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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-us"><head><title>Media Fragments URI 1.0</title><style type="text/css">
/**/
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/**/ </style><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-CR.css"/></head><body><div class="head"><p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72"/></a></p>
<h1><a name="title" id="title"/>Media Fragments URI 1.0</h1>
<h2><a name="w3c-doctype" id="w3c-doctype"/>W3C Candidate Recommendation 1 December 2011</h2><dl><dt>This version:</dt><dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/CR-media-frags-20111201/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/CR-media-frags-20111201/</a>
</dd><dt>Latest version:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/media-frags/">http://www.w3.org/TR/media-frags/</a></dd><dt>Previous version:</dt><dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-media-frags-20110317/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-media-frags-20110317/</a>
</dd><dt>Editors:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.eurecom.fr/~troncy/">
Raphaël Troncy
</a>, EURECOM</dd><dd><a href="http://multimedialab.elis.ugent.be/emannens">
Erik Mannens
</a>, IBBT Multimedia Lab, University of Ghent</dd><dd><a href="http://blog.gingertech.net/">
Silvia Pfeiffer
</a>, W3C Invited Expert</dd><dd><a href="http://multimedialab.elis.ugent.be/dvdeurse">
Davy Van Deursen
</a>, IBBT Multimedia Lab, University of Ghent</dd><dt>Contributors:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/Michael_Hausenblas/">
Michael Hausenblas
</a>, DERI, National University of Ireland, Galway</dd><dd><a href="mailto:philipj@opera.com">
Philip Jägenstedt
</a>, Opera Software</dd><dd><a href="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/">
Jack Jansen
</a>, CWI, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam</dd><dd><a href="mailto:ylafon@w3.org">
Yves Lafon
</a>, W3C</dd><dd><a href="http://www.kfish.org/">
Conrad Parker
</a>, W3C Invited Expert</dd><dd><a href="http://blog.tomayac.com/">
Thomas Steiner
</a>, Google, Inc.</dd></dl><p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2011 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><acronym title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.</p></div><hr/><div>
<h2><a name="abstract" id="abstract"/>Abstract</h2><p>
This document describes the Media Fragments 1.0 specification. It specifies the syntax for constructing media fragment URIs and explains how
to handle them when used over the HTTP protocol. The syntax is based on the specification of particular name-value pairs that can be used
in URI fragment and URI query requests to restrict a media resource to a certain fragment.
The Media Fragment WG has no authority to update registries of all targeted media types. We recommend media type owners to harmonize
their existing schemes with the ones proposed in this document and update or add the fragment semantics specification to their
media type registration.
</p></div><div>
<h2><a name="status" id="status"/>Status of this Document</h2><p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the
time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this
document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision
of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a> at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p><p>
This is the Candidate Recommendation of the Media Fragments URI 1.0 specification. It has been
produced by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/">Media Fragments Working Group</a>, which is part of the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/">W3C Video on the Web Activity</a>.
The Working Group expects to advance this specification to
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/Process-20040205/tr.html#RecsW3C">Recommendation</a> Status.
</p><p>
The W3C Membership and other interested parties are invited to review this Candidate Recommendation document
and send comments through <em>08 December 2011</em>.
Please send comments about this document to <a href="mailto:public-media-fragment@w3.org">public-media-fragment@w3.org</a> mailing list (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-media-fragment/">public
archive</a>).
Use "[CR Media Fragment]" in the subject line of your email.
We expect that sufficient feedback to determine its future will have been received by <em>08 December 2011</em>.
This specification will remain a Candidate Recommendation until at least <em>20 November 2011</em>.
</p><p>
The <a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/">Media Fragments Working Group</a> will advance this specification to
Proposed Recommendation when the following exit criteria have been met:
</p><ol class="enumar"><li>Sufficient reports of implementation experience have been gathered to demonstrate that the Media Fragments URI syntax and processing
features are implementable and are interpreted in a consistent manner. To do so, the Working Group will insure that all features
have been implemented at least twice in an interoperable way.</li><li>The implementations have been developed independently.</li><li>The Working Group has adopted a public test suite for the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/TC/ua-test-cases">User Agents</a> and has produced
an implementation report for this specification.</li></ol><p>
The Implementation results are publicly released and are intended solely to be used as proof of
Media Fragments URI implementability. It is only a snap shot of the actual implementation behaviors at one moment of time, as these
implementations may not be immediately available to the public. The interoperability data is not intended to be used for assessing
or grading the performance of any individual implementation. Any feedback on implementation and use of this specification would be
very welcome. To the extent possible, please provide a separate email message for each distinct comment.
</p><p>
This Candidate Recommendation version of the Media Fragments URI 1.0 specification incorporates requests for changes from comments sent during the first
and second Last Call Review, as agreed with the commenters (see <a href="comments-disposal.html">Disposition of Last Call comments</a>) and changes
following implementation experiences from the Working Group. The Working Group would like to point out that the processing of media fragment URI when
used over the HTTP protocol is now described in a separate document <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-media-frags-recipes-20111201/">Protocol for Media Fragments 1.0 Resolution in HTTP</a>.
</p><p>
For convenience, the differences between this CR version and the Second Last Call Working Draft are highlighted in the
<a href="lc2-cr-diff.htm">CR Diff document</a>. The differences between the Second Last Call Working Draft and the
First Last Call Working Draft are also highlighted in the <a href="lc1-lc2-diff.htm">CR Diff document</a>.
</p><p>Publication as a Candidate Recommendation does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.</p><p>
This document was produced by a group operating under the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">
5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/42785/status">public
list of any patent disclosures</a> made in connection with the
deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions
for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge
of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.
</p></div><div class="toc">
<h2><a name="contents" id="contents"/>Table of Contents</h2><p class="toc">1 <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a><br/>
2 <a href="#standardisation">Standardisation Issues</a><br/>
2.1 <a href="#standardisation-terminology">Terminology</a><br/>
2.2 <a href="#standardisation-approach">Media Fragments Standardisation</a><br/>
2.2.1 <a href="#standardisation-URI-fragments">URI Fragments</a><br/>
2.2.2 <a href="#standardisation-URI-queries">URI Queries</a><br/>
3 <a href="#fragment-query">URI fragment and URI query</a><br/>
3.1 <a href="#URIquery-vs-fragments">When to choose URI fragments? When to choose URI queries?</a><br/>
3.2 <a href="#URIfragment-user-agent">Resolving URI fragments within the user agent</a><br/>
3.3 <a href="#URIfragment-server">Resolving URI fragments with server help</a><br/>
3.4 <a href="#URIfragment-proxies">Resolving URI fragments in a proxy cacheable manner</a><br/>
3.5 <a href="#URIquery-media-fragments">Resolving URI queries</a><br/>
3.6 <a href="#URIquery-URIfragment">Combining URI fragments and URI queries</a><br/>
4 <a href="#media-fragment-syntax">Media Fragments Syntax</a><br/>
4.1 <a href="#general-structure">General Structure</a><br/>
4.2 <a href="#fragment-dimensions">Fragment Dimensions</a><br/>
4.2.1 <a href="#naming-time">Temporal Dimension</a><br/>
4.2.1.1 <a href="#npt-time">Normal Play Time (NPT)</a><br/>
4.2.1.2 <a href="#smpte-time">SMPTE time codes</a><br/>
4.2.1.3 <a href="#clock-time">Wall-clock time code</a><br/>
4.2.2 <a href="#naming-space">Spatial Dimension</a><br/>
4.2.3 <a href="#naming-track">Track Dimension</a><br/>
4.2.4 <a href="#naming-id">ID Dimension</a><br/>
4.2.5 <a href="#common-syntax">Common Syntax</a><br/>
5 <a href="#media-fragment-processing">Media Fragments Processing</a><br/>
5.1 <a href="#processing-media-fragment-uri">Processing Media Fragment URI</a><br/>
5.1.1 <a href="#processing-name-value-components">Processing name-value components</a><br/>
5.1.2 <a href="#processing-name-value-lists">Processing name-value lists</a><br/>
5.2 <a href="#processing-protocol-frag">Protocol for URI fragment Resolution in HTTP</a><br/>
5.3 <a href="#processing-protocol-query">Protocol for URI query Resolution in HTTP</a><br/>
6 <a href="#media-fragment-semantics">Media Fragments Semantics</a><br/>
6.1 <a href="#valid-uri">Valid Media Fragment URIs</a><br/>
6.1.1 <a href="#valid-uri-temporal">Valid temporal dimension</a><br/>
6.1.2 <a href="#valid-uri-spatial">Valid spatial dimension</a><br/>
6.1.3 <a href="#valid-uri-track">Valid track dimension</a><br/>
6.1.4 <a href="#valid-uri-id">Valid id dimension</a><br/>
6.2 <a href="#error-uri">Errors detectable based on the URI</a><br/>
6.2.1 <a href="#error-uri-general">Errors on the general URI level</a><br/>
6.2.2 <a href="#error-uri-temporal">Errors on the temporal dimension</a><br/>
6.2.3 <a href="#error-uri-spatial">Errors on the spatial dimension</a><br/>
6.2.4 <a href="#error-uri-track">Errors on the track dimension</a><br/>
6.2.5 <a href="#error-uri-id">Errors on the id dimension</a><br/>
6.3 <a href="#error-media">Errors detectable based on information of the source media</a><br/>
6.3.1 <a href="#error-media-general">Errors on the general level</a><br/>
6.3.2 <a href="#error-media-temporal">Errors on the temporal dimension</a><br/>
6.3.3 <a href="#error-media-spatial">Errors on the spatial dimension</a><br/>
6.3.4 <a href="#error-media-track">Errors on the track dimension</a><br/>
6.3.5 <a href="#error-media-id">Errors on the id dimension</a><br/>
7 <a href="#implementor-notes">Notes to Implementors (non-normative)</a><br/>
7.1 <a href="#media-fragment-browser">Browsers Rendering Media Fragments</a><br/>
7.2 <a href="#media-fragment-display">Clients Displaying Media Fragments</a><br/>
7.3 <a href="#media-fragment-clients">All Media Fragment Clients</a><br/>
7.4 <a href="#media-fragment-servers">Media Fragment Servers</a><br/>
7.5 <a href="#media-fragment-webapps">Media Fragment Web Applications</a><br/>
8 <a href="#conclusions">Conclusions</a><br/>
8.1 <a href="#qualification-resources">Qualification of Media Resources</a><br/>
</p>
<h3><a name="appendices" id="appendices"/>Appendices</h3><p class="toc">A <a href="#references-normative">References</a><br/>
B <a href="#collected-syntax-uri">Collected ABNF Syntax for URI</a> (Non-Normative)<br/>
C <a href="#collected-syntax-http">Collected ABNF Syntax for HTTP Headers</a> (Non-Normative)<br/>
D <a href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgements</a> (Non-Normative)<br/>
</p></div><hr/><div class="body"><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction"/>1 Introduction</h2><p>
Audio and video resources on the World Wide Web are currently treated as "foreign" objects, which can only be embedded using a plugin that is capable of decoding and interacting with the media resource. Specific media servers are generally required to provide for server-side features such as direct access to time offsets into a video without the need to retrieve the entire resource. Support for such media fragment access varies between different media formats and inhibits standard means of dealing with such content on the Web.
</p><p>
This specification provides for a media-format independent, standard means of addressing media fragments on the Web using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI).
In the context of this document, media fragments are regarded along four different dimensions: temporal, spatial, and tracks.
