the-end.html
92.5 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html lang="en-US-x-Hixie" ><head><title>8.2.6 The end — HTML5 </title><style type="text/css">
pre { margin-left: 2em; white-space: pre-wrap; }
h2 { margin: 3em 0 1em 0; }
h3 { margin: 2.5em 0 1em 0; }
h4 { margin: 2.5em 0 0.75em 0; }
h5, h6 { margin: 2.5em 0 1em; }
h1 + h2, h1 + h2 + h2 { margin: 0.75em 0 0.75em; }
h2 + h3, h3 + h4, h4 + h5, h5 + h6 { margin-top: 0.5em; }
p { margin: 1em 0; }
hr:not(.top) { display: block; background: none; border: none; padding: 0; margin: 2em 0; height: auto; }
dl, dd { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
dt { margin-top: 0.75em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; clear: left; }
dt + dt { margin-top: 0; }
dd dt { margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0; }
dd p { margin-top: 0; }
dd dl + p { margin-top: 1em; }
dd table + p { margin-top: 1em; }
p + * > li, dd li { margin: 1em 0; }
dt, dfn { font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; }
dt dfn { font-style: italic; }
pre, code { font-size: inherit; font-family: monospace; font-variant: normal; }
pre strong { color: black; font: inherit; font-weight: bold; background: yellow; }
pre em { font-weight: bolder; font-style: normal; }
@media screen { code { color: orangered; } code :link, code :visited { color: inherit; } }
var sub { vertical-align: bottom; font-size: smaller; position: relative; top: 0.1em; }
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-style: hidden hidden none hidden; }
table thead, table tbody { border-bottom: solid; }
table tbody th:first-child { border-left: solid; }
table tbody th { text-align: left; }
table td, table th { border-left: solid; border-right: solid; border-bottom: solid thin; vertical-align: top; padding: 0.2em; }
blockquote { margin: 0 0 0 2em; border: 0; padding: 0; font-style: italic; }
.bad, .bad *:not(.XXX) { color: gray; border-color: gray; background: transparent; }
.matrix, .matrix td { border: none; text-align: right; }
.matrix { margin-left: 2em; }
.dice-example { border-collapse: collapse; border-style: hidden solid solid hidden; border-width: thin; margin-left: 3em; }
.dice-example caption { width: 30em; font-size: smaller; font-style: italic; padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: left; }
.dice-example td, .dice-example th { border: solid thin; width: 1.35em; height: 1.05em; text-align: center; padding: 0; }
.toc dfn, h1 dfn, h2 dfn, h3 dfn, h4 dfn, h5 dfn, h6 dfn { font: inherit; }
img.extra { float: right; }
pre.idl { border: solid thin; background: #EEEEEE; color: black; padding: 0.5em 1em; }
pre.idl :link, pre.idl :visited { color: inherit; background: transparent; }
pre.css { border: solid thin; background: #FFFFEE; color: black; padding: 0.5em 1em; }
pre.css:first-line { color: #AAAA50; }
dl.domintro { color: green; margin: 2em 0 2em 2em; padding: 0.5em 1em; border: none; background: #DDFFDD; }
hr + dl.domintro, div.impl + dl.domintro { margin-top: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; }
dl.domintro dt, dl.domintro dt * { color: black; text-decoration: none; }
dl.domintro dd { margin: 0.5em 0 1em 2em; padding: 0; }
dl.domintro dd p { margin: 0.5em 0; }
dl.switch { padding-left: 2em; }
dl.switch > dt { text-indent: -1.5em; }
dl.switch > dt:before { content: '\21AA'; padding: 0 0.5em 0 0; display: inline-block; width: 1em; text-align: right; line-height: 0.5em; }
dl.triple { padding: 0 0 0 1em; }
dl.triple dt, dl.triple dd { margin: 0; display: inline }
dl.triple dt:after { content: ':'; }
dl.triple dd:after { content: '\A'; white-space: pre; }
.diff-old { text-decoration: line-through; color: silver; background: transparent; }
.diff-chg, .diff-new { text-decoration: underline; color: green; background: transparent; }
a .diff-new { border-bottom: 1px blue solid; }
h2 { page-break-before: always; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { page-break-after: avoid; }
h1 + h2, hr + h2.no-toc { page-break-before: auto; }
p > span:not([title=""]):not([class="XXX"]):not([class="impl"]):not([class="note"]),
li > span:not([title=""]):not([class="XXX"]):not([class="impl"]):not([class="note"]), { border-bottom: solid #9999CC; }
div.head { margin: 0 0 1em; padding: 1em 0 0 0; }
div.head p { margin: 0; }
div.head h1 { margin: 0; }
div.head .logo { float: right; margin: 0 1em; }
div.head .logo img { border: none } /* remove border from top image */
div.head dl { margin: 1em 0; }
div.head p.copyright, div.head p.alt { font-size: x-small; font-style: oblique; margin: 0; }
body > .toc > li { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; }
body > .toc.brief > li { margin-top: 0.35em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; }
body > .toc > li > * { margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
body > .toc > li > * > li > * { margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
.toc, .toc li { list-style: none; }
.brief { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.1; }
.brief li { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.brief li p { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.category-list { margin-top: -0.75em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.5; }
.category-list::before { content: '\21D2\A0'; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: 900; }
.category-list li { display: inline; }
.category-list li:not(:last-child)::after { content: ', '; }
.category-list li > span, .category-list li > a { text-transform: lowercase; }
.category-list li * { text-transform: none; } /* don't affect <code> nested in <a> */
.XXX { color: #E50000; background: white; border: solid red; padding: 0.5em; margin: 1em 0; }
.XXX > :first-child { margin-top: 0; }
p .XXX { line-height: 3em; }
.annotation { border: solid thin black; background: #0C479D; color: white; position: relative; margin: 8px 0 20px 0; }
.annotation:before { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin: 6px -6px -6px 6px; background: #333333; z-index: -1; content: ''; }
.annotation :link, .annotation :visited { color: inherit; }
.annotation :link:hover, .annotation :visited:hover { background: transparent; }
.annotation span { border: none ! important; }
.note { color: green; background: transparent; font-family: sans-serif; }
.warning { color: red; background: transparent; }
.note, .warning { font-weight: bolder; font-style: italic; }
p.note, div.note { padding: 0.5em 2em; }
span.note { padding: 0 2em; }
.note p:first-child, .warning p:first-child { margin-top: 0; }
.note p:last-child, .warning p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.warning:before { font-style: normal; }
p.note:before { content: 'Note: '; }
p.warning:before { content: '\26A0 Warning! '; }
.bookkeeping:before { display: block; content: 'Bookkeeping details'; font-weight: bolder; font-style: italic; }
.bookkeeping { font-size: 0.8em; margin: 2em 0; }
.bookkeeping p { margin: 0.5em 2em; display: list-item; list-style: square; }
.bookkeeping dt { margin: 0.5em 2em 0; }
.bookkeeping dd { margin: 0 3em 0.5em; }
h4 { position: relative; z-index: 3; }
h4 + .element, h4 + div + .element { margin-top: -2.5em; padding-top: 2em; }
.element {
background: #EEEEFF;
color: black;
margin: 0 0 1em 0.15em;
padding: 0 1em 0.25em 0.75em;
border-left: solid #9999FF 0.25em;
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
}
.element:before {
position: absolute;
z-index: 2;
top: 0;
left: -1.15em;
height: 2em;
width: 0.9em;
background: #EEEEFF;
content: ' ';
border-style: none none solid solid;
border-color: #9999FF;
border-width: 0.25em;
}
.example { display: block; color: #222222; background: #FCFCFC; border-left: double; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 1em; }
td > .example:only-child { margin: 0 0 0 0.1em; }
ul.domTree, ul.domTree ul { padding: 0 0 0 1em; margin: 0; }
ul.domTree li { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; position: relative; }
ul.domTree li li { list-style: none; }
ul.domTree li:first-child::before { position: absolute; top: 0; height: 0.6em; left: -0.75em; width: 0.5em; border-style: none none solid solid; content: ''; border-width: 0.1em; }
ul.domTree li:not(:last-child)::after { position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: -0.6em; left: -0.75em; width: 0.5em; border-style: none none solid solid; content: ''; border-width: 0.1em; }
ul.domTree span { font-style: italic; font-family: serif; }
ul.domTree .t1 code { color: purple; font-weight: bold; }
ul.domTree .t2 { font-style: normal; font-family: monospace; }
ul.domTree .t2 .name { color: black; font-weight: bold; }
ul.domTree .t2 .value { color: blue; font-weight: normal; }
ul.domTree .t3 code, .domTree .t4 code, .domTree .t5 code { color: gray; }
ul.domTree .t7 code, .domTree .t8 code { color: green; }
ul.domTree .t10 code { color: teal; }
body.dfnEnabled dfn { cursor: pointer; }
.dfnPanel {
display: inline;
position: absolute;
z-index: 10;
height: auto;
width: auto;
padding: 0.5em 0.75em;
