 2011. W3C Working Draft. (Work in
    progress.) URL: <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-fonts-20110324">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-fonts-20110324</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=RFC2119>[RFC2119]

   <dd>S. Bradner. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt"><cite>Key
    words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.</cite></a> Internet
    RFC 2119. URL: <a
    href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=UAX11>[UAX11]

   <dd>Asmus Freytag. <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr11/tr11-8.html"><cite>East
    Asian Width.</cite></a> 23 March 2001. Unicode Standard Annex #11. URL:
    <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr11/tr11-8.html">http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr11/tr11-8.html</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=UAX14>[UAX14]

   <dd>Asmus Freytag. <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr14/tr14-17.html"><cite>Line
    Breaking Properties.</cite></a> 29 March 2005. Unicode Standard Annex
    #14. URL: <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr14/tr14-17.html">http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr14/tr14-17.html</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=UAX24>[UAX24]

   <dd>Mark Davis; Ken Whistler. <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/"><cite>Unicode Script
    Property.</cite></a> 27 September 2010. Unicode Standard Annex #24. URL:
    <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=UAX29>[UAX29]

   <dd>Mark Davis. <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/tr29-17.html"><cite>Unicode
    Text Segmentation.</cite></a> 8 October 2010. Unicode Standard Annex #29.
    URL: <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/tr29-17.html">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/tr29-17.html</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=UAX44>[UAX44]

   <dd>Mark Davis; Ken Whistler. <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/tr44-6.html"><cite>Unicode
    Character Database.</cite></a> 8 October 2010. Unicode Standard Annex
    #44. URL: <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/tr44-6.html">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/tr44-6.html</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=UNICODE>[UNICODE]

   <dd>The Unicode Consortium. <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html"><cite>The
    Unicode Standard.</cite></a> 2003. Defined by: The Unicode Standard,
    Version 4.0 (Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-18578-1), as updated
    from time to time by the publication of new versions URL: <a
    href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html">http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->
  </dl>
  <!--end-normative-->

  <h3 class=no-num id=informative-ref>Informative references</h3>
  <!--begin-informative-->
  <!-- Sorted by label -->

  <dl class=bibliography>
   <dt style="display: none"><!-- keeps the doc valid if the DL is empty -->
    <!---->

   <dt id=CSS3COLOR>[CSS3COLOR]

   <dd>Tantek &#199;elik; Chris Lilley; L. David Baron. <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-color-20110607"><cite>CSS Color
    Module Level 3.</cite></a> 7 June 2011. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-color-20110607">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-color-20110607</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=CSS3LIST>[CSS3LIST]

   <dd>Tab Atkins Jr. <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-lists-20110524"><cite>CSS Lists
    and Counters Module Level 3.</cite></a> 24 May 2011. W3C Working Draft.
    (Work in progress.) URL: <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-lists-20110524">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-lists-20110524</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=JIS4051>[JIS4051]

   <dd><cite>Formatting rules for Japanese documents
    (&#12302;&#26085;&#26412;&#35486;&#25991;&#26360;&#12398;&#32068;&#29256;&#26041;&#27861;&#12303;).</cite>
    Japanese Standards Association. 2004. JIS X 4051:2004. In Japanese</dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=JLREQ>[JLREQ]

   <dd>Yasuhiro Anan; et al. <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-jlreq-20090604/"><cite>Requirements
    for Japanese Text Layout.</cite></a> 4 June 2009. W3C Working Group Note.
    URL: <a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-jlreq-20090604/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-jlreq-20090604/</a>
    </dd>
   <!---->

   <dt id=ZHMARK>[ZHMARK]

   <dd><cite>&#26631;&#28857;&#31526;&#21495;&#29992;&#27861; (Punctuation
    Mark Usage).</cite> 1995.
    &#20013;&#21326;&#20154;&#27665;&#20849;&#21644;&#22269;&#22269;&#23478;&#26631;&#20934;
    </dd>
   <!---->
  </dl>
  <!--end-informative-->

  <h2 class=no-num id=changes>Appendix C: Changes</h2>

  <h3 class=no-num id=recent-changes> Changes from the <a
   href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-text-20110412/">April 2011 CSS3
   Text <abbr title="Working Draft">WD</abbr></a></h3>

  <p>Major changes include:

  <ul>
   <li>Renamed &lsquo;<code class=property>bikeshedding</code>&rsquo; to
    &lsquo;<a href="#text-space-collapse"><code
    class=property>text-space-collapse</code></a>&rsquo;.

