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 <h1>DOM4</h1>
 <h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="w3c-working-draft-5-january-2012">
  <span class="w3conly">W3C Working Draft 5 January 2012</span>
  </h2>

 <dl>
  <dt>This Version:
  <dd class="publish"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-dom-20120105/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-dom-20120105/</a>

  <dt class="publish">Latest Version:
  <dd class="publish"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/">http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/</a>

  <dt class="publish">Latest Editors' Draft:
  <dd class="publish"><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html</a>

  <dt class="w3conly">Previous Versions:
  <dd class="w3conly"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-dom-20110915/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-dom-20110915/</a>
  <dd class="w3conly"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-domcore-20110531/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-domcore-20110531/</a>
  <dd class="w3conly"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-domcore-20101007/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-domcore-20101007/</a>

  <dt>Editors:
  <dd><a href="http://annevankesteren.nl/">Anne van Kesteren</a>
    (<a href="http://www.opera.com/">Opera Software ASA</a>)
    &lt;<a href="mailto:annevk@opera.com">annevk@opera.com</a>&gt;
  <dd>Aryeh Gregor
   (Google, Inc)
   &lt;<a href="mailto:ayg@aryeh.name">ayg@aryeh.name</a>&gt;
  <dd>Ms2ger (<a href="http://www.mozilla.org/">Mozilla Foundation</a>)
    &lt;<a href="mailto:ms2ger@gmail.com">ms2ger@gmail.com</a>&gt;
 </dl>

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<!--begin-copyright-->
<p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> &copy; 2012 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>&reg;</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.</p>
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<div class="publish">
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>DOM4 defines the event and document model the Web platform uses. The
DOM is a language- and platform neutral interface that allows programs and
scripts to dynamically access and update the content and structure of
documents.



<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="status-of-this-document"><span id="sotd">Status of this Document</span></h2>
<p><i>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its
publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C
publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a> at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</i>

<p>This is the 5 January 2012 W3C Working Draft of DOM4. Please send
comments to
<a href="mailto:www-dom@w3.org?subject=%5BDOM%5D%20">www-dom@w3.org</a>
(<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-dom/">archived</a>)
with <samp>[DOM]</samp> at the start of the subject line, or
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/enter_bug.cgi?product=WebAppsWG&amp;component=DOM">file a bug</a>.

<p>This document is produced by the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/webapps/">Web Applications</a> (WebApps) Working
Group. The WebApps Working Group is part of the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2006/rwc/Activity">Rich Web Clients Activity</a> in
the W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Interaction/">Interaction Domain</a>.

<p>This document was produced by a group operating under the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004
W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/42538/status" rel="disclosure">public
list of any patent disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of
the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An
individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes
contains
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.

<p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or
obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this
document as other than work in progress.
</div>
</div>