font: small sans-serif, Droid Sans Fallback;
background: #DDDDDD;
color: black;
border: outset 0.2em;
}
.dfnPanel * { margin: 0; padding: 0; font: inherit; text-indent: 0; }
.dfnPanel :link, .dfnPanel :visited { color: black; }
.dfnPanel p { font-weight: bolder; }
.dfnPanel * + p { margin-top: 0.25em; }
.dfnPanel li { list-style-position: inside; }
#configUI { position: absolute; z-index: 20; top: 10em; right: 1em; width: 11em; font-size: small; }
#configUI p { margin: 0.5em 0; padding: 0.3em; background: #EEEEEE; color: black; border: inset thin; }
#configUI p label { display: block; }
#configUI #updateUI, #configUI .loginUI { text-align: center; }
#configUI input[type=button] { display: block; margin: auto; }
fieldset { margin: 1em; padding: 0.5em 1em; }
fieldset > legend + * { margin-top: 0; }
fieldset > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
fieldset p { margin: 0.5em 0; }
.stability {
position: fixed;
bottom: 0;
left: 0; right: 0;
margin: 0 auto 0 auto !important;
z-index: 1000;
width: 50%;
background: maroon; color: yellow;
-webkit-border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0;
-moz-border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0;
border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0;
-moz-box-shadow: 0 0 1em #500;
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 1em #500;
box-shadow: 0 0 1em red;
padding: 0.5em 1em;
text-align: center;
}
.stability strong {
display: block;
}
.stability input {
appearance: none; margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; background: transparent; color: black;
position: absolute; top: -0.5em; right: 0; font: 1.25em sans-serif; text-align: center;
}
.stability input:hover {
color: white;
text-shadow: 0 0 2px black;
}
.stability input:active {
padding: 0.3em 0.45em 0.2em 0.55em;
}
.stability :link, .stability :visited,
.stability :link:hover, .stability :visited:hover {
background: transparent;
color: white;
}
</style><link href="data:text/css,.impl%20%7B%20display:%20none;%20%7D%0Ahtml%20%7B%20border:%20solid%20yellow;%20%7D%20.domintro:before%20%7B%20display:%20none;%20%7D" id="author" rel="alternate stylesheet" title="Author documentation only"><link href="data:text/css,.impl%20%7B%20background:%20%23FFEEEE;%20%7D%20.domintro:before%20%7B%20background:%20%23FFEEEE;%20%7D" id="highlight" rel="alternate stylesheet" title="Highlight implementation
requirements"><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><style type="text/css">
.applies thead th > * { display: block; }
.applies thead code { display: block; }
.applies tbody th { whitespace: nowrap; }
.applies td { text-align: center; }
.applies .yes { background: yellow; }
.matrix, .matrix td { border: hidden; text-align: right; }
.matrix { margin-left: 2em; }
.dice-example { border-collapse: collapse; border-style: hidden solid solid hidden; border-width: thin; margin-left: 3em; }
.dice-example caption { width: 30em; font-size: smaller; font-style: italic; padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: left; }
.dice-example td, .dice-example th { border: solid thin; width: 1.35em; height: 1.05em; text-align: center; padding: 0; }
td.eg { border-width: thin; text-align: center; }
#table-example-1 { border: solid thin; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 3em; }
#table-example-1 * { font-family: "Essays1743", serif; line-height: 1.01em; }
#table-example-1 caption { padding-bottom: 0.5em; }
#table-example-1 thead, #table-example-1 tbody { border: none; }
#table-example-1 th, #table-example-1 td { border: solid thin; }
#table-example-1 th { font-weight: normal; }
#table-example-1 td { border-style: none solid; vertical-align: top; }
#table-example-1 th { padding: 0.5em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; }
#table-example-1 tbody tr:first-child td { padding-top: 0.5em; }
#table-example-1 tbody tr:last-child td { padding-bottom: 1.5em; }
#table-example-1 tbody td:first-child { padding-left: 2.5em; padding-right: 0; width: 9em; }
#table-example-1 tbody td:first-child::after { content: leader(". "); }
#table-example-1 tbody td { padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em; }
#table-example-1 tbody td:first-child + td { width: 10em; }
#table-example-1 tbody td:first-child + td ~ td { width: 2.5em; }
#table-example-1 tbody td:first-child + td + td + td ~ td { width: 1.25em; }
.apple-table-examples { border: none; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 1.5em 0em; width: 40em; margin-left: 3em; }
.apple-table-examples * { font-family: "Times", serif; }
.apple-table-examples td, .apple-table-examples th { border: none; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; }
.apple-table-examples tbody th:first-child { border-left: none; width: 100%; }
.apple-table-examples thead th:first-child ~ th { font-size: smaller; font-weight: bolder; border-bottom: solid 2px; text-align: center; }
.apple-table-examples tbody th::after, .apple-table-examples tfoot th::after { content: leader(". ") }
.apple-table-examples tbody th, .apple-table-examples tfoot th { font: inherit; text-align: left; }
.apple-table-examples td { text-align: right; vertical-align: top; }
.apple-table-examples.e1 tbody tr:last-child td { border-bottom: solid 1px; }
.apple-table-examples.e1 tbody + tbody tr:last-child td { border-bottom: double 3px; }
.apple-table-examples.e2 th[scope=row] { padding-left: 1em; }
.apple-table-examples sup { line-height: 0; }
.details-example img { vertical-align: top; }
#base64-table {
white-space: nowrap;
font-size: 0.6em;
column-width: 6em;
column-count: 5;
column-gap: 1em;
-moz-column-width: 6em;
-moz-column-count: 5;
-moz-column-gap: 1em;
-webkit-column-width: 6em;
-webkit-column-count: 5;
-webkit-column-gap: 1em;
}
#base64-table thead { display: none; }
#base64-table * { border: none; }
#base64-table tbody td:first-child:after { content: ':'; }
#base64-table tbody td:last-child { text-align: right; }
#named-character-references-table {
white-space: nowrap;
font-size: 0.6em;
column-width: 30em;
column-gap: 1em;
-moz-column-width: 30em;
-moz-column-gap: 1em;
-webkit-column-width: 30em;
-webkit-column-gap: 1em;
}
#named-character-references-table > table > tbody > tr > td:first-child + td,
#named-character-references-table > table > tbody > tr > td:last-child { text-align: center; }
#named-character-references-table > table > tbody > tr > td:last-child:hover > span { position: absolute; top: auto; left: auto; margin-left: 0.5em; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 5em; border: outset; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; background: white; width: 1.25em; height: auto; text-align: center; }
#named-character-references-table > table > tbody > tr#entity-CounterClockwiseContourIntegral > td:first-child { font-size: 0.5em; }
.glyph.control { color: red; }
@font-face {
font-family: 'Essays1743';
src: url('http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/fonts/Essays1743.ttf');
}
@font-face {
font-family: 'Essays1743';
font-weight: bold;
src: url('http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/fonts/Essays1743-Bold.ttf');
}
@font-face {
font-family: 'Essays1743';
font-style: italic;
src: url('http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/fonts/Essays1743-Italic.ttf');
}
@font-face {
font-family: 'Essays1743';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: bold;
src: url('http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/fonts/Essays1743-BoldItalic.ttf');
}
</style><style type="text/css">
.domintro:before { display: table; margin: -1em -0.5em -0.5em auto; width: auto; content: 'This box is non-normative. Implementation requirements are given below this box.'; color: black; font-style: italic; border: solid 2px; background: white; padding: 0 0.25em; }
</style><script type="text/javascript">
function getCookie(name) {
var params = location.search.substr(1).split("&");
for (var index = 0; index < params.length; index++) {
if (params[index] == name)
return "1";
var data = params[index].split("=");
if (data[0] == name)
return unescape(data[1]);
}
var cookies = document.cookie.split("; ");
for (var index = 0; index < cookies.length; index++) {
var data = cookies[index].split("=");
if (data[0] == name)
return unescape(data[1]);
}
return null;
}
</script>
<script src="link-fixup.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet"><link href="tree-construction.html" title="8.2.5 Tree construction" rel="prev">
<link href="spec.html#contents" title="Table of contents" rel="index">
<link href="named-character-references.html" title="8.5 Named character references" rel="next">
</head><body><div class="head" id="head">
<div id="multipage-common">
<p class="stability" id="wip"><strong>This is a work in
progress!</strong> For the latest updates from the HTML WG, possibly
including important bug fixes, please look at the <a href="http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/Overview.html">editor's draft</a> instead.