   <li>Removed &lsquo;<code class=property>hyphenate-resource</code>&rsquo;
    property / &lsquo;<code class=css>@hyphenate-resource</code>&rsquo; rule.
    

   <li>Merged &lsquo;<code class=property>text-trim</code>&rsquo; and
    &lsquo;<code class=property>text-autospace</code>&rsquo; into &lsquo;<a
    href="#text-spacing"><code class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;.
    

   <li>Renamed &lsquo;<code class=css>fullwidth</code>&rsquo; and
    &lsquo;<code class=css>fullsize-kana</code>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<code
    class=css>full-width</code>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<code
    class=css>full-size-kana</code>&rsquo; to match values in &lsquo;<code
    class=property>font-variant-width</code>&rsquo;. <a href="#CSS3FONT"
    rel=biblioentry>[CSS3FONT]<!--{{!CSS3FONT}}--></a>

   <li>Added &lsquo;<code class=css>&lt;length></code>&rsquo; values to
    &lsquo;<a href="#tab-size0"><code
    class=property>tab-size</code></a>&rsquo; (at-risk).

   <li>Removed &lsquo;<code class=css>all</code>&rsquo; value of &lsquo;<a
    href="#hyphens0"><code class=property>hyphens</code></a>&rsquo; property.
    

   <li>Renamed &lsquo;<code class=property>word-wrap</code>&rsquo; to
    &lsquo;<a href="#overflow-wrap0"><code
    class=property>overflow-wrap</code></a>&rsquo;.

   <li>Changed &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-line0"><code
    class=property>text-decoration-line</code></a>&rsquo; value syntax for
    cancelling ancestor text decorations.

   <li>Removed suggestion to inset decorations from the content box edges in
    favor of an explicit &lsquo;<code class=css>edges</code>&rsquo; value for
    &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-skip0"><code
    class=property>text-decoration-skip</code></a>&rsquo;.

   <li>Added &lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-skip0"><code
    class=property>text-decoration-skip</code></a>&rsquo; property.

   <li>Removed &lsquo;<code class=property>text-outline</code>&rsquo;
    property.
  </ul>

  <p>Significant details updated:

  <ul>
   <li>More precise definition of a "character"/grapheme cluster and its
    properties.

   <li>Specified order of text operations.

   <li>Added more details on case mapping, fullwidth mapping, and small kana
    mapping.

   <li>Removed interaction of white space collapsing and &lsquo;<code
    class=property>text-autospace</code>&rsquo;.

   <li>Cleaned up details on &lsquo;<a href="#line-break0"><code
    class=property>line-break</code></a>&rsquo;.

   <li>Significant tweaking to &lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
    class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo; prose to make it clearer
    and more coherent.

   <li>Replaced parts of &lsquo;<a href="#text-shadow0"><code
    class=property>text-shadow</code></a>&rsquo; description with pointer to
    &lsquo;<code class=property>box-shadow</code>&rsquo;.
  </ul>

  <h2 class=no-num id=default-stylesheet>Appendix D: Default UA Stylesheet</h2>

  <p>This appendix is informative, and is to help UA developers to implement
   default stylesheet, but UA developers are free to ignore or change.

  <div class=example>
   <pre><code class=css>
<!-- -->/* make list items align together */
<!-- -->li { text-align: match-parent; }
<!-- -->/* disable inheritance of text-emphasis marks to ruby text:
<!-- -->  emphasis marks should only apply to base text */
<!-- -->rt { text-emphasis: none; }
<!-- -->
<!-- -->:root:lang(zh), [lang|=zh] {
<!-- -->/* default emphasis mark position is 'under' for Chinese */
<!-- -->  text-emphasis-position: under;
<!-- -->}
</code></pre>
  </div>

  <p class=issue>If you find any issues, recommendations to add, or
   corrections, please send the information to <a
   href="mailto:www-style@w3.org">www-style@w3.org</a> with
   <kbd>[css3-text]</kbd> in the subject line.