Further, a temporal fragment can be marked with a name and then addressed through a URI using that name, using the id dimension.
The specified addressing schemes apply mainly to audio and video resources - the spatial fragment addressing may also be used on images.
</p><p>
The aim of this specification is to enhance the Web infrastructure for supporting the addressing and retrieval of subparts of time-based Web resources, as well as the automated processing of such subparts for reuse. Example uses are the sharing of such fragment URIs with friends via email, the automated creation of such fragment URIs in a search engine interface, or the annotation of media fragments with RDF. Such use case examples as well as other side conditions on this specification and a survey of existing media fragment addressing approaches are provided in the requirements <cite><a href="#mf-req">Use cases and requirements for Media Fragments</a></cite> document that accompanies this specification document.
</p><p>
The following features are marked as risk. They can be removed from the specification if no sufficient implementations proved their
interoperability. Those features are: the <a href="#naming-track"><b>4.2.3 Track Dimension</b></a>,
the <a href="#naming-id"><b>4.2.4 ID Dimension</b></a> and the <a href="#smpte-time"><b>4.2.1.2 SMPTE time codes</b></a> and
<a href="#clock-time"><b>4.2.1.3 Wall-clock time code</b></a> for specifying time.
</p></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="standardisation" id="standardisation"/>2 Standardisation Issues</h2><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="standardisation-terminology" id="standardisation-terminology"/>2.1 Terminology</h3><p>
The keywords <strong>MUST</strong>, <strong>MUST NOT</strong>, <strong>SHOULD</strong> and <strong>SHOULD NOT</strong> are to be interpreted as defined in <cite><a href="#rfc2119">RFC 2119</a></cite>.
</p><p>
According to <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>, the term "URI" does not include relative
references. In this document, we consider both URIs and relative
references. Consequently, we use the term "URI reference" as defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite> (section 4.1).
For simplicity reasons, this document, however, only uses the term "media fragment URI" in place of "media fragment URI
reference".
</p><p>
The following terms are used frequently in this document and need to be clearly understood:
</p><ul><li>
URI fragment: The fragment component is indicated by the presence of a
number sign ("#") character and terminated by the end of the URI.</li><li>
URI query: The query component is indicated by the first question
mark ("?") character and terminated by a number sign ("#") character
or by the end of the URI.</li><li>
Media fragment URI: a URI addressing subparts of a media resource - that could be through URI queries or URI fragments</li></ul></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="standardisation-approach" id="standardisation-approach"/>2.2 Media Fragments Standardisation</h3><p>
The basis for the standardisation of media fragment URIs is the URI specification, <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>. Providing media fragment identification information in URIs refers here to the specification of the structure of a URI fragment or a URI query. This document will explain how URI fragments and URI queries are structured to identify media fragments. It normalises the name-value parameters used in URI fragments and URI queries to address media fragments. These build on existing CGI parameter conventions.
</p><p>
In this section, we look at implications of standardising the structure of media fragment URIs.
</p><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="standardisation-URI-fragments" id="standardisation-URI-fragments"/>2.2.1 URI Fragments</h4><p>
The URI specification <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite> says about the format of a URI fragment in Section 3.5:
</p><p>
<i>"The fragment's format and resolution is [..] dependent on the media type [RFC2046] of a potentially retrieved representation. [..] Fragment identifier semantics are independent of the URI scheme and thus cannot be redefined by scheme specifications."</i>
</p><p>
This essentially means that only media type definitions (as registered through the process defined in <cite><a href="#rfc4288">RFC 4288</a></cite>) are able to introduce a standard structure on URI fragments for that mime type. One part of the registration process of a media type can include information about how fragment identifiers in URIs are constructed for use in conjunction with this media type.
</p><p>
Note that the registration of URI fragment construction rules as expressed in Section 4.11 of <cite><a href="#rfc4288">RFC 4288</a></cite> is only a SHOULD-requirement. An analysis of all media type registrations showed that only a few media type registration in the audio/*, image/*, video/* branches are currently defining fragments or fragment semantics (see for example the fragment definition for SVG in <cite><a href="#svg1.1">SVG 1.1</a></cite>, chapter 17).
</p><p>
The Media Fragment WG has no authority to update registries of all targeted media types. To the best of our knowledge there are only <a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/wiki/MediaTypeReview">few media types that actually have a specified fragment format</a> even if it is not registered with the media type: these include Ogg, MPEG-4, and MPEG-21. Further, only a small number of software packages actually supports these fragment formats. For all others, the semantics of the fragment are considered to be unknown.
</p><p>
As such, the intention of this document is to propose a specification to all media type owners in the audio/*, image/*, and video/* branches for a structured approach to URI fragments and for specification of commonly agreed dimensions to address media fragments (i.e. subparts of a media resource) through URI fragments. We recommend media type owners to harmonize their existing schemes with the ones proposed in this document and update or add the fragment semantics specification to their media type registration.
</p></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="standardisation-URI-queries" id="standardisation-URI-queries"/>2.2.2 URI Queries</h4><p>The URI specification <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite> says about the format of a URI query in Section 3.4:
</p><p>
<i>"The query component [..] serves to identify a resource within the scope of the URI's scheme and naming authority (if any). [..] Query components are often used to carry identifying information in the form of "key=value" pairs [..]."</i>
</p><p>
URI query specifications are more closely linked to the URI scheme, some of which do not even use a query component. We are mostly concerned with the HTTP <cite><a href="#rfc2616">RFC 2616</a></cite> and the RTP/RTSP <cite><a href="#">rfc2326</a></cite> protocols here, which both support query components. HTTP says nothing about how a URI query has to be interpreted. RTSP explicitly says that fragment and query identifiers do not have a well-defined meaning at this time, with the interpretation left to the RTSP server.
</p><p>
The URI specification <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite> says generally that the data within the URI is often parsed by both the user agent and one or more servers. It refers in particular to HTTP in Section 7.3:
</p><p>
<i>"In HTTP, for example, a typical user agent will parse a URI into its five major components, access the authority's server, and send it the data within the authority, path, and query components. A typical server will take that information, parse the path into segments and the query into key/value pairs, and then invoke implementation-specific handlers to respond to the request."</i>
</p><p>
Since the interpretation of query components resides with the functionality of servers, the intention of this document wrt query components is to recommend standard name-value pair formats for use in addressing media fragments through URI queries. We recommend server and server-type software providers to harmonize their existing schemes in use with media resources to support the nomenclature proposed in this specification.
</p></div></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="fragment-query" id="fragment-query"/>3 URI fragment and URI query</h2><table border="1" summary="Editorial note"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"><b>Editorial note</b></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="50%"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">This section is non-normative</td></tr></table><p>
To address a media fragment, one needs to find ways to convey the fragment information. This specification builds on URIs <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>. Every URI is defined as consisting of four parts, as follows:
</p><div class="exampleOuter"><p>
<scheme name> : <hierarchical part> [ ? <query> ] [ # <fragment> ]
</p></div><p>
There are therefore two possibilities for representing the media fragment addressing in URIs: the <em>URI query part</em> or the <em>URI fragment part</em>.
</p><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="URIquery-vs-fragments" id="URIquery-vs-fragments"/>3.1 When to choose URI fragments? When to choose URI queries?</h3><p>
For media fragment addressing, both approaches - URI query and URI fragment - are useful.
</p><p>
The main difference between a URI query and a URI fragment is that a URI query produces a new resource, while a URI fragment provides a secondary resource that has a relationship to the primary resource. URI fragments are resolved from the primary resource without another retrieval action. This means that a user agent should be capable to resolve a URI fragment on a resource it has already received without having to fetch more data from the server.
</p><p>
A further requirement put on a URI fragment is that the media type of the retrieved fragment should be the same as the media type of the primary resource. Among other things, this means that a URI fragment that points to a single video frame out of a longer video results in a one-frame video, not in a still image. To extract a still image, one would need to create a URI query scheme - something not envisaged here, but easy to devise.
</p><p>
There are different types of media fragment addressing in this specification. As noted in the <cite><a href="#mf-req">Use cases and requirements for Media Fragments</a></cite> document (section "Fitness Conditions on Media Containers/Resources"): not all container formats and codecs are "fit" for supporting the different types of fragment URIs. "Fitness" relates to the fact that a media fragment can be extracted from the primary resource without syntax element modifications or transcoding of the bitstream.
</p><p>
Resources that are "fit" can therefore be addressed with a URI fragment. Resources that are "conditionally fit" can be addressed with a URI fragment with an additional retrieval action that retrieves the modified syntax elements but leaves the codec data untouched. Resources that are "unfit" require transcoding. Such transcoded media fragments cannot be addressed with URI fragments, but only with URI queries.
</p><p>
Therefore, when addressing a media fragment with the URI mechanism, the author has to know whether this media fragment can be produced from the (primary) resource itself without any transcoding activities or whether it requires transcoding. In the latter case, the only choice is to use a URI query and to use a server that supports transcoding and delivery of a (primary) derivative resource to satisfy the query.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="URIfragment-user-agent" id="URIfragment-user-agent"/>3.2 Resolving URI fragments within the user agent</h3><p>
A user agent may itself resolve and control the presentation of media fragment URIs. The simplest case arises where the user agent has
already downloaded the entire resource and can perform the extraction from its locally cached copy. For some media types, it may also be
possible to perform the extraction over the network without any special protocol assistance. For temporal fragments this requires a user
agent to be able to seek on the media resource using existing protocol mechanisms.
</p><p>
An example of a URI fragment used to address a media fragment is <code>http://www.example.org/video.ogv#t=60,100</code>. In this case,
the user agent knows that the primary resource is <code>http://www.example.org/video.ogv</code> and that it is only expected to display
the portion of the primary resource that relates to the fragment <code>#t=60,100</code>, i.e. seconds 60-100. Thus, the relationship
between the primary resource and the media fragment is maintained.
</p><p>
In traditional URI fragment retrieval, a user agent requests the complete primary resource from the server and then applies the
fragmentation locally. In the media fragment case, this would result in a retrieval action on the complete media resource, on which the
user agent would then locally perform its fragment extraction - something generally unviable for such large resources.
</p><p>
Therefore, media resources are not always retrieved over HTTP using a single request. They may be retrieved as a sequence of byte range requests
on the original resource URI, or may be retrieved as a sequence of requests to different URIs each representing a small part of the
media. The reasons for such mechanisms include bandwidth conservation, where a client chooses to space requests out over time during
playback in order to maximize bandwidth available for other activities, and bandwidth adaptation, where a client selects among various
representations with varying bitrate depending on the current bandwidth availability.
</p><p>
A user agent that knows how to map media fragments to byte ranges will be able to satisfy a URI fragment request such as the above example
by itself. This is typically the case for user agents that know how to seek to media fragments over the network.
For example, a user agent that deals with a media file that includes an index of its seekable structures can resolve the media fragment
addresses to byte ranges from the index. This is the case e.g. with seekable QuickTime files. Another example is a user agent that
knows how to seek on a media file through a sequence of byte range requests and eventually receives the correct media fragment. This is
the case e.g. with Ogg files in Firefox versions above 3.5.
</p><p>
Similarly, a user agent that knows how to map media fragments to a sequence of URIs can satisfy a URI fragment request by itself. This
is typically the case for user agents that perform adaptive streaming. For example, a user agent that deals with a media resource that
contains a sequence of URIs, each a media file of a few seconds duration, can resolve the media fragment addresses to a subsequence of
those URIs. This is the case with QuickTime adaptive bitrate streaming or IIS Smooth Streaming.