There may also be a more
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5">up-to-date Working Draft</a>
with changes based on resolution of Last Call issues.
<input onclick="closeWarning(this.parentNode)" type="button" value="╳⃝"></p>
<script type="text/javascript">
function closeWarning(element) {
element.parentNode.removeChild(element);
var date = new Date();
date.setDate(date.getDate()+4);
document.cookie = 'hide-obsolescence-warning=1; expires=' + date.toGMTString();
}
if (getCookie('hide-obsolescence-warning') == '1')
setTimeout(function () { document.getElementById('wip').parentNode.removeChild(document.getElementById('wip')); }, 2000);
</script></div>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt="W3C" height="48" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width="72"></a></p>
<h1>HTML5</h1>
</div><div>
<a href="tree-construction.html" class="prev">8.2.5 Tree construction</a> –
<a href="spec.html#contents">Table of contents</a> –
<a href="named-character-references.html" class="next">8.5 Named character references</a>
<ol class="toc"><li><ol><li><ol><li><a href="the-end.html#the-end"><span class="secno">8.2.6 </span>The end</a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#coercing-an-html-dom-into-an-infoset"><span class="secno">8.2.7 </span>Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset</a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#an-introduction-to-error-handling-and-strange-cases-in-the-parser"><span class="secno">8.2.8 </span>An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser</a>
<ol><li><a href="the-end.html#misnested-tags:-b-i-b-i"><span class="secno">8.2.8.1 </span>Misnested tags: <b><i></b></i></a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#misnested-tags:-b-p-b-p"><span class="secno">8.2.8.2 </span>Misnested tags: <b><p></b></p></a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#unexpected-markup-in-tables"><span class="secno">8.2.8.3 </span>Unexpected markup in tables</a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#scripts-that-modify-the-page-as-it-is-being-parsed"><span class="secno">8.2.8.4 </span>Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed</a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#the-execution-of-scripts-that-are-moving-across-multiple-documents"><span class="secno">8.2.8.5 </span>The execution of scripts that are moving across multiple documents</a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#unclosed-formatting-elements"><span class="secno">8.2.8.6 </span>Unclosed formatting elements</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><a href="the-end.html#serializing-html-fragments"><span class="secno">8.3 </span>Serializing HTML fragments</a></li><li><a href="the-end.html#parsing-html-fragments"><span class="secno">8.4 </span>Parsing HTML fragments</a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
<div class="impl">
<h4 id="the-end"><span class="secno">8.2.6 </span>The end</h4>
<p>Once the user agent <dfn id="stop-parsing" title="stop parsing">stops parsing</dfn>
the document, the user agent must run the following steps:</p>
<ol><li><p>Set the <a href="dom.html#current-document-readiness">current document readiness</a> to
"interactive" and
the <a href="parsing.html#insertion-point">insertion point</a> to undefined.</p></li>
<li><p>Pop <em>all</em> the nodes off the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open
elements</a>.</p></li>
<li><p>If the <a href="scripting-1.html#list-of-scripts-that-will-execute-when-the-document-has-finished-parsing">list of scripts that will execute when the
document has finished parsing</a> is not empty, run these
substeps:</p>
<ol><li><p><a href="webappapis.html#spin-the-event-loop">Spin the event loop</a> until the first
<code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> in the <a href="scripting-1.html#list-of-scripts-that-will-execute-when-the-document-has-finished-parsing">list of scripts that will
execute when the document has finished parsing</a> has its
<a href="scripting-1.html#ready-to-be-parser-executed">"ready to be parser-executed"</a> flag set <em>and</em>
the parser's <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> <a href="semantics.html#has-no-style-sheet-that-is-blocking-scripts">has no style sheet that
is blocking scripts</a>.</p></li>
<li><p><a href="scripting-1.html#execute-the-script-block" title="execute the script block">Execute</a> the
first <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> in the <a href="scripting-1.html#list-of-scripts-that-will-execute-when-the-document-has-finished-parsing">list of scripts that will
execute when the document has finished parsing</a>.</p></li>
<li><p>Remove the first <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> element from the
<a href="scripting-1.html#list-of-scripts-that-will-execute-when-the-document-has-finished-parsing">list of scripts that will execute when the document has
finished parsing</a> (i.e. shift out the first entry in the
list).</p></li>
<li><p>If the <a href="scripting-1.html#list-of-scripts-that-will-execute-when-the-document-has-finished-parsing">list of scripts that will execute when the
document has finished parsing</a> is still not empty, repeat
these substeps again from substep 1.</p>
</li></ol></li>
<li><p><a href="webappapis.html#queue-a-task">Queue a task</a> to <a href="webappapis.html#fire-a-simple-event">fire a simple
event</a> that bubbles named <code title="event-DOMContentLoaded">DOMContentLoaded</code> at the
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>.</p></li>
<li><p><a href="webappapis.html#spin-the-event-loop">Spin the event loop</a> until the <a href="scripting-1.html#set-of-scripts-that-will-execute-as-soon-as-possible">set of
scripts that will execute as soon as possible</a> and the
<a href="scripting-1.html#list-of-scripts-that-will-execute-in-order-as-soon-as-possible">list of scripts that will execute in order as soon as
possible</a> are empty.</p></li>
<li><p><a href="webappapis.html#spin-the-event-loop">Spin the event loop</a> until there is nothing that
<dfn id="delay-the-load-event" title="delay the load event">delays the load event</dfn> in
the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>.</p></li>
<li><p><a href="webappapis.html#queue-a-task">Queue a task</a> to set the <a href="dom.html#current-document-readiness">current document
readiness</a> to "complete". </p></li>
<li><p>If the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> is in a <a href="browsers.html#browsing-context">browsing
context</a>, then <a href="webappapis.html#queue-a-task">queue a task</a> to <a href="webappapis.html#fire-a-simple-event">fire a
simple event</a> named <code title="event-load">load</code> at
the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>'s <code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code> object, but with
its <code title="dom-event-target"><a href="infrastructure.html#dom-event-target">target</a></code> set to the
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> object (and the <code title="dom-event-currentTarget">currentTarget</code> set to the
<code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code> object).</p></li>
<li><p>If the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> is in a <a href="browsers.html#browsing-context">browsing
context</a>, then <a href="webappapis.html#queue-a-task">queue a task</a> to fire a <code title="event-pageshow"><a href="history.html#event-pageshow">pageshow</a></code> event at the
<code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code> object of the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>, but with
its <code title="dom-event-target"><a href="infrastructure.html#dom-event-target">target</a></code> set to the
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> object (and the <code title="dom-event-currentTarget">currentTarget</code> set to the
<code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code> object), using the
<code><a href="history.html#pagetransitionevent">PageTransitionEvent</a></code> interface, with the <code title="dom-PageTransitionEvent-persisted"><a href="history.html#dom-pagetransitionevent-persisted">persisted</a></code>
attribute set to false. This event must not bubble, must not be
cancelable, and has no default action.</p></li>
<li><p>If the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> has any <a href="offline.html#pending-application-cache-download-process-tasks">pending
application cache download process tasks</a>, then <a href="webappapis.html#queue-a-task" title="queue a task">queue</a> each such <a href="webappapis.html#concept-task" title="concept-task">task</a> in the order they were added to
the list of <a href="offline.html#pending-application-cache-download-process-tasks">pending application cache download process
tasks</a>, and then empty the list of <a href="offline.html#pending-application-cache-download-process-tasks">pending application
cache download process tasks</a>. The <a href="webappapis.html#task-source">task source</a>
for these <a href="webappapis.html#concept-task" title="concept-task">tasks</a> is the
<a href="webappapis.html#networking-task-source">networking task source</a>.</p></li>
<li><p>The <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> is now <dfn id="ready-for-post-load-tasks">ready for post-load
tasks</dfn>.</p></li>
<li><p><a href="webappapis.html#queue-a-task">Queue a task</a> to mark the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>
as <dfn id="completely-loaded">completely loaded</dfn>.</p></li>
</ol><p>When the user agent is to <dfn id="abort-a-parser">abort a parser</dfn>, it must run
the following steps:</p>
<ol><li><p>Throw away any pending content in the <a href="parsing.html#the-input-stream">input
stream</a>, and discard any future content that would have been
added to it.</p></li>
<li><p>Pop <em>all</em> the nodes off the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open
elements</a>.</p></li>
</ol><p>Except where otherwise specified, the <a href="webappapis.html#task-source">task source</a>
for the <a href="webappapis.html#concept-task" title="concept-task">tasks</a> mentioned in this
