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<title>WAI History</title>
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<h1><a href="/"><img alt="W3C" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home.png"></a>
<a href="/WAI"><img alt="WAI"
src="http://www.w3.org/WAI/images/wai-temp"></a></h1>
<h1>WAI early days</h1>
<p>By Daniel Dardailler (<a href="http://www.w3.org/2007/IntlRel.html">W3C Dir
Intl Rel</a>, as of this writing).</p>
<p>This is my account of the events and individuals that participated in the
WAI set-up. Comments, corrections and additions always welcome. I still have
all the emails related to these early dialogs, and lots of thread are also
archived in W3C staff space.</p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p></p>
<p>Web Accessibility as a W3C project was conceived in the <strong>Fall of
1996</strong>, at the initiative of a few individuals from the W3C staff, and
with the early enthusiast support of a much larger expert community (the
pioneers in those years, e.g Trace, Rubinski). It took about 9 months to exist
(i.e. official press release).</p>
<p>For a couple of years, the W3C had been hosting a couple of pages devoted to
Web accessibility for people with disabilities, thanks to the continuous effort
of <strong>Mike Paciello</strong> of the Yuri Rubinski Insight Foundation, who
was maintaining it on a voluntary basis. It consisted of references to external
projects doing guidelines work (at Trace, UToronto, ICADD, etc). Dave Raggett
was the W3C staff most involved in the technical side of things at that time,
as HTML activity lead having worked on CALS. When I joined the W3C staff in
July 1996, I was assigned to the security area and our Joint Electronic Payment
Initiative, but I quickly started helping Mike with these pages.</p>
<p>After some discussions with Mike during the summer of 1996, and more talks
with Jim Miller, head of the W3C Technology and Society domain, my boss then,
Tim and the W3C management proposed to our membership to move forward with a <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Member/Newsletter/960913-F.html#Disabilities">real W3C
project</a> in the area, given the <strong>lack of standard</strong>
guidelines, and the divergence of individual initiatives that provided no real
solution to users and programmers worldwide. </p>
<p>Here's an extract from our member newsletter of September 1996:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><em>3. Disabilities and the Web</em></strong></p>
<p>by Tim Berners-Lee</p>
<p><em>The emergence of the World Wide Web has made it possible for
individuals with appropriate computer and telecommunications equipment to
interact as never before. It presents new challenges and new hopes to people
with disabilities.</em></p>
<p><em>As part of its commitment to realize the full potential of the Web,
the Consortium has been promoting a high degree of usability for disabled
people, by following the development and encourage an ongoing discussion in
the area. This limited involvement has been to host as a catalytic nucleus
the disabilities page (linked from our home page) .W3C thanks Michael G.
Paciello for his efforts in maintaining this page.</em></p>
<p><em>Michael has proposed that a more extensive project be started, if
there is sufficient provision of resources and enthusiasm by Consortium
Members. Please indicate your organization's opinion on this matter with a
mail to disability-response@w3.org</em></p>
<ul>
<li><em>Should W3C resources be spent on this?</em></li>
<li><em>Would your organization possibly be prepared to provide effort, or
funds, or to match funds from other sponsors?</em> </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>I had some past technical experience in computer accessibility from my X
Window years, where I'd helped make various pieces of the Unix graphic toolkit
layer (Xlib/Xt/Motif) more compatible with assistive technologies (<a
href="http://trace.wisc.edu/docs/dacxmtg_ctg93/dacxmtg3.htm">DACX</a> or <a
href="http://trace.wisc.edu/docs/x_win_andice/x_andice.htm">ICE</a>, Mercator
project, with Bill Walker, Donna Converse), so I volunteered to lead this new
activity (I was also the lead of the only existing "Initiative" of W3C,
JEPI).</p>
<p>At a January 6th 1997 meeting hosted by Tom Kalil and the U.S. Government at
the White House (with representatives from academia, industry and funding
agencies - see <a
href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/References/access-brief.html#Annex">list</a>), a
few of us from W3C presented a <a
href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/References/access-brief.html">draft briefing
package</a>, and after some constructive discussions, W3C was clearly
designated by all as the <strong>ideal host</strong> for a new pro-active
program in the area of Web Accessibility. For the anecdote, Jim, Mike, Dave and
I worked most of the weekend at Jim's house in Arlington, Mass. to produce this
draft, which contained the basic structure of WAI groups still present after
many years of activities.</p>
<p>At the 15-16 January 1997 W3C Advisory Committee Meeting, Jim Miller <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Member/Talks/970116TnS/slide5.htm">presented our
Accessibility plan</a> (a bullet in a W3C Member-only slideset) as an upcoming
activity of the Consortium with lots of external funding.</p>
<p>Here's the original text for those without W3C Member access:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><em>Briefing package being prepared by Daniel Dardailler and Mike
Paciello (Yuri Rubinsky Insight Foundation). Should be available by the
end of February. White House meeting provides a framework for an
International Project Office with funding from a combination of W3C
existing resources, U.S. and EC funding, and additional industry
contributions. Estimated total cost is $1.3million/year for three years.