</p><p>
If such a user agent natively supports the media fragment syntax as specified in this document, it is deemed conformant to this
specification for fragments and for the particular dimension.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="URIfragment-server" id="URIfragment-server"/>3.3 Resolving URI fragments with server help</h3><p>
For user agents that natively support the media fragment syntax, but have to use their own seeking approach, this specification provides
an optimisation that can make the byte offset seeking more efficient. It requires a conformant server with which the user agent will follow
a protocol defined later in this document.
</p><p>
In this approach, the user agent asks the server to do the byte range mapping for the media fragment address itself and send back the
appropriate byte ranges. This can not be done through the URI, but has to be done through adding protocol headers. User agents that
interact with a conformant server to follow this protocol will receive the appropriate byte ranges directly and will not need to do costly
seeking over the network.
</p><p>
Note that it is important that the server also informs the user agent what actual media fragment range it was able to retrieve. This is
important since in the compressed domain it is not possible to extract data at an arbitrary resolution, but only at the resolution
that the data was packaged in. For example, even if a user asked for <code>http://www.example.org/video.ogv#t=60,100</code> and the
user agent sent a range request of <code>t=60,100</code> to the server, the server may only be able to return the range
<code>t=58,103</code> as the closest decodable range that encapsulates all the required data.
</p><p>
Note that if done right, the native user agent support for media fragments and the improved server support can be integrated without
problems: the user agent just needs to include the byte range and the media fragment range request in one request. A server that does not
understand the media fragment range request will only react to the byte ranges, while a server that understands them will ignore the
byte range request and only reply with the correct byte ranges. The user agent will understand from the response whether it received a
reply to the byte ranges or the media fragment ranges request and can react accordingly.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="URIfragment-proxies" id="URIfragment-proxies"/>3.4 Resolving URI fragments in a proxy cacheable manner</h3><p>
The current setup of the World Wide Web relies heavily on the use of caching Web proxies to speed up the delivery of content. In the
case of URI fragments that are resolved by the server as indicated in the previous section, existing Web proxies have no means of
caching these requests since they only understand byte ranges.
</p><p>
To make use of the existing Web proxy infrastructure of the Web, we need to make sure that the user agent only asks for byte ranges,
so they can be served from the cache. This is possible if the server - instead of replying with the actual data - replies with the mapped
byte ranges for the requested media fragment range. Then, the user agent is able to resend his range request this time with bytes only,
which can possibly already be satisfied from the cache. Details of this will be specified later.
</p><table border="1" summary="Editorial note: Raphael"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"><b>Editorial note: Raphael</b></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="50%"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Should we not foresee future "smart" media caches that would be able to actually cache range request in other units than bytes?
</td></tr></table></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="URIquery-media-fragments" id="URIquery-media-fragments"/>3.5 Resolving URI queries</h3><p>
The described URI fragment addressing methods only work for byte-identical segments of a media resource, since we assume a simple mapping
between the media fragment and bytes that each infrastructure element can deal with. Where it is impossible to maintain byte-identity
and some sort of transcoding of the resource is necessary, the user agent is not able to resolve the fragmentation by itself and a
server interaction is required. In this case, URI queries have to be used since they result in a server interaction and can deliver a
transcoded resource.
</p><p>
Another use for URI queries is when a user agent actually wants to receive a completely new resource instead of just a byte range from
an existing (primary) resource. This is, for example, the case for playlists of media fragment resources. Even if a media fragment
could be resolved through a URI fragment, the URI query may be more desirable since it does not carry with itself the burden
of the original primary resource - its file headers may be smaller, its duration may be smaller, and it does not automatically allow
access to the remainder of the original primary resource.
</p><p>
When URI queries are used, the retrieval action has to additionally make sure to create a fully valid new resource. For example, for the
Ogg format, this implies a reconstruction of Ogg headers to accurately describe the new resource (e.g. a non-zero start-time or different
encoding parameters). Such a resource will be cached in Web proxies as a different resource to the original primary resource.
</p><p>
An example URI query that includes a media fragment specification is <code>http://www.example.org/video.ogv?t=60,100</code>. This results
in a video of duration 40s (assuming the original video was more than 100s long).
</p><p>
Note that this resource has no per-se relationship to the original primary resource. As a user agent uses such a URI with e.g. a HTML5
video element, the browser has no knowledge about the original resource and can only display this video as a 40s long video starting at 0s.
The context of the original resource is lost.
</p><p>
A user agent may want to display the original start time of the resource as the start time of the video in order to be consistent with the
information in the URI. It is possible to achieve this in one of two ways: either the video file itself has some knowledge that it is an
extract from a different file and starts at an offset - or the user agent is told through the retrieval action which original primary
resource the retrieved resource relates to and can find out information about it through another retrieval action. This latter option
will be regarded later in this document.
</p><p>
An example for a media resource that has knowledge about itself of the required kind are Ogg files. Ogg files that have a skeleton
track and were created correctly from the primary resource will know that their start time is not 0s but 60s in the above example.
The browser can simply parse this information out of the received bitstream and may display a timeline that starts at 60s and ends at 100s
in the video controls if it so desires.
</p><p>
Another option is that the browser parses the URI and knows about how media resources have a fragment specification that follows a standard.
Then the browser can interpret the query parameters and extract the correct start and end times and also the original primary resource.
It can then also display a timeline that starts at 60s and ends at 100s in the video controls. Further it can allow a right-click menu to
click through to the original resource if required.
</p><p>
A use case where the video controls may neither start at 0s nor at 60s is a mashed-up video created through a list of media fragment URIs.
In such a playlist, the user agent may prefer to display a single continuous timeline across all the media fragments rather than a
collection of individual timelines for each fragment. Thus, the 60s to 100s fragment may e.g. be mapped to an interval at 3min20 to 4min.
</p><p>
No new protocol headers are required to execute a URI query for media fragment retrieval. Some optional protocol headers that improve the
information exchange will be recommended later in this document.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="URIquery-URIfragment" id="URIquery-URIfragment"/>3.6 Combining URI fragments and URI queries</h3><p>
A combination of a URI query for a media fragment with a URI fragment yields a URI fragment resolution on top of the newly created resource.
Since a URI with a query part creates a new resource, we have to do the fragment offset on the new resource. This is simply a conformant
behaviour to the URI standard <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>.
</p><p>
For example, <code>http://www.example.org/video.ogv?t=60,100#t=20</code> will lead to the 20s fragment offset being applied to the new
resource starting at 60 going to 100. Thus, the reply to this is a 40s long resource whose playback will start at an offset of 20s.
</p><table border="1" summary="Editorial note: Silvia"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"><b>Editorial note: Silvia</b></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="50%"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
We should at the end of the document set up a table with all the different addressing types and http headers and say what we deem
is conformant and how to find out whether a server or user agent is conformant or not.
</td></tr></table></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="media-fragment-syntax" id="media-fragment-syntax"/>4 Media Fragments Syntax</h2><p>
This section describes the external representation of a media fragment specifier, and how this should be interpreted.
</p><p>
Guiding principles for the definition of the media fragments syntax were as follows:
</p><ul><li>a. The MF syntax for queries and fragments should be identical</li><li>b. The MF syntax should be unambiguous</li><li>c. The MF syntax should allow any UTF-8 character in track or id names</li><li>d. The MF syntax should adhere to applicable formal standards</li><li>e. The MF syntax should adhere to de-facto usage of queries and fragments</li><li>f. The MF syntax should be as concise as possible, with no unneeded grammatical fluff</li></ul><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="general-structure" id="general-structure"/>4.1 General Structure</h3><p>
A list of name-value pairs is encoded in the query or
fragment component of a URI. The name and value components
are separated by an equal sign (<code>=</code>), while
multiple name-value pairs are separated by an ampersand
(<code>&</code>).
</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="namevalues" id="namevalues"/><pre>
name = fragment - "&" - "="
value = fragment - "&"
namevalue = name [ "=" value ]
namevalues = namevalue *( "&" namevalue )</pre></div><p>
The names and values can be arbitrary Unicode strings,
encoded in <cite><a href="#utf-8">UTF-8</a></cite> and percent-encoded as per
<cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>. Here are some examples of URIs
with name-value pairs in the fragment component, to
demonstrate the general structure:
</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
http://www.example.com/example.ogv#a=b&c=d
http://www.example.com/example.ogv#t=10,20
http://www.example.com/example.ogv#track=audio&t=10,20
http://www.example.com/example.ogv#id=Cap%C3%ADtulo%202</pre></div><p>
While arbitrary name-value pairs can be encoded in this
manner, this specification defines a fixed set of
dimensions. The dimension keyword name is encoded in the
name component, while dimension-specific syntax is encoded
in the value component.
</p><p>
Section <a href="#processing-name-value-components"><b>5.1.1 Processing name-value components</b></a>
defines in more detail how to process the name-value pair
syntax, arriving at a list of name-value Unicode string
pairs. The syntax definitions in
<a href="#fragment-dimensions"><b>4.2 Fragment Dimensions</b></a> apply to these Unicode
strings.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="fragment-dimensions" id="fragment-dimensions"/>4.2 Fragment Dimensions</h3><p>Media fragments support addressing the media along four dimensions:</p><dl><dt class="label">temporal</dt><dd><p>
This dimension denotes a specific time range in the
original media, such as "starting at second 10, continuing
until second 20";
</p></dd><dt class="label">spatial</dt><dd><p>
this dimension denotes a specific range of pixels in
the original media, such as "a rectangle with size (100,100)
with its top-left at coordinate (10,10)";
</p></dd><dt class="label">track</dt><dd><p>
this dimension denotes one or more tracks in the
original media, such as "the english audio and the video track";
</p></dd><dt class="label">id</dt><dd><p>
this dimension denotes a named temporal fragment within the original media, such as "chapter 2", and can be seen as a convenient way of specifying a temporal fragment.
</p></dd></dl><p>
All dimensions are logically independent and can be combined; the outcome is independent of the order of the dimensions. Note however that the id dimension a shortcut is for the temporal dimension; combining both dimensions need to be treated as described in section <a href="#error-uri-general"><b>6.2.1 Errors on the general URI level</b></a>.
</p><p>
The track dimension refers to one of a set of parallel media streams (e.g. "the english audio track for a video"), not to a (possibly self-contained) section of the source media (e.g. "Audio track 2 of a CD").
</p><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="naming-time" id="naming-time"/>4.2.1 Temporal Dimension</h4><p>
Temporal clipping is denoted by the name <code>t</code>, and specified as an interval with a begin time and an end time (or an in-point and an out-point, in video editing terms). Either or both may be omitted, with the begin time defaulting to 0 seconds and the end time defaulting to the duration of the source media. The interval is half-open: the begin time is considered part of the interval whereas the end time is considered to be the first time point that is not part of the interval. If a single number only is given, this corresponds to the begin time except if it is preceded by a comma that would in this case indicate the end time.
</p><p>Examples:</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
t=10,20 # => results in the time interval [10,20)
t=,20 # => results in the time interval [0,20)
t=10 # => results in the time interval [10,end)</pre></div><p>
Temporal clipping can be specified either as Normal Play Time (npt) <cite><a href="#rtsp">RFC 2326</a></cite>, as SMPTE timecodes, <cite><a href="#smpte">SMPTE</a></cite>, or as real-world clock time (clock) <cite><a href="#rtsp">RFC 2326</a></cite>. Begin and end times are always specified in the same format. The format is specified by name, followed by a colon (<code>:</code>), with <code>npt:</code> being the default.