<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2>

<!--begin-toc-->
<ol class="toc">
 <li><a class="no-num" href="#goals">Goals</a></li>
 <li><a class="no-num" href="#issues">Issues</a></li>
 <li><a href="#conformance"><span class="secno">1 </span>Conformance</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#dependencies"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Dependencies</a></li>
   <li><a href="#extensibility"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Extensibility</a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#terminology"><span class="secno">2 </span>Terminology</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#trees"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Trees</a></li>
   <li><a href="#strings"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Strings</a></li>
   <li><a href="#common-microsyntaxes"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Common microsyntaxes</a>
    <ol class="toc">
     <li><a href="#common-parser-idioms"><span class="secno">2.3.1 </span>Common parser idioms</a></li>
     <li><a href="#space-separated-tokens"><span class="secno">2.3.2 </span>Space-separated tokens</a></ol></li>
   <li><a href="#namespaces"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>Namespaces</a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#errors"><span class="secno">3 </span>Errors</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#exception-domexception"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Exception <code>DOMException</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-domerror"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Interface <code>DOMError</code></a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#events"><span class="secno">4 </span>Events</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#interface-event"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Interface <code>Event</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-customevent"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Interface <code>CustomEvent</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#constructing-events"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Constructing events</a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-eventtarget"><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Interface <code>EventTarget</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#dispatching-events"><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Dispatching events</a></li>
   <li><a href="#firing-events"><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Firing events</a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#nodes"><span class="secno">5 </span>Nodes</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#node-tree"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>Node tree</a>
    <ol class="toc">
     <li><a href="#mutation-algorithms"><span class="secno">5.1.1 </span>Mutation algorithms</a></li>
     <li><a href="#mutation-methods"><span class="secno">5.1.2 </span>Mutation methods</a></li>
     <li><a href="#legacy-mutation-methods"><span class="secno">5.1.3 </span>Legacy mutation methods</a></li>
     <li><a href="#mutation-observers"><span class="secno">5.1.4 </span>Mutation observers</a></ol></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-node"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>Interface <code>Node</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-document"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>Interface <code>Document</code></a>
    <ol class="toc">
     <li><a href="#interface-domimplementation"><span class="secno">5.3.1 </span>Interface <code>DOMImplementation</code></a></ol></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-documentfragment"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Interface <code>DocumentFragment</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-documenttype"><span class="secno">5.5 </span>Interface <code>DocumentType</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-element"><span class="secno">5.6 </span>Interface <code>Element</code></a>
    <ol class="toc">
     <li><a href="#interface-attr"><span class="secno">5.6.1 </span>Interface <code>Attr</code></a></ol></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-characterdata"><span class="secno">5.7 </span>Interface <code>CharacterData</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-text"><span class="secno">5.8 </span>Interface <code>Text</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-processinginstruction"><span class="secno">5.9 </span>Interface <code>ProcessingInstruction</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-comment"><span class="secno">5.10 </span>Interface <code>Comment</code></a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#ranges"><span class="secno">6 </span>Ranges</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#interface-range"><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Interface <code>Range</code></a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#traversal"><span class="secno">7 </span>Traversal</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#interface-nodeiterator"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Interface <code>NodeIterator</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-treewalker"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Interface <code>TreeWalker</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-nodefilter"><span class="secno">7.3 </span>Interface <code>NodeFilter</code></a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#collections"><span class="secno">8 </span>Collections</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#interface-nodelist"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Interface <code>NodeList</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-htmlcollection"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Interface <code>HTMLCollection</code></a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#lists"><span class="secno">9 </span>Lists</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#interface-domstringlist"><span class="secno">9.1 </span>Interface <code>DOMStringList</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-domtokenlist"><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Interface <code>DOMTokenList</code></a></li>
   <li><a href="#interface-domsettabletokenlist"><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Interface <code>DOMSettableTokenList</code></a></ol></li>
 <li><a href="#dom-features"><span class="secno">10 </span>DOM features</a></li>
 <li><a href="#historical"><span class="secno">11 </span>Historical</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a href="#dom-events"><span class="secno">11.1 </span>DOM Events</a></li>
   <li><a href="#dom-core"><span class="secno">11.2 </span>DOM Core</a></li>
   <li><a href="#dom-range"><span class="secno">11.3 </span>DOM Range</a></li>
   <li><a href="#dom-traversal"><span class="secno">11.4 </span>DOM Traversal</a></ol></li>
 <li><a class="no-num" href="#references">References</a>
  <ol class="toc">
   <li><a class="no-num" href="#normative-references">Normative references</a></li>
   <li><a class="no-num" href="#informative-references">Informative references</a></ol></li>
 <li><a class="no-num" href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a></ol>
<!--end-toc-->



<h2 class="no-num" id="goals">Goals</h2>

<p>This specification standardizes the DOM. It does so as follows:</p>

<ol>
 <li>
  <p>By consolidating <cite>DOM Level 3 Core</cite>
  <a class="informative" href="#refsDOM3CORE">[DOM3CORE]</a>,
  <cite>Element Traversal</cite>
  <a class="informative" href="#refsELEMENTTRAVERSAL">[ELEMENTTRAVERSAL]</a>, the
  "DOM Event Architecture" and "Basic Event Interfaces" chapters of
  <cite>DOM Level 3 Events</cite>
  <a class="informative" href="#refsDOM3EVENTS">[DOM3EVENTS]</a> (specific type
  of events do not belong in the base specification), and
  <cite>DOM Level 2 Traversal and Range</cite>
  <a class="informative" href="#refsDOM2TR">[DOM2TR]</a>, and:

  <ul>
   <li>Aligning them with the needs of ECMAScript where possible.
   <li>Aligning them with existing implementations.
   <li>Simplifying them as much as possible.
  </ul>

 <li><p>By moving features from HTML5 that ought to be part of the DOM
 platform here, while preventing a dependency on HTML5.
 <a class="informative" href="#refsHTML">[HTML]</a>

 <li>
  <p>By defining a replacement for the "Mutation Events"
  "Mutation Name Event Types" chapters of <cite>DOM Level 3 Events</cite>
  <a class="informative" href="#refsDOM3EVENTS">[DOM3EVENTS]</a> as the old model
  was problematic.