  <h2 class=no-num id=script-groups>Appendix E: Scripts and Spacing</h2>

  <p><em>This appendix is informative (non-normative).</em>

  <p>Typographic behavior varies somewhat by language, but varies drastically
   by writing system. This appendix categorizes some common scripts in
   Unicode 6.0 according to their justification and spacing behavior.
   Category descriptions are descriptive, not prescriptive; the determining
   factor is the prioritization of <a
   href="#expansion-opportunities"><i>expansion opportunities</i></a>.

  <dl>
   <dt id=block-scripts><dfn id=block-scripts0>block scripts</dfn>

   <dd>CJK and by extension all Wide characters. (See <a href="#UAX11"
    rel=biblioentry>[UAX11]<!--{{!UAX11}}--></a>) The following scripts are
    included: Bopomofo, Han, Hangul, Hiragana, Katakana, Yi

   <dt id=clustered-scripts><dfn id=clustered-scripts0>clustered
    scripts</dfn>

   <dd>Scripts that have discrete units but do not use spaces between words,
    such as many Southeast Asian systems. The following scripts are included:
    Khmer, Lao, Myanmar, Thai, <span class=issue>This list is likely
    incomplete. What else fits here?</span>

   <dt id=connected-scripts><dfn id=connected-scripts0>connected
    scripts</dfn>

   <dd>Devanagari, Ogham, and other scripts that use spaces between words and
    baseline connectors within words. By extension this category also
    includes any other Indic scripts whose typographic behavior is similar to
    Devanagari. The following scripts are included: Bengali, Brahmi,
    Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya?, Ogham,
    Tamil?, Telugu

   <dt id=cursive-scripts><dfn id=cursive-scripts0>cursive scripts</dfn>

   <dd>Arabic and similar inherently cursive scripts. The following scripts
    are included: Arabic, Mongolian, N'Ko?, Phags Pa?, Syriac

   <dt id=discrete-scripts><dfn id=discrete-scripts0>discrete scripts</dfn>

   <dd>Scripts that use spaces or visible word-separating punctuation between
    words and have discrete, unconnected (in print) units within words. The
    following scripts are included: Armenian, Bamum?, Braille, Canadian
    Aboriginal, Cherokee, Coptic, Cyrillic, Deseret, Ethiopic Greek, Hebrew,
    Kharoshthi, Latin, Lisu, Osmanya, Shavian, Tifinagh, Vai?
  </dl>

  <p>UAs should treat unrecognized scripts as <i>discrete</i>.

  <p class=issue>This listing should ideally be exhaustive wrt Unicode.
   Please <a href="#status">send</a> suggestions and corrections to the CSS
   Working Group.

  <div class=note>
   <p>Guidelines for classification consider letter-spacing and
    justification:

   <ol>
    <li>If the script is cursive and may expand cursively but must not space
     between letters, it is <i>cursive</i>.

    <li>If the script primarily flexes word separators, it is either
     <i>discrete</i> or <i>connected</i>. <i>Discrete</i> scripts can space
     between letters. <i>Connected</i> scripts must not space between letters
     (typically because that would break the connections or otherwise look
     bad).