</em></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>WAI</strong>, the acronym, was born soon after, in February that
year, in email discussions with Mike Paciello.</p>
<p>Five keywords were put forward to justify the <strong>choice of W3C</strong>
as a host to the multi-stakeholder community: International, Normative,
Consensus, Predictability, and Participation.</p>
<p>It was clear at that time that the technical expertise was not all in the
existing W3C communities and that a particular effort should be made to
outreach and gather the experts (from academia, industry) with us around the
table.</p>
<p>In addition, it was also clear that W3C needed to do more than just fixing
the technologies, its technologies, and that it should spent a lot of resources
on <strong>education and tools</strong> for content providers.</p>
<p>This was a clear challenge for the Consortium since it was mostly working
with software developpers at that time, so a specific structure, the WAI
<strong>International Program Office</strong> (IPO) was created to manage the
extra funding, and the new kind of activities.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/References/agenda">WAI official
launch</a> occured at the Web Conference in Santa Clara in April 1997, and at
that time, W3C had already received financial support and endorsement from US
funding agencies, from the EC as well, and from various industry sponsors such
as IBM and Microsoft. <a
href="http://www.lazyka.com/linernotes/personel/LoughboroughBill.htm">Bill</a>
was there!</p>
<p>In May 1997, after closing on my security/payment expert role in JEPI, I
organized the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/References/970522/agenda.html">first series of WAI
technical f2f meetings</a> in Sophia Antipolis in France. The first <a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-wg/1997AprJun/0004.html">WAI
public list</a> was also launched that month.</p>
<p>More importantly. that same month, <strong>Judy Brewer</strong> was selected
as WAI International Program office director. Judy came with a strong
background in industry/disability community dialog, not to mention technical
expertise in computer accessibility <em>and</em> management. WAI without Judy
would be like a bike without a handle bar.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/group/970805/agenda.html">August 1997 WAI
Groups meeting in Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts, USA, was the real start of the
WAI technical activity. At this meeting at MIT, a clear commitment by leaders
in the field, like Gregg Vanderheiden, Jutta Treviranus, Al Gilman, Jon
Gunderson, Jason White and TV Raman, made it obvious that W3C was the place to
have a successful <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI">Web Accessibility
Initiative</a>.</p>
<p>The rest is easier to <a href="events.html">track</a>.</p>
<p>I left my technical leadership role in WAI near 2003 I think, to concentrate
on W3C general management and liaisons. It has been the most rewarding job for
me, mostly for the extraordinary individuals I'd met in this community (Bill -
may his soul rest in Babylon forever, Grego, Wendy, Judy, Shadi, Gregg, Jason,
Charles, etc, etc). </p>
<p></p>
<p><em>Author: <strong>DanielD</strong>. Last updated June 2009. Mostly written
a few years ago</em>.</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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