  <p class="note">The old model is expected to be removed from implementations
  in due course.

 <li><p>By defining new features that simplify common DOM operations.
</ol>




<h2 class="no-num" id="issues">Issues</h2>

<ul class="XXX">
 <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=13040">Mutation listeners</a> (and updating the methods that mutate)
 <li>Define event handlers. Define list of event handler IDL attributes? Define a concept for event handler content attributes?
 <li>Move DOMStringMap here?
</ul>

<!--
 In the "would be nice" department:

 * Section explaining how to define new events

 * Alternative way of doing concept-node-insert and concept-node-remove for
   ranges: http://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2011-March/031053.html
-->


<h2 id="conformance"><span class="secno">1 </span>Conformance</h2>
<p>All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are
non-normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative.
Everything else in this specification is normative.

<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", <!--"SHALL", "SHALL
NOT",--> "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this document are to be
interpreted as described in RFC2119. For readability, these words do
not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification. <a href="#refsRFC2119">[RFC2119]</a>

<p>Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms
(such as "strip any leading space characters" or "return false and
terminate these steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the
key word ("must", "should", "may", etc) used in introducing the
algorithm.

<p>Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps
may be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is
equivalent. (In particular, the algorithms defined in this
specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to
be performant.)

<p id="hardwareLimitations">User agents may impose
implementation-specific limits on otherwise unconstrained inputs,
e.g. to prevent denial of service attacks, to guard against running
out of memory, or to work around platform-specific limitations.

<p>When a method or an attribute is said to call another method or attribute, the user agent must invoke its internal API for that attribute or method so that e.g. the author can't change the behavior by overriding attributes or methods with custom properties or functions in ECMAScript.

<p>Unless otherwise stated, string comparisons are done in a <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a> manner.

<h3 id="dependencies"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Dependencies</h3>

<p>The IDL fragments in this specification must be interpreted as
required for conforming IDL fragments, as described in the Web IDL
specification. <a href="#refsWEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</a>

<p>Some of the terms used in this specification are defined in
<cite>Web IDL</cite>, <cite>XML</cite> and <cite>Namespaces in XML</cite>.
<a href="#refsWEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</a>
<a href="#refsXML">[XML]</a>
<a href="#refsXMLNS">[XMLNS]</a>

<h3 id="extensibility"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Extensibility</h3>

<p>Vendor-specific proprietary extensions to this specification are
strongly discouraged. Authors must not use such extensions, as
doing so reduces interoperability and fragments the user base,
allowing only users of specific user agents to access the content in
question.

<p>If vendor-specific extensions are needed, the members should be
prefixed by vendor-specific strings to prevent clashes with future
versions of this specification. Extensions must be defined so that
the use of extensions neither contradicts nor causes the
non-conformance of functionality defined in the specification.
<!-- thanks to QA Framework -->

<p>When vendor-neutral extensions to this specification are needed,
either this specification can be updated accordingly, or an
extension specification can be written that overrides the
requirements in this specification. When someone applying this
specification to their activities decides that they will recognize
the requirements of such an extension specification, it becomes an
<dfn id="other-applicable-specifications" title="other applicable specifications">applicable
specification</dfn> for the purposes of conformance requirements in
this specification.
<!-- http://www.w3.org/mid/17E341CD-E790-422C-9F9A-69347EE01CEB@iki.fi -->


<h2 id="terminology"><span class="secno">2 </span>Terminology</h2>

<p>The term <dfn id="context-object">context object</dfn> means the object on which the method
or attribute being discussed was called. When the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> is unambiguous, the term can be omitted.