    <li>If the script primarily expands equally between its "letters" in
     native typesettings, it is either <i>block</i> or <i>clustered</i>. The
     exact classification depends on whether it always spaces when mixed with
     CJK and sometimes stays together when mixed with Thai and related
     scripts (<i>block</i>) or sometimes spaces when mixed with CJK and
     always spaces with Thai (<i>clustered</i>).
   </ol>
  </div>

  <h2 class=no-num id=small-kana>Appendix F: Small Kana Mappings</h2>

  <table class=data>
   <caption>Small Kana Map to Normal Kana</caption>

   <colgroup span=2></colgroup>

   <colgroup span=2></colgroup>

   <colgroup span=2></colgroup>

   <colgroup span=2></colgroup>

   <colgroup span=2></colgroup>

   <thead>
    <tr>
     <th colspan=2>A

     <th colspan=2>I

     <th colspan=2>U

     <th colspan=2>E

     <th colspan=2>O

    <tr>
     <th scope=col>small

     <th scope=col>normal

     <th scope=col>small

     <th scope=col>normal

     <th scope=col>small

     <th scope=col>normal

     <th scope=col>small

     <th scope=col>normal

     <th scope=col>small

     <th scope=col>normal

   <tbody>
    <tr><!-- Vowels (Hiragana) -->

     <td>&#x3041; U+3041

     <td> &#x3042; U+3042

     <td>&#x3043; U+3043

     <td> &#x3044; U+3044

     <td>&#x3045; U+3045

     <td> &#x3046; U+3046

     <td>&#x3047; U+3047

     <td> &#x3048; U+3048

     <td>&#x3049; U+3049

     <td> &#x304A; U+304A

    <tr><!-- Consonant K (Hiragana) -->

     <td>&#x3095; U+3095

     <td> &#x304B; U+304B

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x3096; U+3096

     <td> &#x3051; U+3051

     <td>

     <td>

    <tr><!-- Consonant T (Hiragana) -->

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x3063; U+3063

     <td> &#x3064; U+3064

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

    <tr><!-- Consonant Y (Hiragana) -->

     <td>&#x3083; U+3083

     <td> &#x3084; U+3084

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x3085; U+3085

     <td> &#x3086; U+3086

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x3087; U+3087

     <td> &#x3088; U+3088

    <tr><!-- Consonant W (Hiragana) -->

     <td>&#x308E; U+308E

     <td> &#x308F; U+308F

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

   <tbody>
    <tr><!-- Vowels (Katakana) -->

     <td>&#x30A1; U+30A1

     <td> &#x30A2; U+30A2

     <td>&#x30A3; U+30A3

     <td> &#x30A4; U+30A4

     <td>&#x30A5; U+30A5

     <td> &#x30A6; U+30A6

     <td>&#x30A7; U+30A7

     <td> &#x30A8; U+30A8

     <td>&#x30A9; U+30A9

     <td> &#x30AA; U+30AA

    <tr><!-- Consonant K (Katakana) -->

     <td>&#x30F5; U+30F5

     <td> &#x30AB; U+30AB

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x31F0; U+31F0

     <td> &#x30AF; U+30AF

     <td>&#x30F6; U+30F6

     <td> &#x30B1; U+30B1

     <td>

     <td>

    <tr><!-- Consonant S (Katakana) -->

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x31F1; U+31F1

     <td> &#x30B7; U+30B7

     <td>&#x31F2; U+31F2

     <td> &#x30B9; U+30B9

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

    <tr><!-- Consonant T (Katakana) -->

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x30C3; U+30C3

     <td> &#x30C4; U+30C4

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x31F3; U+31F3

     <td> &#x30C8; U+30C8

    <tr><!-- Consonant N (Katakana) -->

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x31F4; U+31F4

     <td> &#x30CC; U+30CC

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

    <tr><!-- Consonant H (Katakana) -->

     <td>&#x31F5; U+31F5

     <td> &#x30CF; U+30CF

     <td>&#x31F6; U+31F6

     <td> &#x30D2; U+30D2

     <td>&#x31F7; U+31F7

     <td> &#x30D5; U+30D5

     <td>&#x31F8; U+31F8

     <td> &#x30D8; U+30D8

     <td>&#x31F9; U+31F9

     <td> &#x30DB; U+30DB

    <tr><!-- Consonant M (Katakana) -->

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x31FA; U+31FA

     <td> &#x30E0; U+30E0