</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="timesegment" id="timesegment"/><pre>
timeprefix = %x74 ; "t"
timeparam = <a href="#npttimedef">npttimedef</a> / <a href="#smptetimedef">smptetimedef</a> / <a href="#clocktimedef">clocktimedef</a></pre></div><p>
In this version of the media fragments specification there is no extensibility mechanism to add time format specifiers.
</p><div class="div4">
<h5><a name="npt-time" id="npt-time"/>4.2.1.1 Normal Play Time (NPT)</h5><p>
Normal Play Time can either be specified as seconds, with an optional fractional part to indicate miliseconds, or as colon-separated hours, minutes and seconds (again with an optional fraction). Minutes and seconds must be specified as exactly two digits, hours and fractional seconds can be any number of digits. The hours, minutes and seconds specification for NPT is a convenience only, it does not signal frame accuracy. The specification of the "npt:" identifier is optional since NPT is the default time scheme. This specification builds on the RTSP specification of NPT <cite><a href="#rtsp">RFC 2326</a></cite>.
</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="npttimedef" id="npttimedef"/><pre>
npt-sec = 1*DIGIT [ "." *DIGIT ] ; definitions taken
npt-hhmmss = npt-hh ":" npt-mm ":" npt-ss [ "." *DIGIT] ; from <cite><a href="#rtsp">RFC 2326</a></cite>,
npt-mmss = npt-mm ":" npt-ss [ "." *DIGIT]
npt-hh = 1*DIGIT ; any positive number
npt-mm = 2DIGIT ; 0-59
npt-ss = 2DIGIT ; 0-59
npttimedef = [ deftimeformat ":"] ( npttime [ "," npttime ] ) / ( "," npttime )
deftimeformat = %x6E.70.74 ; "npt"
npttime = npt-sec / npt-mmss / npt-hhmmss
</pre></div><p>Examples:</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
t=npt:10,20 # => results in the time interval [10,20)
t=npt:,121.5 # => results in the time interval [0,121.5)
t=0:02:00,121.5 # => results in the time interval [120,121.5)
t=npt:120,0:02:01.5 # => also results in the time interval [120,121.5)</pre></div></div><div class="div4">
<h5><a name="smpte-time" id="smpte-time"/>4.2.1.2 SMPTE time codes</h5><p>
SMPTE time codes are a way to address a specific frame (or field) without running the risk of rounding errors causing a different frame to be selected. The format is always colon-separated hours, minutes, seconds and frames. Frames are optional, defaulting to 00. If the source format has a further subdivison of frames (such as odd/even fields in interlaced video) these can be specified further with a number after a dot (<code>.</code>). The SMPTE format name must always be specified, because the interpretation of the fields depends on the format. The SMPTE formats supported in this version of the specification are:
</p><ul><li><code>smpte</code>,</li><li><code>smpte-25</code>,</li><li><code>smpte-30</code> and </li><li><code>smpte-30-drop</code>.</li></ul><p>
<code>smpte</code> is a synonym for <code>smpte-30</code>.
</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="smptetimedef" id="smptetimedef"/><pre>
smptetimedef = smpteformat ":"( frametime [ "," frametime ] ) / ( "," frametime )
smpteformat = %x73.6D.70.74.65 ; "smpte"
/ %x73.6D.70.74.65.2D.32.35 ; "smpte-25"
/ %x73.6D.70.74.65.2D.33.30 ; "smpte-30"
/ %x73.6D.70.74.65.2D.33.30.2D.64.72.6F.70 ; "smpte-30-drop"
frametime = 1*DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT [ ":" 2DIGIT [ "." 2DIGIT ] ]
</pre></div><p>Examples:</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
t=smpte-30:0:02:00,0:02:01:15 # => results in the time interval [120,121.5)
t=smpte-25:0:02:00:00,0:02:01:12.40 # => results in the time interval [120,121.5)
# (80 or 100 subframes per frame seem typical)
</pre></div><p>
Using SMPTE timecodes may result in frame-accurate begin and end times, but only if the timecode format used in the media fragment specifier is the same as that used in the original media item.
</p></div><div class="div4">
<h5><a name="clock-time" id="clock-time"/>4.2.1.3 Wall-clock time code</h5><p>
Wall-clock time codes are a way to address real-world clock time that is associated typically with a live video stream. These are the same time codes that are being used by RTSP <cite><a href="#rtsp">RFC 2326</a></cite>, by SMIL <cite><a href="#smil30">SMIL</a></cite>, and by HTML5 <cite><a href="#html5">HTML 5</a></cite>. The scheme uses ISO 8601 UTC timestamps (http://www.iso.org/iso/date_and_time_format). The format separates the date from the time with a "T" character and the string ends with "Z", which includes time zone capabilities. To that effect, the ABNF grammar is referring to <cite><a href="#rfc3339">RFC 3339</a></cite>, which include the relevant part of ISO 8601 in ABNF form. The time scheme identifier is "clock".
</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="clocktimedef" id="clocktimedef"/><pre>
datetime = <date-time, defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3339">RFC 3339</a></cite>>
clocktimedef = clockformat ":"( clocktime [ "," clocktime ] ) / ( "," clocktime )
clockformat = %x63.6C.6F.63.6B ; "clock"
clocktime = (datetime / walltime / date)
; WARNING: if your date-time contains '+' (or any other reserved character, per <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>),
; it should be percent-encoded when used in a URI.
</pre></div><p>For convenience, the definition is copied here</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="datetime" id="datetime"/><pre>
; defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3339">RFC 3339</a></cite>
;
date-fullyear = 4DIGIT
date-month = 2DIGIT ; 01-12
date-mday = 2DIGIT ; 01-28, 01-29, 01-30, 01-31 based on
; month/year
time-hour = 2DIGIT ; 00-23
time-minute = 2DIGIT ; 00-59
time-second = 2DIGIT ; 00-58, 00-59, 00-60 based on leap second
; rules
time-secfrac = "." 1*DIGIT
time-numoffset = ("+" / "-") time-hour ":" time-minute
time-offset = "Z" / time-numoffset
partial-time = time-hour ":" time-minute ":" time-second
[time-secfrac]
full-date = date-fullyear "-" date-month "-" date-mday
full-time = partial-time time-offset
date-time = full-date "T" full-time
</pre></div><p>Examples:</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
t=clock:2009-07-26T11:19:01Z,2009-07-26T11:20:01Z # => results in a 1 min interval
# on 26th Jul 2009 from 11hrs, 19min, 1sec
t=clock:2009-07-26T11:19:01Z # => starts on 26th Jul 2009 from 11hrs, 19min, 1sec
t=clock:,2009-07-26T11:20:01Z # => ends on 26th Jul 2009 from 11hrs, 20min, 1sec</pre></div></div></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="naming-space" id="naming-space"/>4.2.2 Spatial Dimension</h4><p>
Spatial clipping selects an area of pixels from visual media streams. For this release of the media fragment specification,
only rectangular selections are supported. The rectangle can be specified as pixel coordinates or percentages.
</p><p>
Pixels coordinates are interpreted after taking into account the resource's dimensions, aspect ratio, clean aperture, resolution,
and so forth, as defined for the format used by the resource. If an anamorphic format does not define how to apply the aspect
ratio to the video data's dimensions to obtain the "correct" dimensions, then the user agent must apply the ratio by increasing
one dimension and leaving the other unchanged.
</p><p>
Rectangle selection is denoted by the name <code>xywh</code>. The value is an optional format <code>pixel:</code> or <code>percent:</code>
(defaulting to pixel) and 4 comma-separated integers. The integers denote x, y, width and height, respectively, with x=0, y=0 being the
top left corner of the image. If percent is used, x and width are interpreted as a percentage of the width of the original media, and
y and height are interpreted as a percentage of the original height.
</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="spacesegment" id="spacesegment"/><pre>
xywhprefix = %x78.79.77.68 ; "xywh"
xywhparam = [ xywhunit ":" ] 1*DIGIT "," 1*DIGIT "," 1*DIGIT "," 1*DIGIT
xywhunit = %x70.69.78.65.6C ; "pixel"
/ %x70.65.72.63.65.6E.74 ; "percent"
</pre></div><p>Examples:</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
xywh=160,120,320,240 # => results in a 320x240 box at x=160 and y=120
xywh=pixel:160,120,320,240 # => results in a 320x240 box at x=160 and y=120
xywh=percent:25,25,50,50 # => results in a 50%x50% box at x=25% and y=25%</pre></div><p>
If the clipping region is pixel-based and the image is
multi-resolution (like an ICO file), the fragment MUST be ignored, so
that the url represents the entire image.
More generally, pixel-clip an image that does not have a single well defined pixel resolution (width and height) is not recommended.
</p></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="naming-track" id="naming-track"/>4.2.3 Track Dimension</h4><p>
Track selection allows the extraction of tracks (audio, video, subtitles, etc) from a media container that supports multiple tracks. Track selection is denoted by the name <code>track</code>. The value is a string. Percent-escaping can be used in the string to specify unsafe characters (including separators such as semi-colon), see the grammar below for details. Multiple track specification is allowed, but requires the specification of multiple track parameters. Interpretation of the string depends on the container format of the original media: some formats allow numbers only, some allow full names.
</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="tracksegment" id="tracksegment"/><pre>
trackprefix = %x74.72.61.63.6B ; "track"
trackparam = unistring
</pre></div><p>Examples:</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>track=1 # => results in only extracting track 1
track=video&track=subtitle # => results in extracting track 'video' and track 'subtitle'
track=Wide%20Angle%20Video # => results in only extracting track 'Wide Angle Video'</pre></div><p>As the allowed track names are determined by the original source media, this information has to be known before construction of the media fragment.
There is no support for generic media type names (audio, video) across container formats: most container formats allow multiple tracks of each media type,
which would lead to ambiguities.</p><p>Note that there are existing discovery mechanisms for retrieving the track names of a media resource, such as the Rich Open multitrack media
Exposition format (ROE) <cite><a href="#roe">ROE</a></cite> or the Media Annotations API <cite><a href="#mediaAnnotations">Media Annotations</a></cite>. Further, HTML5 media <cite><a href="#HTML5Media">HTML5 Media</a></cite> has a discovery mechanism
for retrieving the track names of a media resource through the audioTracks, videoTracks, and textTracks IDL attributes of the HTMLMediaElement. For example, to discover all the names
of the available tracks of a video resource, you may want to use the following JavaScript excerpt.</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre><video id="v1" src="video" controls> </video>
<script type="text/javascript">
var video = document.getElementsByTagName("video")[0];
var track_names = [];
var idx = 0;
for (i=0; i< video.audioTracks.length; i++, idx++) {
track_names[idx] = video.audioTracks.getLabel(i);
}
for (i=0; i< video.videoTracks.length; i++, idx++) {
track_names[idx] = video.audioTracks.getLabel(i);
}
for (i=0; i< video.textTracks.length; i++, idx++) {
track_names[idx] = video.textTracks[i].label;
}
</script></pre></div></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="naming-id" id="naming-id"/>4.2.4 ID Dimension</h4><p>
ID-based selection is denoted by the name <code>id</code>, with the value being a string enclosed. Percent-escaping can be used in the string to include unsafe characters, see the grammer below for details. Interpretation of the string depends on the underlying container format: some container formats support named temporal fragments or numbered temporal fragments. As with track selection, determining which names are valid requires knowledge of the original media item.