section is the <a href="webappapis.html#dom-manipulation-task-source">DOM manipulation task source</a>.</p>
</div><div class="impl">
<h4 id="coercing-an-html-dom-into-an-infoset"><span class="secno">8.2.7 </span>Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset</h4>
<p>When an application uses an <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a> in
conjunction with an XML pipeline, it is possible that the
constructed DOM is not compatible with the XML tool chain in certain
subtle ways. For example, an XML toolchain might not be able to
represent attributes with the name <code title="">xmlns</code>,
since they conflict with the Namespaces in XML syntax. There is also
some data that the <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a> generates that isn't
included in the DOM itself. This section specifies some rules for
handling these issues.</p>
<p>If the XML API being used doesn't support DOCTYPEs, the tool may
drop DOCTYPEs altogether.</p>
<p>If the XML API doesn't support attributes in no namespace that
are named "<code title="">xmlns</code>", attributes whose names
start with "<code title="">xmlns:</code>", or attributes in the
<a href="namespaces.html#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a>, then the tool may drop such
attributes.</p>
<p>The tool may annotate the output with any namespace declarations
required for proper operation.</p>
<p>If the XML API being used restricts the allowable characters in
the local names of elements and attributes, then the tool may map
all element and attribute local names that the API wouldn't support
to a set of names that <em>are</em> allowed, by replacing any
character that isn't supported with the uppercase letter U and the
six digits of the character's Unicode code point when expressed in
hexadecimal, using digits 0-9 and capital letters A-F as the
symbols, in increasing numeric order.</p>
<p class="example">For example, the element name <code title="">foo<bar</code>, which can be output by the <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML
parser</a>, though it is neither a legal HTML element name nor a
well-formed XML element name, would be converted into <code title="">fooU00003Cbar</code>, which <em>is</em> a well-formed XML
element name (though it's still not legal in HTML by any means).</p>
<p class="example">As another example, consider the attribute
<code>xlink:href</code>. Used on a MathML element, it becomes, after
being <a href="tree-construction.html#adjust-foreign-attributes" title="adjust foreign attributes">adjusted</a>, an
attribute with a prefix "<code title="">xlink</code>" and a local
name "<code title="">href</code>". However, used on an HTML element,
it becomes an attribute with no prefix and the local name "<code title="">xlink:href</code>", which is not a valid NCName, and thus
might not be accepted by an XML API. It could thus get converted,
becoming "<code title="">xlinkU00003Ahref</code>".</p>
<p class="note">The resulting names from this conversion
conveniently can't clash with any attribute generated by the
<a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a>, since those are all either lowercase or
those listed in the <a href="tree-construction.html#adjust-foreign-attributes">adjust foreign attributes</a>
algorithm's table.</p>
<p>If the XML API restricts comments from having two consecutive
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS characters (--), the tool may insert a single
U+0020 SPACE character between any such offending characters.</p>
<p>If the XML API restricts comments from ending in a
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS character (-), the tool may insert a single
U+0020 SPACE character at the end of such comments.</p>
<p>If the XML API restricts allowed characters in character data,
attribute values, or comments, the tool may replace any U+000C FORM
FEED (FF) character with a U+0020 SPACE character, and any other
literal non-XML character with a U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.</p>
<p>If the tool has no way to convey out-of-band information, then
the tool may drop the following information:</p>
<ul><li>Whether the document is set to <i><a href="dom.html#no-quirks-mode">no-quirks mode</a></i>,
<i><a href="dom.html#limited-quirks-mode">limited-quirks mode</a></i>, or <i><a href="dom.html#quirks-mode">quirks mode</a></i></li>
<li>The association between form controls and forms that aren't
their nearest <code><a href="forms.html#the-form-element">form</a></code> element ancestor (use of the
<a href="parsing.html#form-element-pointer"><code>form</code> element pointer</a> in the parser)</li>
</ul><p class="note">The mutations allowed by this section apply
<em>after</em> the <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a>'s rules have been
applied. For example, a <code title=""><a::></code> start tag
will be closed by a <code title=""></a::></code> end tag, and
never by a <code title=""></aU00003AU00003A></code> end tag, even
if the user agent is using the rules above to then generate an
actual element in the DOM with the name <code title="">aU00003AU00003A</code> for that start tag.</p>
</div><div class="impl">
<h4 id="an-introduction-to-error-handling-and-strange-cases-in-the-parser"><span class="secno">8.2.8 </span>An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser</h4>
<p><i>This section is non-normative.</i></p>
<p>This section examines some erroneous markup and discusses how
the <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a> handles these cases.</p>
<h5 id="misnested-tags:-b-i-b-i"><span class="secno">8.2.8.1 </span>Misnested tags: <b><i></b></i></h5>
<p><i>This section is non-normative.</i></p>
<p>The most-often discussed example of erroneous markup is as
follows:</p>
<pre><p>1<b>2<i>3</b>4</i>5</p></pre>
<p>The parsing of this markup is straightforward up to the "3". At
this point, the DOM looks like this:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">1</span></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">2</span></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">3</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>Here, the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open elements</a> has five elements
on it: <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code>, <code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>, <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code>,
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code>, and <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code>. The <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active
formatting elements</a> just has two: <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> and
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code>. The <a href="parsing.html#insertion-mode">insertion mode</a> is "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-inbody" title="insertion mode: in body">in body</a>".</p>
<p>Upon receiving the end tag token with the tag name "b", the "<a href="tree-construction.html#adoptionAgency">adoption agency algorithm</a>" is
invoked. This is a simple case, in that the <var title="">formatting
element</var> is the <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element, and there is no
<var title="">furthest block</var>. Thus, the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open
elements</a> ends up with just three elements: <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code>,
<code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>, and <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code>, while the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of
active formatting elements</a> has just one: <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code>. The
DOM tree is unmodified at this point.</p>
<p>The next token is a character ("4"), triggers the <a href="parsing.html#reconstruct-the-active-formatting-elements" title="reconstruct the active formatting elements">reconstruction of
the active formatting elements</a>, in this case just the
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code> element. A new <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code> element is thus created
for the "4" text node. After the end tag token for the "i" is also
received, and the "5" text node is inserted, the DOM looks as
follows:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">1</span></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">2</span></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">3</span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element">i</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">4</span></li></ul></li><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">5</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h5 id="misnested-tags:-b-p-b-p"><span class="secno">8.2.8.2 </span>Misnested tags: <b><p></b></p></h5>
<p><i>This section is non-normative.</i></p>
<p>A case similar to the previous one is the following:</p>
<pre><b>1<p>2</b>3</p></pre>
<p>Up to the "2" the parsing here is straightforward:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">1</span></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">2</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>The interesting part is when the end tag token with the tag name
"b" is parsed.</p>
<p>Before that token is seen, the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open
elements</a> has four elements on it: <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code>,
<code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>, <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code>, and <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code>. The
<a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active formatting elements</a> just has the one:
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code>. The <a href="parsing.html#insertion-mode">insertion mode</a> is "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-inbody" title="insertion mode: in body">in body</a>".</p>
<p>Upon receiving the end tag token with the tag name "b", the "<a href="tree-construction.html#adoptionAgency">adoption agency algorithm</a>" is invoked, as
in the previous example. However, in this case, there <em>is</em> a