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

    <tr><!-- Consonant Y (Katakana) -->

     <td>&#x30E3; U+30E3

     <td> &#x30E4; U+30E4

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x30E5; U+30E5

     <td> &#x30E6; U+30E6

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#x30E7; U+30E7

     <td> &#x30E8; U+30E8

    <tr><!-- Consonant R (Katakana) -->

     <td>&#x31FB; U+31FB

     <td> &#x30E9; U+30E9

     <td>&#x31FC; U+31FC

     <td> &#x30EA; U+30EA

     <td>&#x31FD; U+31FD

     <td> &#x30EB; U+30EB

     <td>&#x31FE; U+31FE

     <td> &#x30EC; U+30EC

     <td>&#x31FF; U+31FF

     <td> &#x30ED; U+30ED

    <tr><!-- Consonant W (Katakana) -->

     <td>&#x30EE; U+30EE

     <td> &#x30EF; U+30EF

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

   <tbody>
    <tr><!-- Vowels (hwid) -->

     <td>&#xFF67; U+FF67

     <td> &#xFF71; U+FF71

     <td>&#xFF68; U+FF68

     <td> &#xFF72; U+FF72

     <td>&#xFF69; U+FF69

     <td> &#xFF73; U+FF73

     <td>&#xFF6A; U+FF6A

     <td> &#xFF74; U+FF74

     <td>&#xFF6B; U+FF6B

     <td> &#xFF75; U+FF75

    <tr><!-- Consonant T (hwid Katakana) -->

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#xFF6F; U+FF6F

     <td> &#xFF82; U+FF82

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>

    <tr><!-- Consonant Y (hwid Katakana) -->

     <td>&#xFF6C; U+FF6C

     <td> &#xFF94; U+FF94

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#xFF6D; U+FF6D

     <td> &#xFF95; U+FF95

     <td>

     <td>

     <td>&#xFF6E; U+FF6E

     <td> &#xFF96; U+FF96
  </table>

  <h2 class=no-num id=appendix-g-text-processing-order-of-oper>Appendix G:
   Text Processing Order of Operations</h2>

  <p>The following list defines the order of text operations.
   (Implementations are not bound to this order as long as the resulting
   layout is the same.)

  <ol>
   <li><a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#text-combine-horizontal">text
    combination</a> <a href="#CSS3-WRITING-MODES"
    rel=biblioentry>[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]<!--{{!CSS3-WRITING-MODES}}--></a>

   <li><a href="#white-space-rules">white space processing</a> part I
    (pre-wrapping)

   <li><a href="#text-transform">text transformation</a>

   <li><a href="#spacing">default spacing</a>

   <li><a href="#wrapping">text wrapping</a> while applying per line:
    <ol>
     <li><a href="#white-space-rules">white space processing</a> part II

     <li><a href="#text-indent">indentation</a>

     <li><a
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#text-direction">bidirectional
      reordering</a> <a href="#CSS21"
      rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a> / <a
      href="#CSS3-WRITING-MODES"
      rel=biblioentry>[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]<!--{{!CSS3-WRITING-MODES}}--></a>

     <li><a
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#text-orientation">text
      orientation</a> <a href="#CSS3-WRITING-MODES"
      rel=biblioentry>[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]<!--{{!CSS3-WRITING-MODES}}--></a>

     <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-fonts/">font/glyph selection and
      kerning</a> <a href="#CSS21"
      rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a> / <a href="#CSS3FONT"
      rel=biblioentry>[CSS3FONT]<!--{{!CSS3FONT}}--></a>

     <li><a href="#hanging-punctuation">hanging punctuation</a>
    </ol>

   <li><a href="#justification">justification</a> (which may affect glyph
    selection and/or text wrapping, looping back into that step)

   <li><a href="#text-align">text alignment</a>

   <li><a href="#decoration">text decoration</a>
  </ol>

  <h2 class=no-num id=appendix-h-full-property-index>Appendix H: Full
   Property Index</h2>
  <!--begin-properties-->

  <table class=proptable>
   <thead>
    <tr>
     <th>Property

     <th>Values

     <th>Initial

     <th>Applies&nbsp;to

     <th>Inh.