</p><p>An id fragment can be seen as a shortcut for a temporal fragment (i.e., a named temporal fragment). Hence, an id fragment can always be resolved to a temporal fragment.</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="idsegment" id="idsegment"/><pre>
idprefix = %x69.64 ; "id"
idparam = unistring
</pre></div><p>Examples:</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
id=1 # => results in only extracting the section called '1'
id=chapter-1 # => results in only extracting the section called 'chapter-1'
id=Airline%20Edit # => results in only extracting the section called 'Airline Edit'</pre></div></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="common-syntax" id="common-syntax"/>4.2.5 Common Syntax</h4><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
DIGIT = <DIGIT, defined in <cite><a href="#rfc5234">RFC 5234</a></cite>>
pchar = <pchar, defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>>
unreserved = <unreserved, defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>>
pct-encoded = <pct-encoded, defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>>
fragment = <pct-encoded, defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>>
unichar = <any Unicode code point>
unistring = *unichar
</pre></div><p>For convenience, the following definitions are copied here. Only the definitions in the original documents are considered normative</p><div class="exampleInner"><a name="importeddefs" id="importeddefs"/><pre>
; defined in <cite><a href="#rfc5234">RFC 5234</a></cite>
ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A ; A-Z / a-z
DIGIT = %x30-39 ; 0-9
HEXDIG = DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
; defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>
unreserved = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
pct-encoded = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
sub-delims = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")" / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
pchar = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
fragment = *( pchar / "/" / "?" )
</pre></div></div></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="media-fragment-processing" id="media-fragment-processing"/>5 Media Fragments Processing</h2><p>
This section defines the different exchange scenarios for the situations explained in section <a href="#fragment-query"><b>3 URI fragment and URI query</b></a>
over the HTTP protocol.
</p><p>
The formal grammar defined in the section <a href="#media-fragment-syntax"><b>4 Media Fragments Syntax</b></a> describes what producers of media fragment should output.
It is not taking into account possible percent-encoding that are valid according to <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite> and the grammar is not a
specification of how a media fragment should be parsed. Therefore, section <a href="#processing-media-fragment-uri"><b>5.1 Processing Media Fragment URI</b></a> defines
how to parse media fragment URIs.
</p><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="processing-media-fragment-uri" id="processing-media-fragment-uri"/>5.1 Processing Media Fragment URI</h3><p>
This sections defines how to parse media fragment URIs defined in section <a href="#media-fragment-syntax"><b>4 Media Fragments Syntax</b></a>, along with notes on some of
the caveats to be aware of. Implementors are free to use any equivalent technique(s).
</p><table border="1" summary="Editorial note: Raphael"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"><b>Editorial note: Raphael</b></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="50%"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
To generate a simple figure that shows this processing:
URI parsing (percent decoding) => name=value pairs => (rfc2047encoding) HTTP
</td></tr></table><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="processing-name-value-components" id="processing-name-value-components"/>5.1.1 Processing name-value components</h4><p>
This section defines how to convert an octet string (from the
query or fragment component of a URI) into a list of name-value
Unicode string pairs.
</p><ol class="enumar"><li><p>
Parse the octet string according to the
<a href="#namevalues">namevalues</a> syntax, yielding a list
of name-value pairs, where name and value are both octet
string. In accordance with <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>, the
name and value components must be parsed and separated
before percent-encoded octets are decoded.
</p></li><li><p>
For each name-value pair:
</p><ol class="enumla"><li><p>
Decode percent-encoded octets in name and value as
defined by <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>. If either name or
value are not valid percent-encoded strings, then remove
the name-value pair from the list.
</p></li><li><p>
Convert name and value to Unicode strings by
interpreting them as <cite><a href="#utf-8">UTF-8</a></cite>. If either
name or value are not valid UTF-8 strings, then remove
the name-value pair from the list.
</p></li></ol></li></ol><p>
Note that the output is well defined for any input.
</p><p>
Examples:
</p><table border="1"><tr><th>Input</th><th>Output</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>"t=1"</td><td>[("t", "1")]</td><td>simple case</td></tr><tr><td>"t=1&t=2"</td><td>[("t", "1"), ("t", "2")]</td><td>repeated name</td></tr><tr><td>"a=b=c"</td><td>[("a", "b=c")]</td><td>"=" in value</td></tr><tr><td>"a&b=c"</td><td>[("a", ""), ("b", "c")]</td><td>missing value</td></tr><tr><td>"%74=%6ept%3A%310"</td><td>[("t", "npt:10")]</td><td>unnecssary percent-encoding</td></tr><tr><td>"id=%xy&t=1"</td><td>[("t", "1")]</td><td>invalid percent-encoding</td></tr><tr><td>"id=%E4r&t=1"</td><td>[("t", "1")]</td><td>invalid UTF-8</td></tr></table><p>
While the processing defined in this section is designed to be
largely compatible with the parsing of the URI query component
in many HTTP server environments, there are incompatible
differences that implementors should be aware of:
</p><ul><li><p>
"&" is the only primary separator for name-value
pairs, but some server-side languages also treat ";" as
a separator.
</p></li><li><p>
name-value pairs with invalid percent-encoding should be
ignored, but some server-side languages silently mask
such errors.
</p></li><li><p>
The "+" character should not be treated specially, but
some server-side languages replace it with a space (" ")
character.
</p></li><li><p>
Multiple occurrences of the same name must be preserved,
but some server-side languages only preserve the last
occurrence.
</p></li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="processing-name-value-lists" id="processing-name-value-lists"/>5.1.2 Processing name-value lists</h4><p>
This section defines how to convert a list of name-value
Unicode string pairs into the media fragment dimensions.
</p><p>
Given the dimensions defined in section <a href="#fragment-dimensions"><b>4.2 Fragment Dimensions</b></a>, each has a pair of
production rules that corresponds to the name and value component respectively:
</p><table border="1"><tr><th>Keyword</th><th>Dimension</th></tr><tr><td>t</td><td><a href="#naming-time"><b>4.2.1 Temporal Dimension</b></a></td></tr><tr><td>xywh</td><td><a href="#naming-space"><b>4.2.2 Spatial Dimension</b></a></td></tr><tr><td>track</td><td><a href="#naming-track"><b>4.2.3 Track Dimension</b></a></td></tr><tr><td>id</td><td><a href="#naming-id"><b>4.2.4 ID Dimension</b></a></td></tr></table><ol class="enumar"><li><p>
Initially, all dimension are undefined.
</p></li><li><p>
For each name-value pair:
</p><ol class="enumla"><li><p>
If name matches a keyword in the above table, interpret
value as per the corresponding section.
</p></li><li><p>
Otherwise, the name-value pair does not represent a
media fragment dimension. Validators should emit a
warning. User agents must ignore the name-value pair.
</p></li></ol></li></ol><p>
Note: Because the name-value pairs are processed in order,
the last valid occurence of any dimension is the one that is
used.
</p></div></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="processing-protocol-frag" id="processing-protocol-frag"/>5.2 Protocol for URI fragment Resolution in HTTP</h3><p>This section defines the protocol steps in HTTP <cite><a href="#rfc2616">RFC 2616</a></cite> to resolve and deliver a media fragment specified as a URI fragment.</p><p>Various recipes are proposed and described in the <cite><a href="#mf-recipe">Protocol for Media Fragments 1.0 Resolution in HTTP</a></cite> document.</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="processing-protocol-query" id="processing-protocol-query"/>5.3 Protocol for URI query Resolution in HTTP</h3><p>This section describes the protocol steps used in HTTP <cite><a href="#rfc2616">RFC 2616</a></cite> to resolve and deliver a media fragment specified as a URI query.</p><p>The recipe proposed is described in the <cite><a href="#mf-recipe">Protocol for Media Fragments 1.0 Resolution in HTTP</a></cite> document.</p></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="media-fragment-semantics" id="media-fragment-semantics"/>6 Media Fragments Semantics</h2><p>In this section, we discuss how Media Fragment URIs should be interpreted by UAs. Valid and error cases are presented. In case of errors, we distinguish between errors that can be detected solely based on the Media Fragment URI and errors that can only be detected when the UA has information of the media resource (such as duration or track information).</p><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="valid-uri" id="valid-uri"/>6.1 Valid Media Fragment URIs</h3><p>For each dimension, a number of valid media fragments and their semantics are presented.</p><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="valid-uri-temporal" id="valid-uri-temporal"/>6.1.1 Valid temporal dimension</h4><p>To describe the different cases for temporal media fragments, we make the following definitions:</p><ul><li>s: the start point of the media, which is always zero (in NPT);</li><li>e: the end point of the media (i.e. duration) and e > 0;</li><li>a: a positive integer, a >= 0;</li><li>b: a positive integer, b >= 0.</li></ul><p>Further, as stated in section <a href="#naming-time"><b>4.2.1 Temporal Dimension</b></a>, temporal intervals are half-open (i.e., the begin time is considered part of the interval whereas the end time is considered to be the first time point that is not part of the interval).