<var title="">furthest block</var>, namely the <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code> element. Thus,
this time the adoption agency algorithm isn't skipped over.</p>
<p>The <var title="">common ancestor</var> is the <code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>
element. A conceptual "bookmark" marks the position of the
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> in the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active formatting
elements</a>, but since that list has only one element in it,
the bookmark won't have much effect.</p>
<p>As the algorithm progresses, <var title="">node</var> ends up set
to the formatting element (<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code>), and <var title="">last
node</var> ends up set to the <var title="">furthest block</var>
(<code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code>).</p>
<p>The <var title="">last node</var> gets appended (moved) to the
<var title="">common ancestor</var>, so that the DOM looks like:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">1</span></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">2</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>A new <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element is created, and the children of the
<code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code> element are moved to it:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">1</span></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">2</span></li></ul></li></ul><p>Finally, the new <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element is appended to the
<code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code> element, so that the DOM looks like:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">1</span></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">2</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>The <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element is removed from the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of
active formatting elements</a> and the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open
elements</a>, so that when the "3" is parsed, it is appended to
the <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code> element:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">1</span></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">2</span></li></ul></li><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">3</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h5 id="unexpected-markup-in-tables"><span class="secno">8.2.8.3 </span>Unexpected markup in tables</h5>
<p><i>This section is non-normative.</i></p>
<p>Error handling in tables is, for historical reasons, especially
strange. For example, consider the following markup:</p>
<pre><table><strong><b></strong><tr><td>aaa</td></tr><strong>bbb</strong></table>ccc</pre>
<p>The highlighted <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element start tag is not allowed
directly inside a table like that, and the parser handles this case
by placing the element <em>before</em> the table. (This is called <i title="foster parent"><a href="tree-construction.html#foster-parent">foster parenting</a></i>.) This can be seen by
examining the DOM tree as it stands just after the
<code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code> element's start tag has been seen:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>...and then immediately after the <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element start
tag has been seen:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>At this point, the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open elements</a> has on it
the elements <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code>, <code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>,
<code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code>, and <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> (in that order, despite the
resulting DOM tree); the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active formatting
elements</a> just has the <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element in it; and the
<a href="parsing.html#insertion-mode">insertion mode</a> is "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intable" title="insertion mode: in
table">in table</a>".</p>
<p>The <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code> start tag causes the <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element
to be popped off the stack and a <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code> start tag to be
implied; the <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code> and <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code> elements are
then handled in a rather straight-forward manner, taking the parser
through the "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intbody" title="insertion mode: in table body">in table
body</a>" and "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intr" title="insertion mode: in row">in
row</a>" insertion modes, after which the DOM looks as
follows:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>Here, the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open elements</a> has on it the
elements <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code>, <code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>, <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code>,
<code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code>, and <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code>; the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active
formatting elements</a> still has the <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element in
it; and the <a href="parsing.html#insertion-mode">insertion mode</a> is "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intr" title="insertion
mode: in row">in row</a>".</p>
<p>The <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-td-element">td</a></code> element start tag token, after putting a
<code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-td-element">td</a></code> element on the tree, puts a marker on the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list
of active formatting elements</a> (it also switches to the "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intd" title="insertion mode: in cell">in cell</a>" <a href="parsing.html#insertion-mode">insertion
mode</a>).</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-td-element">td</a></code></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>The marker means that when the "aaa" character tokens are seen,
no <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element is created to hold the resulting text
node:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-td-element">td</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">aaa</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>The end tags are handled in a straight-forward manner; after
handling them, the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open elements</a> has on it the
elements <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code>, <code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>, <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code>,
and <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code>; the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active formatting
elements</a> still has the <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element in it (the
marker having been removed by the "td" end tag token); and the
<a href="parsing.html#insertion-mode">insertion mode</a> is "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intbody" title="insertion mode: in
table body">in table body</a>".</p>
<p>Thus it is that the "bbb" character tokens are found. These
trigger the "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intabletext" title="insertion mode: in table text">in table
text</a>" insertion mode to be used (with the <a href="parsing.html#original-insertion-mode">original
insertion mode</a> set to "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intbody" title="insertion mode: in table
body">in table body</a>"). The character tokens are collected,
and when the next token (the <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code> element end tag) is
seen, they are processed as a group. Since they are not all spaces,
they are handled as per the "anything else" rules in the "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intable" title="insertion mode: in table">in table</a>" insertion mode,
which defer to the "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-inbody" title="insertion mode: in body">in
body</a>" insertion mode but with <a href="tree-construction.html#foster-parent" title="foster
parent">foster parenting</a>.</p>
<p>When <a href="parsing.html#reconstruct-the-active-formatting-elements" title="reconstruct the active formatting elements">the
active formatting elements are reconstructed</a>, a
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element is created and <a href="tree-construction.html#foster-parent" title="foster
parent">foster parented</a>, and then the "bbb" text node is
appended to it:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">bbb</span></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-td-element">td</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">aaa</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>The <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open elements</a> has on it the elements
<code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code>, <code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code>, <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code>,
<code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code>, and the new <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> (again, note that
this doesn't match the resulting tree!); the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active
formatting elements</a> has the new <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element in it;