     <th>Percentages

     <th>Media

   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#hanging-punctuation0">hanging-punctuation</a>

     <td>none | [ first || [ force-end | allow-end ] ]

     <td>none

     <td>inline elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#hyphenate-character0">hyphenate-character</a>

     <td>auto | &lt;string>

     <td>auto

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#hyphenate-limit-chars">hyphenate-limit-chars</a>

     <td>auto | &lt;integer&gt;{1,3}

     <td>auto

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#hyphenate-limit-last">hyphenate-limit-last</a>

     <td>none | always | column | page | spread

     <td>none

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#hyphenate-limit-lines">hyphenate-limit-lines</a>

     <td>no-limit | &lt;integer>

     <td>no-limit

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#hyphenate-limit-zone">hyphenate-limit-zone</a>

     <td>&lt;percentage> | &lt;length>

     <td>0

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>refers to width of the line box

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#hyphens0">hyphens</a>

     <td>none | manual | auto

     <td>manual

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#letter-spacing0">letter-spacing</a>

     <td>&lt;spacing-limit&gt;{1,3}

     <td>normal

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>refers to width of space (U+0020) glyph

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#line-break0">line-break</a>

     <td>auto | loose | normal | strict

     <td>auto

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#overflow-wrap0">overflow-wrap</a>

     <td>normal | [ break-word || hyphenate ]

     <td>normal

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#tab-size0">tab-size</a>

     <td>&lt;integer&gt; | &lt;length&gt;

     <td>8

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-align0">text-align</a>

     <td>[ start | &lt;string&gt; ]? [ start | end | left | right | center |
      justify | match-parent ]

     <td>start

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-align-last0">text-align-last</a>

     <td>auto | start | end | left | right | center | justify

     <td>auto

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-decoration0">text-decoration</a>

     <td>&lt;text-decoration-line&gt; || &lt;text-decoration-color&gt; ||
      &lt;text-decoration-style&gt; || blink

     <td>none

     <td>all elements

     <td>no

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-decoration-color0">text-decoration-color</a>

     <td>&lt;color&gt;

     <td>currentColor

     <td>all elements

     <td>no

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-decoration-line0">text-decoration-line</a>

     <td>none | [ underline | no-underline | replace-underline ] || [
      overline | no-overline | replace-overline ] || [ line-through |
      no-line-through | replace-line-through ] | remove-all

     <td>none

     <td>all elements

     <td>no (but see prose)

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-decoration-skip0">text-decoration-skip</a>

     <td>none | [ objects || spaces || ink || edges ]

     <td>objects

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-decoration-style0">text-decoration-style</a>

     <td>solid | double | dotted | dashed | wavy

     <td>solid

     <td>all elements

     <td>no

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-emphasis0">text-emphasis</a>

     <td>&lsquo;&lt;text-emphasis-style&gt;&rsquo; ||
      &lsquo;&lt;text-emphasis-color&gt;&rsquo;

     <td>see individual properties

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-emphasis-color0">text-emphasis-color</a>

     <td>&lt;color&gt;

     <td>currentcolor

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-emphasis-position0">text-emphasis-position</a>

     <td>[ above | below ] && [ right | left ]

     <td>above right

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-emphasis-skip0">text-emphasis-skip</a>

     <td>spaces || punctuation || symbols || narrow

     <td>spaces

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-emphasis-style0">text-emphasis-style</a>

     <td>none | [ [ filled | open ] || [ dot | circle | double-circle |
      triangle | sesame ] ] | &lt;string&gt;

     <td>none

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-indent0">text-indent</a>

     <td>[ &lt;length&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; ] && [ hanging || each-line ]?