Thus, if we state below that "the media is played from x to y", this means that the frame corresponding to y will not be played.</p><p>For t=a,b with a <= b</p><ul><li>t=a with a < e: media is played from a to e.</li><li>t=,b with b <= e: media is played from s to b.</li><li>t=,b with e < b: media is played from s to e.</li><li>t=a,b with a = 0, b = e: whole media resource is played.</li><li>t=a,b with a < b, a < e and b <= e: media is played from a to b (the normal case).</li><li>t=a,b with a < b, a < e and e < b: media is played from a to e.</li><li>%74=10,20 resolve percent encoding to t=10,20.</li><li>t=%31%30 resolve percent encoding to t=10.</li><li>t=10%2C20 resolve percent encoding to t=10,20.</li><li>t=%6ept:10 resolve percent encoding to t=npt:10.</li><li>t=npt%3a10 resolve percent encoding to t=npt:10.</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="valid-uri-spatial" id="valid-uri-spatial"/>6.1.2 Valid spatial dimension</h4><p>To describe the different cases for spatial media fragments, we make the following definitions:</p><ul><li>a: the x coordinate of the spatial region (a >= 0).</li><li>b: the y coordinate of the spatial region (b >= 0).</li><li>c: the width the spatial region (c > 0).</li><li>d: the height of the spatial region (d > 0).</li><li>w: the width of the media resource (w > 0).</li><li>h: the height of the media resource (h > 0).</li></ul><p>The following spatial fragments are all valid:</p><ul><li>xywh=a,b,c,d with a+c <= w and b+d <= h: the UA displays a spatial fragment with coordinates (in pixel xywh format) a,b,c,d (the normal pixel case).</li><li>xywh=a,b,c,d with a+c > w, a < w, and b+d < h: the UA displays a spatial fragment with coordinates (in pixel xywh format) a,b,w-a,d.</li><li>xywh=a,b,c,d with a+c < w, b+d > h, and b < h: the UA displays a spatial fragment with coordinates (in pixel xywh format) a,b,c,h-d.</li><li>xywh=a,b,c,d with a+c > w, a < w, b+d > h, and b < h: the UA displays a spatial fragment with coordinates (in pixel xywh format) a,b,w-a,h-d.</li><li>xywh=pixel:a,b,c,d with a+c <= w and b+d <= h: the UA displays a spatial fragment with coordinates (in pixel xywh format) a,b,c,d (the normal pixel case).</li><li>xywh=percent:a,b,c,d with a+c <= 100, b+d <= 100: the UA displays a spatial fragment with coordinates (in pixel xywh format) a/w*100,b/h*100,c/w*100,d/h*100 (the normal percent case).</li></ul><p>The result of doing spatial clipping on a media resource that has multiple video tracks is that the spatial clipping is applied to all tracks.</p></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="valid-uri-track" id="valid-uri-track"/>6.1.3 Valid track dimension</h4><p>The following track fragments are valid:</p><ul><li>track=4 with '4' the name of a track within the source media: the UA only plays the track with name '4'.</li><li>track=n%40m3%20%26%3D with 'n@m3 &=' the name of a track within the source media: the UA only plays the track with name 'n@m3 &='.</li><li>track=4&track=5 with '4' and '5' both the name of tracks within the source media: the UA only plays the tracks with name '4' and '5'.</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="valid-uri-id" id="valid-uri-id"/>6.1.4 Valid id dimension</h4><p>The following id fragments are valid:</p><ul><li>id=song1 with 'song1' an id fragment in the source media corresponding to the temporal fragment t=a,b: the UA only plays from a to b.</li><li>id=n%40m3 with 'n@m3' an id fragment in the source media corresponding to the temporal fragment t=a,b: the UA only plays from a to b.</li></ul></div></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="error-uri" id="error-uri"/>6.2 Errors detectable based on the URI</h3><p>Both syntactical and semantical errors are treated similar. More specifically, the UA SHOULD ignore name-value pairs causing errors detectable based on the URI.</p><p>Below, we provide more details for each of the dimensions. We look at errors in the different dimensions and their values in the subsequent sub-sections. We start with errors on the more general levels.</p><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-uri-general" id="error-uri-general"/>6.2.1 Errors on the general URI level</h4><p>The following list provides the different kind of errors that can occur on the general URI level and how they should be treated:</p><ul><li><em>Unknown dimension:</em> only dimensions described in this specification (i.e., t, xywh, track, and id) are considered as known dimensions; all other dimensions are considered as unknown. Unknown dimensions SHOULD be ignored by the UA.</li><li><em>Multiple occurrences of the same dimension:</em> only the last valid occurrence of a dimension (e.g., t=10 in #t=2&t=10) is interpreted, all previous occurrences (valid or invalid) SHOULD be ignored by the UA. The track dimension is an exception to this rule: multiple track dimensions are allowed (e.g., #track=1&track=2 selects both tracks 1 and 2).</li><li><em>Combining dimensions:</em> the id dimension combined with a temporal dimension results in multiple occurrences of the temporal dimension (see previous item).</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-uri-temporal" id="error-uri-temporal"/>6.2.2 Errors on the temporal dimension</h4><p>The value cannot be parsed for the temporal dimension or the parsed value is invalid according to the specification. Invalid temporal fragments SHOULD be ignored by the UA.</p><p>Examples:</p><ul><li>t=a,b with a >= b (the case of an empty temporal fragment (a=b) is also considered as an error)</li><li>t=a,</li><li>t=asdf</li><li>t=5,ekj</li><li>t=agk,9</li><li>t='0'</li><li>t=10-20</li><li>t=10:20</li><li>t=10,20,40</li><li>t%3D10 where %3D is equivalent to =; percent encoding does not resolve</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-uri-spatial" id="error-uri-spatial"/>6.2.3 Errors on the spatial dimension</h4><p>The value cannot be parsed for the spatial dimension or the parsed value is invalid according to the specification. Invalid spatial fragments SHOULD be ignored by the UA.</p><p>Examples:</p><ul><li>xywh=4,5,abc,8</li><li>xywh=4,5</li><li>xywh=foo:4,5,7,8</li><li>xywh=percent:400,5,6,8</li><li>xywh=4,5,0,3</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-uri-track" id="error-uri-track"/>6.2.4 Errors on the track dimension</h4><p>The value cannot be parsed for the track dimension. Invalid track fragments SHOULD be ignored by the UA.</p><p>Examples:</p><ul><li>track=na=me (invalid character in the name of the track)</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-uri-id" id="error-uri-id"/>6.2.5 Errors on the id dimension</h4><p>The value cannot be parsed for the id dimension. Invalid id fragments SHOULD be ignored by the UA.</p><p>Examples:</p><ul><li>id=na=me (invalid character in the name of the fragment)</li></ul></div></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="error-media" id="error-media"/>6.3 Errors detectable based on information of the source media</h3><p>Errors that can only be detected when the UA has information of the source media are treated differently. Examples of such information are the duration of a video, the resolution of an image, track information, or the mime type of the media resource (i.e., all information that is not detectable solely based on the URI). Note that a lot of this information is located within the setup information</p><p>Below, we provide more details for each of the dimensions.</p><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-media-general" id="error-media-general"/>6.3.1 Errors on the general level</h4><p>The following errors can occur on the general level:</p><ul><li><em>Non-existent dimension:</em> a dimension that does not exist in the source media (e.g., temporal clipping on a still image or spatial clipping on an audio file) is considered as a non-existent dimension. If the UA knows the mime type, it is able to detect non-existent dimensions and SHOULD ignore them.</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-media-temporal" id="error-media-temporal"/>6.3.2 Errors on the temporal dimension</h4><p>To describe the different cases for temporal media fragments, we use the definitions from <a href="#valid-uri-temporal"><b>6.1.1 Valid temporal dimension</b></a>. The invalidity of the following temporal fragments can only be detected by the UA if it knows the duration (for non-existent temporal fragments) and the frame rate (for smpte temporal fragments) of the source media.</p><ul><li>t=a,b with a > 0, a < b, a >= e and b > e: a non-existent temporal fragment, the UA seeks to the end of the media (i.e., e).</li><li>t=a with a >= e: a non-existent temporal fragment, the UA seeks to the end of the media (i.e., e).</li><li>t=smpte-25:0:00:04 with the source media having smpte-30 labels: a mismatch between the SMPTE time code used in the URI and the SMPTE labels encoded in the requested media resource results in an invalid temporal fragment. In this case, the temporal fragment SHOULD be ignored by the UA.</li><li>t=smpte-25:0:00:04 with the source media having no smpte labels (i.e., the source media is non smpte-encoded): implementation of this case needs to be defined.</li><li>t=smpte-25:0:00:04 with the source media having non contiguous smpte timecodes: implementation of this case needs to be defined.</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-media-spatial" id="error-media-spatial"/>6.3.3 Errors on the spatial dimension</h4><p>To describe the different cases for spatial media fragments, we use the definitions from <a href="#valid-uri-spatial"><b>6.1.2 Valid spatial dimension</b></a>. The invalidity of the following spatial fragments can only be detected by the UA if it knows the resolution of the source media.</p><ul><li>xywh=a,b,c,d with a >= w and/or b >= h: the top-left coordinate (a,b) of the rectangular lies outside the source media and is therefore invalid. The UA SHOULD ignore this spatial fragment.</li></ul></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-media-track" id="error-media-track"/>6.3.4 Errors on the track dimension</h4><p>The invalidity of track fragments can be detected if the UA knows which tracks are available in the source media.
If the UA detects a non-existing track in the Media Fragment URI, it SHOULD ignore the track fragment. For example, the source media consists of two tracks: 'videohigh' and 'audiomed'.
The track fragment track=foo points to a non-existing track fragment and should be ignored if the UA knows which tracks are available.</p></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a name="error-media-id" id="error-media-id"/>6.3.5 Errors on the id dimension</h4><p>The invalidity of id fragments can be detected if the UA knows which id fragments are available in the source media. If the UA detects a non-existing id fragment in the Media Fragment URI, it SHOULD ignore the id fragment. For example, if the source media does not contain the id fragment: 'chapter1', then id=chapter1 points to a non-existing id fragment and should be ignored if the UA knows which id fragments are available.</p></div></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="implementor-notes" id="implementor-notes"/>7 Notes to Implementors (non-normative)</h2><p>
This section contains notes to implementors. Some of the information here is already
stated formally elsewhere in the document, and the reference here is mainly a heads-up.
Other items are really outside the scope of this specification, but the notes here
reflect what the authors think would be good practice.
</p><p>
The sub-sections are not mutually exclusive. Hence, an implementer of a web browser as a media fragment client should read
the sections <a href="#media-fragment-browser"><b>7.1 Browsers Rendering Media Fragments</b></a>, <a href="#media-fragment-display"><b>7.2 Clients Displaying Media Fragments</b></a> and <a href="#media-fragment-clients"><b>7.3 All Media Fragment Clients</b></a>.
</p><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="media-fragment-browser" id="media-fragment-browser"/>7.1 Browsers Rendering Media Fragments</h3><p>
The pixel coordinates defined in the section <a href="#naming-space"><b>4.2.2 Spatial Dimension</b></a> are intended to be identical to
the <a href="http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/video.html#concept-video-intrinsic-width">intrinsic width and height defined in HTML5</a>.
</p><p>
For spatial URI fragments, the next section describes two distinct use cases, highlighting and cropping.
HTML rendering clients, however, are expected to implement cropping as the default rendering mechanism.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="media-fragment-display" id="media-fragment-display"/>7.2 Clients Displaying Media Fragments</h3><p>
When dealing with media fragments, there is a question whether to display the media fragment in
context or without context. In general, it is recommended to display a URI fragment in context since
it is part of a larger resource. On the other hand, a URI query results in a new resource, so it is
recommended to display it as a complete resource without context. The next paragraphs discuss for each
axis the context of a media fragment and provides suggestions regarding the visualization of the
URI fragment within its context.
</p><p>
For a temporal URI fragment, it is recommended to start playback at a time offset that equals
to the start of the fragment and pause at the end of the fragment. When the "play" button is
hit again, the resource will continue loading and play back beyond the end of the fragment.
When seeking to specific offsets, the resource will load and play back from those seek points.
It is also recommended to introduce a "reload" button to replay just the URI fragment. In this
way, a URI fragment basically stands for "focusing attention". Additionally, temporal URI
fragments could be highlighted on the transport bar.
</p><p>
For a spatial URI fragment, we foresee two distinct use cases: highlighting the spatial
region in-context and cropping to the region. In the first case, the spatial region could
be indicated by means of a bounding box or the background (i.e., all the pixels that are
not contained within the region) could be blurred or darkened. In the second case, the region
alone would be presented as a cropped area. How a document author specifies which use case
is intended is outside the scope of this specification, we suggest implementors of the
specification provide a means for this, for example through attributes or stylesheet elements.
</p><p>
Finally, for track URI fragments, it is recommended to play only the tracks identified by the
track URI fragment. If no tracks are specified, the default tracks should be played.
Different tracks could be selected using drop-down boxes or buttons; the selected tracks are
then highlighted during playback. The way the UA retrieves information regarding the available
tracks of a particular resource is out of scope for this specification.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="media-fragment-clients" id="media-fragment-clients"/>7.3 All Media Fragment Clients</h3><p>
<em>Resolution Order:</em> Where multiple dimensions are combined in one URI fragment request, implementations are expected to first do temporal, id, and track selection on the container level, and then do spatial clipping on the codec level.
</p><p>
<em>Media Fragment Grammar:</em> Note that the grammar for Media Fragment URI only specifies
the grammar for features standardised by this specification. If a string does not parse
correctly it does not necessarily mean the URI is wrong, it only means it is not a Media
Fragment according to this specification. It may be correct for some extended form,
or for a completely different fragment specification method. For this reason, error
recovery on syntax errors in media fragment specifiers is unwise.