and the <a href="parsing.html#insertion-mode">insertion mode</a> is still "<a href="tree-construction.html#parsing-main-intbody" title="insertion
mode: in table body">in table body</a>".</p>
<p>Had the character tokens been only <a href="common-microsyntaxes.html#space-character" title="space
character">space characters</a> instead of "bbb", then those
<a href="common-microsyntaxes.html#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a> would just be
appended to the <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code> element.</p>
<p>Finally, the <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code> is closed by a "table" end
tag. This pops all the nodes from the <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open
elements</a> up to and including the <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code> element,
but it doesn't affect the <a href="parsing.html#list-of-active-formatting-elements">list of active formatting
elements</a>, so the "ccc" character tokens after the table
result in yet another <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> element being created, this
time after the table:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">bbb</span></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-table-element">table</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tbody-element">tbody</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-tr-element">tr</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-td-element">td</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">aaa</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">ccc</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h5 id="scripts-that-modify-the-page-as-it-is-being-parsed"><span class="secno">8.2.8.4 </span>Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed</h5>
<p><i>This section is non-normative.</i></p>
<p>Consider the following markup, which for this example we will
assume is the document with <a href="urls.html#url">URL</a> <code title="">http://example.com/inner</code>, being rendered as the
content of an <code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-iframe-element">iframe</a></code> in another document with the
<a href="urls.html#url">URL</a> <code title="">http://example.com/outer</code>:</p>
<pre><div id=a>
<script>
var div = document.getElementById('a');
parent.document.body.appendChild(div);
</script>
<script>
alert(document.URL);
</script>
</div>
<script>
alert(document.URL);
</script></pre>
<p>Up to the first "script" end tag, before the script is parsed,
the result is relatively straightforward:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-div-element">div</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">id</code>="<code class="attribute value"><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-a-element">a</a></code>"</span><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">
</span></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">var div = document.getElementById('a'); ⏎ parent.document.body.appendChild(div);</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>After the script is parsed, though, the <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-div-element">div</a></code> element
and its child <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> element are gone:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code></li></ul></li></ul><p>They are, at this point, in the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> of the
aforementioned outer <a href="browsers.html#browsing-context">browsing context</a>. However, the
<a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open elements</a> <em>still contains the
<code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-div-element">div</a></code> element</em>.</p>
<p>Thus, when the second <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> element is parsed, it
is inserted <em>into the outer <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>
object</em>.</p>
<p>This also means that the <a href="webappapis.html#script-s-global-object">script's global object</a> is
the outer <a href="browsers.html#browsing-context">browsing context</a>'s <code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code>
object, <em>not</em> the <code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code> object inside the
<code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-iframe-element">iframe</a></code>.</p>
<p class="note">This isn't a security problem since the script that
moves the <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-div-element">div</a></code> into the outer <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> can
only do so because the two <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> object have the
same <a href="origin-0.html#origin">origin</a>.</p>
<p>Thus, the first alert says "http://example.com/outer".</p>
<p>Once the <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-div-element">div</a></code> element's end tag is parsed, the
<code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-div-element">div</a></code> element is popped off the stack, and so the next
<code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> element is in the inner <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">alert(document.URL);</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>This second alert will say "http://example.com/inner".</p>
<h5 id="the-execution-of-scripts-that-are-moving-across-multiple-documents"><span class="secno">8.2.8.5 </span>The execution of scripts that are moving across multiple documents</h5>
<p><i>This section is non-normative.</i></p>
<p>Elaborating on the example in the previous section, consider a
case where a <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> element with a <code title="attr-script-src"><a href="scripting-1.html#attr-script-src">src</a></code> attribute is parsed, but while
the external script is being downloaded, the element is moved to
another document.</p>
<p>In this case, the <a href="webappapis.html#script-s-global-object">script's global object</a> is that
second document's <a href="browsers.html#browsing-context">browsing context</a>'s
<code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code> object, not the <code><a href="browsers.html#window">Window</a></code> object of
the document into which the element was parsed.</p>
<h5 id="unclosed-formatting-elements"><span class="secno">8.2.8.6 </span>Unclosed formatting elements</h5>
<p><i>This section is non-normative.</i></p>
<p>The following markup shows how nested formatting elements (such
as <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code>) get collected and continue to be applied even as
the elements they are contained in are closed, but that excessive
duplicates are thrown away.</p>
<pre><!DOCTYPE html>
<p><b class=x><b class=x><b><b class=x><b class=x><b>X
<p>X
<p><b><b class=x><b>X
<p></b></b></b></b></b></b>X</pre>
<p>The resulting DOM tree is as follows:</p>
<ul class="domTree"><li class="t10">DOCTYPE: <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="semantics.html#the-head-element">head</a></code></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="sections.html#the-body-element">body</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">X⏎</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">X⏎</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> <span class="t2" title=""><code class="attribute name">class</code>="<code class="attribute value">x</code>"</span><ul><li class="t1"><code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">X⏎</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="t1"><code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code><ul><li class="t3"><code>#text</code>: <span title="">X⏎</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p>Note how the second <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code> element in the markup has no
explicit <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> elements, but in the resulting DOM, up to
three of each kind of formatting element (in this case three
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> elements with the class attribute, and two unadorned
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> elements) get reconstructed before the element's
"X".</p>
<p>Also note how this means that in the final paragraph only six
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> end tags are needed to completely clear the list of
formatting elements, even though nine <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element">b</a></code> start tags have
been seen up to this point.</p>
<h3 id="serializing-html-fragments"><span class="secno">8.3 </span>Serializing HTML fragments</h3>
<p>The following steps form the <dfn id="html-fragment-serialization-algorithm">HTML fragment serialization
algorithm</dfn>. The algorithm takes as input a DOM
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#element">Element</a></code>, <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>, or
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code> referred to as <var title="">the
node</var>, and either returns a string or raises an exception.</p>
<p class="note">This algorithm serializes the <em>children</em> of
the node being serialized, not the node itself.</p>
<ol><li><p>Let <var title="">s</var> be a string, and initialize it to
the empty string.</p></li>
<li>
<p>For each child node of <var title="">the node</var>, in
<a href="infrastructure.html#tree-order">tree order</a>, run the following steps:
</p><ol><li><p>Let <var title="">current node</var> be the child node
being processed.</p></li>
<li>
<p>Append the appropriate string from the following list to
<var title="">s</var>:</p>
<dl class="switch"><dt>If <var title="">current node</var> is an <code title="">Element</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If <var title="">current node</var> is an element in the
<a href="namespaces.html#html-namespace-0">HTML namespace</a>, the <a href="namespaces.html#mathml-namespace">MathML
namespace</a>, or the <a href="namespaces.html#svg-namespace">SVG namespace</a>, then let
<var title="">tagname</var> be <var title="">current