     <td>0

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>refers to width of containing block

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-justify0">text-justify</a>

     <td>auto | none | inter-word | inter-ideograph | inter-cluster |
      distribute | kashida

     <td>auto

     <td>block containers and, optionally, inline elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-shadow0">text-shadow</a>

     <td>none | [&lt;shadow&gt;, ] * &lt;shadow&gt;

     <td>none

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-space-collapse">text-space-collapse</a>

     <td>collapse | discard | [ [preserve | preserve-breaks] && [ trim-inner
      || consume-before || consume-after ]

     <td>collapse

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-spacing">text-spacing</a>

     <td>normal | none | [ trim-start | space-start ] || [ trim-end |
      space-end | allow-end ] || [ trim-adjacent | space-adjacent ] ||
      no-compress || ideograph-alpha || ideograph-numeric || punctuation

     <td>normal

     <td>block containers

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-transform0">text-transform</a>

     <td>none | [ [ capitalize | uppercase | lowercase ] || full-width ||
      full-size-kana ]

     <td>none

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property
      href="#text-underline-position0">text-underline-position</a>

     <td>auto | alphabetic | below left | below right

     <td>auto

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#text-wrap0">text-wrap</a>

     <td>normal | none | avoid

     <td>normal

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#white-space0">white-space</a>

     <td>normal | pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-line

     <td>not defined for shorthand properties

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#word-break0">word-break</a>

     <td>normal | keep-all | break-all

     <td>normal

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>N/A

     <td>visual

    <tr>
     <th><a class=property href="#word-spacing0">word-spacing</a>

     <td>&lt;spacing-limit&gt; {1,3}

     <td>normal

     <td>all elements

     <td>yes

     <td>refers to width of space (U+0020) glyph

     <td>visual
  </table>
  <!--end-properties-->
  <!--
<h2 class="no-num" id="index">Appendix I:
Index</h2>
index-->

  <h2 class=no-num id=traditions>Appendix J: Cultural Correlations</h2>

  <p><em>This section is non-normative.</em>

  <p>Some features are more important in some typographic traditions than in
   others. This table summarizes which typographic traditions these features
   were designed for. Parentheses indicates traditions for which the feature
   is particularly significant. This table should be considered incomplete
   and non-exhaustive.

  <table class=data>
   <thead>
    <tr>
     <th>Feature

     <th>Typographic Tradition

   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#hanging-punctuation0"><code
      class=property>hanging-punctuation</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphens0"><code
      class=property>hyphens</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, South Asian

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-character0"><code
      class=property>hyphenate-character</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, South Asian

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-chars"><code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-chars</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, South Asian

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-last"><code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-last</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, South Asian

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-lines"><code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-lines</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, South Asian

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#hyphenate-limit-zone"><code
      class=property>hyphenate-limit-zone</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, South Asian

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#line-break0"><code
      class=property>line-break</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK (Japanese)

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-decoration-skip0"><code
      class=property>text-decoration-skip</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>edges</code>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
      class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>inter-cluster</code>&rsquo;

     <td>Southeast Asian

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
      class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>inter-ideograph</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
      class=css>distribute</code>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
      class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>inter-word</code>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, African, Middle-Eastern, Indic

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-justify0"><code
      class=property>text-justify</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>kashida</code>&rsquo;

     <td>Arabic

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-style0"><code
      class=property>text-emphasis-style</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-color0"><code
      class=property>text-emphasis-color</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-position0"><code
      class=property>text-emphasis-position</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-emphasis-skip0"><code
      class=property>text-emphasis-skip</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-spacing"><code
      class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-spacing"><code
      class=property>text-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>punctuation</code>&rsquo;

     <td>European (French)

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-transform0"><code
      class=property>text-transform</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>capitalize</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
      class=css>uppercase</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
      class=css>lowercase</code>&rsquo;

     <td>Western

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-transform0"><code
      class=property>text-transform</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>full-width</code>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<code
      class=css>full-size-kana</code>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#text-underline-position0"><code
      class=property>text-underline-position</code></a>&rsquo;: &lsquo;<code
      class=css>auto</code>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#word-break0"><code
      class=property>word-break</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>CJK (Korean)

    <tr>
     <td>&lsquo;<a href="#word-spacing0"><code
      class=property>word-spacing</code></a>&rsquo;

     <td>Western, African, Middle-Eastern, Indic
  </table>

  <p class=issue>Additional information / corrections on this table are
   welcome.