</p><p>
<em>External Clipping:</em> There is no obligatory resolution method for a situation where a media fragment URI is being used in the context of another clipping method. Formally, it is up to the context embedding the media fragment URI to decide whether the outside clipping method overrides the media fragment URI or cascades, i.e. is defined on the resulting resource. In the absence of strong reasons to do otherwise we suggest cascading. An example is a SMIL element as follows: <code><smil:video clipBegin="5" clipEnd="15" src="http://www.example.com/example.mp4#t=100,200"/></code>. This should start playback of the original media resource at second 105, and stop at 115.
</p><p>
<em>Content-Range-Mapping:</em> The Content-Range-Mapping header returned sometimes
refers to a completely different range than the one that was specified as the
<em>Range:</em> in the request. This can happen if a byte-based range is requested from
a cache server that is not Media Fragment aware, and that server had previously cached
the data as a result of a time range request. Technically, the information in the
Content-Range-Mapping header is still correct, but it is completely unrelated to the
request issued.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="media-fragment-servers" id="media-fragment-servers"/>7.4 Media Fragment Servers</h3><p>
<em>Media type:</em> The media type of a resource retrieved through a URI fragment request is the same as that of the primary resource. Thus, retrieval of e.g. a single frame from a video will result in a one-frame-long video. Or, retrieval of all the audio tracks from a video resource will result in a video and not a audio resource. When using a URI query approach, media type changes are possible. E.g. a spatial fragment from a video at a certain time offset could be retrieved as a jpeg using a specific HTTP "Accept" header in the request.
</p><p>
<em>Synchronisation:</em> Synchronisation between different tracks of a media resource needs to be maintained when retrieving media fragments of that resource. This is true for both, URI fragment and URI query retrieval. With URI queries, when transcoding is required, a non-perceivable change in the synchronisation is acceptable.
</p><p>
<em>Embedded Timecodes:</em> When a media resource contains embedded time codes, these need
to be maintained for media fragment retrieval, in particular when the URI fragment method
is used. When URI queries are used and transcoding takes place, the embedded time codes
should remain when they are useful and required.
</p><p>
<em>SMPTE Timecodes:</em> Standardisation of SMPTE timecodes in this document is
primarily intended to allow frame-accurate references to sections of video files, they
can be seen as a form of content-based addressing.
</p><p>
<em>Reasonable Clipping:</em> Temporal clipping
needs to be as close as reasonably possible to what the media fragment
specified, and not omit any requested data.
"Reasonably close" means the nearest compression entity to
the requested fragment that completely contains the requested fragment.
This means, e.g. for temporal fragments if a request is made for
<code>http://www.example.org/video.ogv#t=60,100</code>, but the closest
decodable range is <code>t=58,102</code> because this is where a packet
boundary lies for audio and video, then it will be this range that is
returned. The UA is then capable of
displaying only the requested subpart, and should also just do that.
For some container formats this is a non-issue, because the container
format allows specification of logical begin and end.
</p><p>
<em>Reasonable byte ranges:</em> If a single temporal range request would result
in a disproportionally large number of byte ranges it may be better if the server
returns a redirect to the query form of the media fragment. This situation could happen
for example, if the underlying media file is organized in a strange way.
</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="media-fragment-webapps" id="media-fragment-webapps"/>7.5 Media Fragment Web Applications</h3><p>
Media Fragment URIs are only defined on media resources. However, many Web developers that
create Web pages with video or audio want to provide their users the ability
to jump directly to media fragments - in particular to time offsets in a video - through
providing a URI scheme for the Web page.
</p><p>
The way in which to realize this without requiring an extra server interaction is by
using a URI fragment scheme on the Web page which is parsed by JavaScript and communicates
the media fragment to the audio or video resource loader. In HTML5 it would need to change
the @src attribute of the appropriate <audio> or <video> element with the appropriate
URI fragment and then call the load() function to make the element (re)load the resource
with that URI.
</p><p>
A URI scheme for such a Web page may involve ampersand-separated name-value
pairs as defined in this specification, e.g. http://example.com/videopage.html#t=60,100 .
</p><p>
However, the Web developer has to create a scheme that works with the remainder
of the Web page fragment addressing functionality. If, for example, the Web page makes use of
the ID attributes of the elements on the page for scrolling down on the page, adding media
fragment URI addressing to the Web page addressing will fail. For example, if
http://example.com/videopage.html#first works and scrolls to an offset on that Web page,
http://example.com/videopage.html#first&t=60,100 will not do the same scrolling. The Web
developer will then need to parse the fragment parameter and implement the scrolling
functionality in JavaScript manually using the scrollTo() or scrollTop() functions.
</p></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="conclusions" id="conclusions"/>8 Conclusions</h2><div class="div2">
<h3><a name="qualification-resources" id="qualification-resources"/>8.1 Qualification of Media Resources</h3><p>
HTTP byte ranges can only be used to request media fragments if these media fragments can be expressed in terms of byte ranges.
In other words, the media fragments can be extracted in the compressed domain.
</p><p>
If a media fragments of a media resource are expressable in terms of byte ranges, caching media fragments of such media resources is possible using HTTP byte ranges.
In case media fragments of a media resource cannot be extracted in the compressed domain, transcoding operations are necessary to extract media fragments.
Since these media fragments are not expressible in terms of byte ranges, it is not possible to cache these media fragments using HTTP byte ranges.
</p></div></div></div><div class="back"><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="references-normative" id="references-normative"/>A References</h2><dl><dt class="label"><a name="rfc2119"/>[RFC 2119] </dt><dd>S. Bradner. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt"><cite>Key Words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</cite></a>. IETF RFC 2119, March 1997. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="rtsp"/>[RFC 2326] </dt><dd>
<cite>Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)</cite>. IETF RFC 2326, April 1998. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2326.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2326.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="sdp"/>[RFC 2327] </dt><dd>
<cite>Session Description Protocol (SDP)</cite>. IETF RFC 2327, April 1998. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2327.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2327.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="rfc2616"/>[RFC 2616] </dt><dd>
<cite>Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1</cite>. IETF RFC 2616, June 1999. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="rfc3339"/>[RFC 3339] </dt><dd>G. Klyne and C. Newman.
<cite>Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps</cite>. IETF RFC 3339, July 2002. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="ogg"/>[RFC 3533] </dt><dd>
<cite>The Ogg Encapsulation Format Version 0</cite>. IETF RFC 3533, May 2003. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3533.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3533.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="rfc3986"/>[RFC 3986] </dt><dd>T. Berners-Lee and R. Fielding and L. Masinter.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite> Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</cite></a>.
IETF RFC 3986, January 2005. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="rfc5234"/>[RFC 5234] </dt><dd>D. Crocker.
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5234"><cite>Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF</cite></a>.
IETF RFC 5234, January 2008. Available at <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5234">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5234</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="rfc4288"/>[RFC 4288] </dt><dd>N. Freed and J. Klensin.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4288.txt"><cite>Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures</cite></a>.
IETF RFC 4288, December 2005. Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4288.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4288.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="rfc5147"/>[RFC 5147] </dt><dd>
E. Wilde and M. Duerst.
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5147"><cite>URI Fragment Identifiers for the text/plain Media Type</cite></a>.
IETF RFC 5147, April 2008. Available at <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5147">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5147</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="html40"/>[HTML 4.0] </dt><dd>D. Ragett and A. Le Hors and I. Jacobs.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/intro/intro.html#fragment-uri"><cite>HTML Fragment identifiers</cite></a>.
W3C Recommendation, December 1999. Available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/intro/intro.html#fragment-uri">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/intro/intro.html#fragment-uri</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="html5"/>[HTML 5] </dt><dd>Ian Hickson.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-html5-20090825/"><cite>HTML5</cite></a>.
W3C Working Draft, 25th May 2011. Available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="svg1.1"/>[SVG 1.1] </dt><dd>J. Ferraiolo.<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-SVG11-20110816/linking.html#LinksIntoSVG"><cite>Linking
into SVG content: IRI fragments and SVG views</cite></a>. W3C Recommendation, August 2011. Available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-SVG11-20110816/linking.html#LinksIntoSVG">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-SVG11-20110816/linking.html#LinksIntoSVG</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="smil30"/>[SMIL] </dt><dd>Sjoerd Mullender.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-SMIL3-20081201/"><cite>Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL 3.0)</cite></a>.
W3C Recommendation 01 December 2008. Available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-SMIL3-20081201/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-SMIL3-20081201/</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="xpointer"/>[xpointer] </dt><dd>P. Grosso and E. Maler and J. Marsh and N. Walsh.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-framework/"><cite>XPointer Framework</cite></a>. W3C Rec, March 2003.
Available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-framework/">http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-framework/</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="mpeg-7"/>[MPEG-7] </dt><dd>
<cite>Information Technology - Multimedia Content Description Interface (MPEG-7)</cite>.
Standard No. ISO/IEC 15938:2001, International Organization for Standardization(ISO), 2001.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="temporalURI"/>[temporal URI] </dt><dd>
S. Pfeiffer and C. Parker and A. Pang.
<a href="http://annodex.net/TR/draft-pfeiffer-temporal-fragments-03.html"><cite>Specifying time intervals in URI queries and fragments of time-based Web resources</cite></a>. Internet Draft, March 2005. Available at <a href="http://annodex.net/TR/draft-pfeiffer-temporal-fragments-03.html">http://annodex.net/TR/draft-pfeiffer-temporal-fragments-03.html</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="cmml"/>[CMML] </dt><dd>
<cite>Continuous Media Markup Language (CMML), Version 2.1</cite>.
IETF Internet-Draft 4th March 2006 <a href="http://www.annodex.net/TR/draft-pfeiffer-cmml-03.txt">http://www.annodex.net/TR/draft-pfeiffer-cmml-03.txt</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="roe"/>[ROE] </dt><dd>
<cite>Rich Open multitrack media Exposition (ROE)</cite>.
Xiph Wiki. Retrieved 13 April 2009 at <a href="http://wiki.xiph.org/index.php/ROE">http://wiki.xiph.org/index.php/ROE</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="skeleton"/>[Skeleton] </dt><dd>
<cite>Ogg Skeleton</cite>. Xiph Wiki.
Retrieved 13 April 2009 at <a href="http://wiki.xiph.org/OggSkeleton">http://wiki.xiph.org/OggSkeleton</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="mpeg21"/>[MPEG-21] </dt><dd>
<cite>Information Technology - Multimedia Framework (MPEG-21)</cite>.
Standard No. ISO/IEC 21000:2002, International Organization for Standardization(ISO), 2002. Available at <a href="http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/working_documents/mpeg-21/fid/fid-is.zip">http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/working_documents/mpeg-21/fid/fid-is.zip</a>.
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="smpte"/>[SMPTE] </dt><dd>
<cite>SMPTE RP 136 Time and Control Codes for 24, 25 or 30 Frame-Per-Second Motion-Picture Systems</cite>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="isoBaseMediaFF"/>[ISO Base Media File Format] </dt><dd>
<cite>Information technology - Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 12: ISO base media file format</cite>.
Retrieved 13 April 2009 at <a href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c051533_ISO_IEC_14496-12_2008.zip">http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c051533_ISO_IEC_14496-12_2008.zip</a>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="mf-req"/>[Use cases and requirements for Media Fragments] </dt><dd>
<cite>Use cases and requirements for Media Fragments</cite>.