node</var>'s local name. Otherwise, let <var title="">tagname</var> be <var title="">current node</var>'s
qualified name.</p>
<p>Append a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character (<), followed
by <var title="">tagname</var>.</p>
<p class="note">For <a href="infrastructure.html#html-elements">HTML elements</a> created by the
<a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a> or <code title="">Document.createElement()</code>, <var title="">tagname</var> will be lowercase.</p>
<p>For each attribute that the element has, append a U+0020
SPACE character, the <a href="#attribute-s-serialized-name" title="attribute's serialized
name">attribute's serialized name as described below</a>, a
U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=), a U+0022 QUOTATION MARK
character ("), the attribute's value, <a href="#escapingString" title="escaping a string">escaped as described below</a> in
<i>attribute mode</i>, and a second U+0022 QUOTATION MARK
character (").</p>
<p>An <dfn id="attribute-s-serialized-name">attribute's serialized name</dfn> for the purposes
of the previous paragraph must be determined as follows:</p>
<dl class="switch"><dt>If the attribute has no namespace</dt>
<dd>
<p>The attribute's serialized name is the attribute's local
name.</p>
<p class="note">For attributes on <a href="infrastructure.html#html-elements">HTML elements</a>
set by the <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a> or by <code title="">Element.setAttributeNode()</code> or <code title="">Element.setAttribute()</code>, the local name will
be lowercase.</p>
</dd>
<dt>If the attribute is in the <a href="namespaces.html#xml-namespace">XML namespace</a></dt>
<dd><p>The attribute's serialized name is the string "<code title="">xml:</code>" followed by the attribute's local
name.</p></dd>
<dt>If the attribute is in the <a href="namespaces.html#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a> and the attribute's local name is <code title="">xmlns</code></dt>
<dd><p>The attribute's serialized name is the string "<code title="">xmlns</code>".</p></dd>
<dt>If the attribute is in the <a href="namespaces.html#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a> and the attribute's local name is not <code title="">xmlns</code></dt>
<dd><p>The attribute's serialized name is the string "<code title="">xmlns:</code>" followed by the attribute's local
name.</p></dd>
<dt>If the attribute is in the <a href="namespaces.html#xlink-namespace">XLink namespace</a></dt>
<dd><p>The attribute's serialized name is the string "<code title="">xlink:</code>" followed by the attribute's local
name.</p></dd>
<dt>If the attribute is in some other namespace</dt>
<dd><p>The attribute's serialized name is the attribute's
qualified name.</p></dd>
</dl><p>While the exact order of attributes is UA-defined, and may
depend on factors such as the order that the attributes were
given in the original markup, the sort order must be stable,
such that consecutive invocations of this algorithm serialize an
element's attributes in the same order.</p>
<p>Append a U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>).</p>
<p>If <var title="">current node</var> is an
<code><a href="the-map-element.html#the-area-element">area</a></code>, <code><a href="semantics.html#the-base-element">base</a></code>, <code><a href="obsolete.html#basefont">basefont</a></code>,
<code><a href="obsolete.html#bgsound">bgsound</a></code>, <code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-br-element">br</a></code>, <code><a href="tabular-data.html#the-col-element">col</a></code>,
<code><a href="interactive-elements.html#the-command-element">command</a></code>, <code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-embed-element">embed</a></code>, <code><a href="obsolete.html#frame">frame</a></code>,
<code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-hr-element">hr</a></code>, <code><a href="embedded-content-1.html#the-img-element">img</a></code>, <code><a href="the-input-element.html#the-input-element">input</a></code>,
<code><a href="the-button-element.html#the-keygen-element">keygen</a></code>, <code><a href="semantics.html#the-link-element">link</a></code>, <code><a href="semantics.html#the-meta-element">meta</a></code>,
<code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-param-element">param</a></code>, <code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-source-element">source</a></code>, <code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-track-element">track</a></code> or
<code><a href="text-level-semantics.html#the-wbr-element">wbr</a></code> element, then continue on to the next child
node at this point.</p>
<p>If <var title="">current node</var> is a <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-pre-element">pre</a></code>,
<code><a href="the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element">textarea</a></code>, or <code><a href="obsolete.html#listing">listing</a></code> element, append
a U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character.</p>
<p>Append the value of running the <a href="#html-fragment-serialization-algorithm">HTML fragment
serialization algorithm</a> on the <var title="">current
node</var> element (thus recursing into this algorithm for
that element), followed by a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character
(<), a U+002F SOLIDUS character (/), <var title="">tagname</var> again, and finally a U+003E
GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>).</p>
</dd>
<dt>If <var title="">current node</var> is a <code title="">Text</code> or <code title="">CDATASection</code>
node</dt>
<dd>
<p>If the parent of <var title="">current node</var> is a
<code><a href="semantics.html#the-style-element">style</a></code>, <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code>, <code><a href="obsolete.html#xmp">xmp</a></code>,
<code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-iframe-element">iframe</a></code>, <code><a href="obsolete.html#noembed">noembed</a></code>,
<code><a href="obsolete.html#noframes">noframes</a></code>, or <code><a href="obsolete.html#plaintext">plaintext</a></code> element, or
if the parent of <var title="">current node</var> is
<code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-noscript-element">noscript</a></code> element and <a href="webappapis.html#concept-n-script" title="concept-n-script">scripting is enabled</a> for the
node, then append the value of <var title="">current
node</var>'s <code title="">data</code> IDL attribute
literally.</p>
<p>Otherwise, append the value of <var title="">current
node</var>'s <code title="">data</code> IDL attribute, <a href="#escapingString" title="escaping a string">escaped as described
below</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt>If <var title="">current node</var> is a <code title="">Comment</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Append the literal string <code><!--</code> (U+003C
LESS-THAN SIGN, U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS,
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS), followed by the value of <var title="">current node</var>'s <code title="">data</code> IDL
attribute, followed by the literal string <code>--></code>
(U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN
SIGN).</p>
</dd>
<dt>If <var title="">current node</var> is a <code title="">ProcessingInstruction</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Append the literal string <code><?</code> (U+003C
LESS-THAN SIGN, U+003F QUESTION MARK), followed by the value
of <var title="">current node</var>'s <code title="">target</code> IDL attribute, followed by a single
U+0020 SPACE character, followed by the value of <var title="">current node</var>'s <code title="">data</code> IDL
attribute, followed by a single U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN
character (>).</p>
</dd>
<dt>If <var title="">current node</var> is a <code title="">DocumentType</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Append the literal string <code><!DOCTYPE</code> (U+003C
LESS-THAN SIGN, U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK, U+0044 LATIN CAPITAL
LETTER D, U+004F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O, U+0043 LATIN CAPITAL
LETTER C, U+0054 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T, U+0059 LATIN CAPITAL
LETTER Y, U+0050 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P, U+0045 LATIN CAPITAL
LETTER E), followed by a space (U+0020 SPACE), followed by the
value of <var title="">current node</var>'s <code title="">name</code> IDL attribute, followed by the literal
string <code>></code> (U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN).</p>
</dd>
</dl><p>Other node types (e.g. <code title="">Attr</code>) cannot
occur as children of elements. If, despite this, they somehow do
occur, this algorithm must raise an
<code><a href="common-dom-interfaces.html#invalid_state_err">INVALID_STATE_ERR</a></code> exception.</p>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li><p>The result of the algorithm is the string <var title="">s</var>.</p></li>
</ol><p class="note">Entity reference nodes are <a href="infrastructure.html#entity-references">assumed to be expanded</a> by the user
agent, and are therefore not covered in the algorithm above.</p>
<p class="warning">It is possible that the output of this algorithm, if
parsed with an <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a>, will not return the
original tree structure.</p>
<div class="example">
<p>For instance, if a <code><a href="the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element">textarea</a></code> element to which a
<code title="">Comment</code> node has been appended is serialized
and the output is then reparsed, the comment will end up being
displayed in the text field. Similarly, if, as a result of DOM
manipulation, an element contains a comment that contains the
literal string "<code title="">--></code>", then when the result
of serializing the element is parsed, the comment will be truncated
at that point and the rest of the comment will be interpreted as
markup. More examples would be making a <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> element
contain a text node with the text string
"<code></script></code>", or having a <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code> element
that contains a <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-ul-element">ul</a></code> element (as the <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-ul-element">ul</a></code>
element's <a href="syntax.html#syntax-start-tag" title="syntax-start-tag">start tag</a> would
imply the end tag for the <code><a href="grouping-content.html#the-p-element">p</a></code>).</p>
<p>This can enable cross-site scripting attacks. An example of this
would be a page that lets the user enter some font names that are
then inserted into a CSS <code><a href="semantics.html#the-style-element">style</a></code> block via the DOM and
which then uses the <code title="dom-innerHTML"><a href="apis-in-html-documents.html#dom-innerhtml">innerHTML</a></code>
IDL attribute to get the HTML serialization of that
<code><a href="semantics.html#the-style-element">style</a></code> element: if the user enters
"<code></style><script>attack</script></code>" as a font
name, <code title="dom-innerHTML"><a href="apis-in-html-documents.html#dom-innerhtml">innerHTML</a></code> will return
markup that, if parsed in a different context, would contain a
<code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> node, even though no <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> node
existed in the original DOM.</p>
</div>
<p><dfn id="escapingString">Escaping a string</dfn> (for the
purposes of the algorithm above) consists of running the following
steps:</p>
<ol><li><p>Replace any occurrence of the "<code title="">&</code>"
character by the string "<code title="">&amp;</code>".</p></li>
<li><p>Replace any occurrences of the U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE
character by the string "<code title="">&nbsp;</code>".</p></li>
<li><p>If the algorithm was invoked in the <i>attribute mode</i>,
replace any occurrences of the "<code title="">"</code>"
character by the string "<code title="">&quot;</code>".</p></li>
<li><p>If the algorithm was <em>not</em> invoked in the
<i>attribute mode</i>, replace any occurrences of the "<code title=""><</code>" character by the string "<code title="">&lt;</code>", and any occurrences of the "<code title="">></code>" character by the string "<code title="">&gt;</code>".</p></li>
</ol><h3 id="parsing-html-fragments"><span class="secno">8.4 </span>Parsing HTML fragments</h3>
<p>The following steps form the <dfn id="html-fragment-parsing-algorithm">HTML fragment parsing
algorithm</dfn>. The algorithm optionally takes as input an
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#element">Element</a></code> node, referred to as the <dfn id="concept-frag-parse-context" title="concept-frag-parse-context"><var>context</var></dfn> element,
which gives the context for the parser, as well as <var title="">input</var>, a string to parse, and returns a list of zero
or more nodes.</p>
<p class="note">Parts marked <dfn id="fragment-case">fragment case</dfn> in algorithms
in the parser section are parts that only occur if the parser was
created for the purposes of this algorithm (and with a <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element). The
algorithms have been annotated with such markings for informational
purposes only; such markings have no normative weight. If it is
possible for a condition described as a <a href="#fragment-case">fragment case</a>
to occur even when the parser wasn't created for the purposes of
handling this algorithm, then that is an error in the
specification.</p>
<ol><li>
<p>Create a new <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> node, and mark it as being
an <a href="dom.html#html-documents" title="HTML documents">HTML document</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If there is a <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element, and the
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> of the <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element is in
<a href="dom.html#quirks-mode">quirks mode</a>, then let the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> be in
<a href="dom.html#quirks-mode">quirks mode</a>. Otherwise, if there is a <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element, and the
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> of the <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element is in
<a href="dom.html#limited-quirks-mode">limited-quirks mode</a>, then let the
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> be in <a href="dom.html#limited-quirks-mode">limited-quirks mode</a>.
Otherwise, leave the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> in <a href="dom.html#no-quirks-mode">no-quirks
mode</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create a new <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a>, and associate it with
the just created <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> node.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If there is a <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element, run
these substeps:</p>
<ol><li>
<p>Set the state of the <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a>'s
<a href="tokenization.html#tokenization">tokenization</a> stage as follows:</p>
<dl class="switch"><dt>If it is a <code><a href="semantics.html#the-title-element">title</a></code> or <code><a href="the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element">textarea</a></code>
element</dt>
<dd>Switch the tokenizer to the <a href="tokenization.html#rcdata-state">RCDATA state</a>.</dd>
<dt>If it is a <code><a href="semantics.html#the-style-element">style</a></code>, <code><a href="obsolete.html#xmp">xmp</a></code>,
<code><a href="the-iframe-element.html#the-iframe-element">iframe</a></code>, <code><a href="obsolete.html#noembed">noembed</a></code>, or
<code><a href="obsolete.html#noframes">noframes</a></code> element</dt>
<dd>Switch the tokenizer to the <a href="tokenization.html#rawtext-state">RAWTEXT state</a>.</dd>
<dt>If it is a <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-script-element">script</a></code> element</dt>
<dd>Switch the tokenizer to the <a href="tokenization.html#script-data-state">script data state</a>.</dd>
<dt>If it is a <code><a href="scripting-1.html#the-noscript-element">noscript</a></code> element</dt>
<dd>If the <a href="parsing.html#scripting-flag">scripting flag</a> is enabled, switch the
tokenizer to the <a href="tokenization.html#rawtext-state">RAWTEXT state</a>. Otherwise,
leave the tokenizer in the <a href="tokenization.html#data-state">data state</a>.</dd>
<dt>If it is a <code><a href="obsolete.html#plaintext">plaintext</a></code> element</dt>
<dd>Switch the tokenizer to the <a href="tokenization.html#plaintext-state">PLAINTEXT
state</a>.</dd>
<dt>Otherwise</dt>
<dd>Leave the tokenizer in the <a href="tokenization.html#data-state">data state</a>.</dd>
</dl><p class="note">For performance reasons, an implementation that
does not report errors and that uses the actual state machine
described in this specification directly could use the PLAINTEXT
state instead of the RAWTEXT and script data states where those
are mentioned in the list above. Except for rules regarding
parse errors, they are equivalent, since there is no
<a href="tokenization.html#appropriate-end-tag-token">appropriate end tag token</a> in the fragment case, yet
they involve far fewer state transitions.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Let <var title="">root</var> be a new <code><a href="semantics.html#the-html-element">html</a></code> element
with no attributes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Append the element <var title="">root</var> to the
<code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code> node created above.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Set up the parser's <a href="parsing.html#stack-of-open-elements">stack of open elements</a> so that
it contains just the single element <var title="">root</var>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="parsing.html#reset-the-insertion-mode-appropriately" title="reset the insertion mode appropriately">Reset the
parser's insertion mode appropriately</a>.</p>
<p class="note">The parser will reference the <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element as part
of that algorithm.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Set the parser's <a href="parsing.html#form-element-pointer"><code>form</code> element
pointer</a> to the nearest node to the <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element that is
a <code><a href="forms.html#the-form-element">form</a></code> element (going straight up the ancestor
chain, and including the element itself, if it is a
<code><a href="forms.html#the-form-element">form</a></code> element), or, if there is no such
<code><a href="forms.html#the-form-element">form</a></code> element, to null.</p>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li>
<p>Place into the <a href="parsing.html#the-input-stream">input stream</a> for the <a href="parsing.html#html-parser">HTML
parser</a> just created the <var title="">input</var>. The
encoding <a href="parsing.html#concept-encoding-confidence" title="concept-encoding-confidence">confidence</a> is
<i>irrelevant</i>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Start the parser and let it run until it has consumed all the
characters just inserted into the input stream.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If there is a <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element, return
the child nodes of <var title="">root</var>, in <a href="infrastructure.html#tree-order">tree
order</a>.</p>
<p>Otherwise, return the children of the <code><a href="infrastructure.html#document">Document</a></code>
object, in <a href="infrastructure.html#tree-order">tree order</a>.</p>
</li>
</ol><p class="note">This algorithm is invoked without a <var title="concept-frag-parse-context"><a href="#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var> element in the case
of <code title="dom-Document-innerHTML">Document.innerHTML</code>.</p>
</div></body></html>