W3C Working Draft 30 April 2009: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/WD-media-fragments-reqs/">http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/WD-media-fragments-reqs/</a>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="mf-recipe"/>[Protocol for Media Fragments 1.0 Resolution in HTTP] </dt><dd>
<cite>Protocol for Media Fragments 1.0 Resolution in HTTP</cite>.
W3C Working Draft 1 December 2011: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-media-frags-recipes-20111201/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-media-frags-recipes-20111201/</a>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="utf-8"/>[UTF-8] </dt><dd>
<cite>UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646</cite>. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629</a>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="ecma-262"/>[ECMA-262 5th edition] </dt><dd>
<cite>ECMA-262 5th edition</cite>: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="mediaAnnotations"/>[Media Annotations] </dt><dd>
<cite>API for Media Resource 1.0</cite>: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/mediaont-api-1.0/">http://www.w3.org/TR/mediaont-api-1.0/</a>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="webLinking"/>[Web Linking] </dt><dd>
<cite>Web Linking</cite>: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-nottingham-http-link-header-10">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-nottingham-http-link-header-10</a>
</dd><dt class="label"><a name="HTML5Media"/>[HTML5 Media] </dt><dd>
<cite>HTML5 Media</cite>: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/video.html">http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/video.html</a>
</dd></dl></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="collected-syntax-uri" id="collected-syntax-uri"/>B Collected ABNF Syntax for URI (Non-Normative)</h2><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
unichar = <any Unicode code point>
unistring = *unichar
; defined in <cite><a href="#rfc5234">RFC 5234</a></cite>
ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A ; A-Z / a-z
DIGIT = %x30-39 ; 0-9
HEXDIG = DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
; defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>
unreserved = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
pct-encoded = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
sub-delims = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")" / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
pchar = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
fragment = *( pchar / "/" / "?" )
; defined in <cite><a href="#rtsp">RFC 2326</a></cite>
npt-sec = 1*DIGIT [ "." *DIGIT ] ; definitions taken
npt-hhmmss = npt-hh ":" npt-mm ":" npt-ss [ "." *DIGIT] ; from <cite><a href="#rtsp">RFC 2326</a></cite>
npt-mmss = npt-mm ":" npt-ss [ "." *DIGIT]
npt-hh = 1*DIGIT ; any positive number
npt-mm = 2DIGIT ; 0-59
npt-ss = 2DIGIT ; 0-59
; defined in <cite><a href="#rfc3339">RFC 3339</a></cite>
date-fullyear = 4DIGIT
date-month = 2DIGIT ; 01-12
date-mday = 2DIGIT ; 01-28, 01-29, 01-30, 01-31 based on
; month/year
time-hour = 2DIGIT ; 00-23
time-minute = 2DIGIT ; 00-59
time-second = 2DIGIT ; 00-58, 00-59, 00-60 based on leap second
; rules
time-secfrac = "." 1*DIGIT
time-numoffset = ("+" / "-") time-hour ":" time-minute
time-offset = "Z" / time-numoffset
partial-time = time-hour ":" time-minute ":" time-second
[time-secfrac]
full-date = date-fullyear "-" date-month "-" date-mday
full-time = partial-time time-offset
date-time = full-date "T" full-time
; Mediafragment definitions
segment = mediasegment / *( pchar / "/" / "?" ) ; augmented fragment
; definition taken from
; <cite><a href="#rfc3986">RFC 3986</a></cite>
;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Common Prefixes ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;
deftimeformat = %x6E.70.74 ; "npt"
pfxdeftimeformat = %x74.3A.6E.70.74 ; "t:npt"
smpteformat = %x73.6D.70.74.65 ; "smpte"
/ %x73.6D.70.74.65.2D.32.35 ; "smpte-25"
/ %x73.6D.70.74.65.2D.33.30 ; "smpte-30"
/ %x73.6D.70.74.65.2D.33.30.2D.64.72.6F.70 ; "smpte-30-drop"
pfxsmpteformat = %x74.3A.73.6D.70.74.65 ; "t:smpte"
/ %x74.3A.73.6D.70.74.65.2D.32.35 ; "t:smpte-25"
/ %x74.3A.73.6D.70.74.65.2D.33.30 ; "t:smpte-30"
/ %x74.3A.73.6D.70.74.65.2D.33.30.2D.64.72.6F.70 ; "t:smpte-30-drop"
clockformat = %x63.6C.6F.63.6B ; "clock"
pfxclockformat = %x74.3A.63.6C.6F.63.6B ; "clock"
;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Media Segment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;
mediasegment = ( <a href="#timesegment">timesegment</a> / <a href="#spacesegment">spacesegment</a> / <a href="#tracksegment">tracksegment</a> / <a href="#idsegment">idsegment</a> )
*( "&" ( <a href="#timesegment">timesegment</a> / <a href="#spacesegment">spacesegment</a> / <a href="#tracksegment">tracksegment</a> / <a href="#idsegment">idsegment</a> )
timesegment = timeprefix "=" timeparam
timeprefix = %x74 ; "t"
timeparam = <a href="#npttimedef">npttimedef</a> / <a href="#smptetimedef">smptetimedef</a> / <a href="#clocktimedef">clocktimedef</a>
npttimedef = [ deftimeformat ":"] ( npttime [ "," npttime ] ) / ( "," npttime )
npttime = npt-sec / npt-mmss / npt-hhmmss
smptetimedef = smpteformat ":"( frametime [ "," frametime ] ) / ( "," frametime )
frametime = 1*DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT [ ":" 2DIGIT [ "." 2DIGIT ] ]
clocktimedef = clockformat ":"( clocktime [ "," clocktime ] ) / ( "," clocktime )
clocktime = (datetime / walltime / date)
datetime = date-time ; inclusion of <cite><a href="#rfc3339">RFC 3339</a></cite>
spacesegment = xywhprefix "=" xywhparam
xywhprefix = %x78.79.77.68 ; "xywh"
xywhparam = [ xywhunit ":" ] 1*DIGIT "," 1*DIGIT "," 1*DIGIT "," 1*DIGIT
xywhunit = %x70.69.78.65.6C ; "pixel"
/ %x70.65.72.63.65.6E.74 ; "percent"
tracksegment = trackprefix "=" trackparam
trackprefix = %x74.72.61.63.6B ; "track"
trackparam = unistring
idsegment = idprefix "=" idparam
idprefix = %x69.64 ; "id"
idparam = unistring
</pre></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="collected-syntax-http" id="collected-syntax-http"/>C Collected ABNF Syntax for HTTP Headers (Non-Normative)</h2><div class="exampleInner"><pre>
; defined in <cite><a href="#rfc2616">RFC 2616</a></cite>
CHAR = [any US-ASCII character (octets 0 - 127)]
token = 1*[any CHAR except CTLs or separators]`
first-byte-pos = 1*DIGIT
last-byte-pos = 1*DIGIT
bytes-unit = "bytes"
range-unit = bytes-unit | other-range-unit
byte-range-resp-spec = (first-byte-pos "-" last-byte-pos)
Range = "Range" ":" ranges-specifier
Accept-Ranges = "Accept-Ranges" ":" acceptable-ranges
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; HTTP Request Headers ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;
ranges-specifier = byte-ranges-specifier | fragment-specifier
;
; note that ranges-specifier is extended from <cite><a href="#rfc2616">RFC 2616</a></cite>
; to cover alternate fragment range specifiers
;
fragment-specifier = "include-setup" | fragment-range *( "," fragment-range )
[ ";" "include-setup" ]
fragment-range = time-ranges-specifier | id-ranges-specifier
;
; note that this doesn't capture the restriction to one fragment dimension occurring
; maximally once only in the fragment-specifier definition.
;
time-ranges-specifier = timeprefix ":" time-ranges-options
time-ranges-options = npttimeoption / smptetimeoption / clocktimeoption
npttimeoption = deftimeformat "=" npt-sec "-" [ npt-sec ]
smptetimeoption = smpteformat "=" frametime "-" [ frametime ]
clocktimeoption = clockformat "=" datetime "-" [ datetime ]
id-ranges-specifier = idprefix "=" idparam
;;
Accept-Range-Redirect = "Accept-Range-Redirect" ":" bytes-unit
;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; HTTP Response Headers ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;
Content-Range-Mapping = "Content-Range-Mapping" ":" '{'
( content-range-mapping-spec [ ";" def-include-setup ] ) / def-include-setup
'}' '=' '{'
byte-content-range-mapping-spec '}'
def-include-setup = %x69.6E.63.6C.75.64.65.2D.73.65.74.75.70 ; "include-setup"
byte-range-mapping-spec = bytes-unit SP
byte-range-resp-spec *( "," byte-range-resp-spec ) "/"
( instance-length / "*" )
content-range-mapping-spec = time-mapping-spec | id-mapping-spec
time-mapping-spec = timeprefix ":" time-mapping-options
time-mapping-options = npt-mapping-option / smpte-mapping-option / clock-mapping-option
npt-mapping-option = deftimeformat SP npt-sec "-" npt-sec "/"
[ npt-sec ] "-" [ npt-sec ]
smpte-mapping-option = smpteformat SP frametime "-" frametime "/"
[ frametime ] "-" [ frametime ]
clock-mapping-option = clockformat SP datetime "-" datetime "/"
[ datetime ] "-" [ datetime ]
id-mapping-spec = idprefix SP idparam
;;
acceptable-ranges = 1#range-unit *( "," 1#range-unit )| "none"
;
; note this does not represent the restriction that range-units can only appear once at most;
; this has also been adapted from <cite><a href="#rfc2616">RFC 2616</a></cite>
; to allow multiple range units.
;
other-range-unit = token | timeprefix | idprefix
;;
Range-Redirect = "Range-Redirect" ":" byte-range-resp-spec *( "," byte-range-resp-spec )
</pre></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a name="acknowledgments" id="acknowledgments"/>D Acknowledgements (Non-Normative)</h2><p>
This document is the work of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/">W3C Media Fragments Working Group</a>. Members of the Working Group are
(at the time of writing, and in alphabetical order):
Eric Carlson (Apple, Inc.),
Chris Double (Mozilla Foundation),
Michael Hausenblas (DERI Galway at the National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland),
Philip Jägenstedt (Opera Software),
Jack Jansen (CWI),
Yves Lafon (W3C),
Erik Mannens (IBBT),
Thierry Michel (W3C/ERCIM),
Guillaume (Jean-Louis) Olivrin (Meraka Institute),
Soohong Daniel Park (Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.),
Conrad Parker (W3C Invited Experts),
Silvia Pfeiffer (W3C Invited Experts),
Nobuhisa Shiraishi (NEC Corporation),
David Singer (Apple, Inc.),
Thomas Steiner (Google, Inc.),
Raphaël Troncy (EURECOM),
Davy Van Deursen (IBBT),
</p><p>
The people who have contributed to <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-media-fragment/">
discussions on public-media-fragment@w3.org
</a> are also gratefully acknowledged. In particular:
Olivier Aubert, Werner Bailer, Pierre-Antoine Champin, Cyril Concolato, Franck Denoual, Martin J. Dürst,
Jean Pierre Evain, Ken Harrenstien, Kilroy Hughes, Ryo Kawaguchi, Wim Van Lancker,
Véronique Malaisé, Henrik Nordstrom, Yannick Prié, Yves Raimond, Julian Reschke, Geoffrey Sneddon,
Felix Sasaki, Jakub Sendor, Philip Taylor, Christian Timmerer, Jorrit Vermeiren, Jeroen Wijering and Munjo Yu.
</p></div></div></body></html>