<!-- XXX we should prolly explain that "set attribute X to Y" works even for
readonly attributes when it is language for implementors -->

<p>The <dfn id="preferred-mime-name">preferred MIME name</dfn> of a
character encoding is the name or alias labeled as "preferred MIME name" in
the IANA <cite>Character Sets</cite> registry, if there is one, or the
encoding's name, if none of the aliases are so labeled.
<a href="#refsIANACHARSET">[IANACHARSET]</a>
<!-- copied from HTML -->

<h3 id="trees"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Trees</h3> <!-- Sorry reddit, this is not /r/trees -->

<p>Just like most programming paradigms the Web platform has finite
hierarchical tree structures, simply named
<dfn id="concept-tree" title="concept-tree">trees</dfn>. The
<dfn id="concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</dfn> is preorder, depth-first
traversal.
<!-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_traversal#Depth-first_Traversal -->

<p>An object that <dfn id="concept-tree-participate" title="concept-tree-participate">participates</dfn> in
a <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> has a
<dfn id="concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</dfn>, which is either another object
or null, and an ordered list of zero or more
<dfn id="concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</dfn> objects.

<p>The <dfn id="concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</dfn> of an object is itself, if it
has no <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>, or else it is the
<a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a> of its
<a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

<p>An object <var title="">A</var> is called a
<dfn id="concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</dfn> of an object
<var title="">B</var>, if either <var title="">A</var> is a
<a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of <var title="">B</var> or
<var title="">A</var> is a <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of an
object <var title="">C</var> that is a
<a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of <var title="">B</var>.

<p>An
<dfn id="concept-tree-inclusive-descendant" title="concept-tree-inclusive-descendant">inclusive descendant</dfn> is
an object or one of its
<a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendants</a>.

<p>An object <var title="">A</var> is called an
<dfn id="concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</dfn> of an object
<var title="">B</var> if and only if <var title="">B</var> is a
<a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of
<var title="">A</var>.

<p>An <dfn id="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</dfn> is
an object or one of its <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestors</a>.

<p>An object <var title="">A</var> is called a
<dfn id="concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</dfn> of an object
<var title="">B</var>, if and only if <var title="">B</var> and <var title="">A</var>
share the same non-null <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

<p>An object <var title="">A</var> is
<dfn id="concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</dfn> an object
<var title="">B</var> if <var title="">A</var> and <var title="">B</var> are in the
same <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> and <var title="">A</var> comes
before <var title="">B</var> in
<a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

<p>An object <var title="">A</var> is
<dfn id="concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</dfn> an object
<var title="">B</var> if <var title="">A</var> and <var title="">B</var> are in the
same <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> and <var title="">A</var> comes
after <var title="">B</var> in
<a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="concept-tree-first-child" title="concept-tree-first-child">first child</dfn> of an object is
its first <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> or null if it has no
<a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="concept-tree-last-child" title="concept-tree-last-child">last child</dfn> of an object is
its last <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> or null if it has no
<a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</dfn> of an
object is its first <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a> or null if it has no
<a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</dfn> of an
object is its first <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a> or null if it has no
<a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</dfn> of an object is its number
of <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">siblings</a>.


<h3 id="strings"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Strings</h3>
<p>Comparing two strings in a <dfn id="case-sensitive">case-sensitive</dfn> manner means comparing them exactly, code point for code point.

<p>Comparing two strings in a <dfn id="ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII case-insensitive</dfn> manner means comparing them exactly, code point for code point, except that the characters in the range U+0041 .. U+005A (i.e. LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A to LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z) and the corresponding characters in the range U+0061 .. U+007A (i.e. LATIN SMALL LETTER A to LATIN SMALL LETTER Z) are considered to also match.

<p><dfn id="converted-to-ascii-uppercase" title="converted to ascii uppercase">Converting a string to ASCII uppercase</dfn> means replacing all characters in the range U+0061 to U+007A (i.e. LATIN SMALL LETTER A to LATIN SMALL LETTER Z) with the corresponding characters in the range U+0041 to U+005A (i.e. LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A to LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z).

<p><dfn id="converted-to-ascii-lowercase" title="converted to ascii lowercase">Converting a string to ASCII lowercase</dfn> means replacing all characters in the range U+0041 to U+005A (i.e. LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A to LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z) with the corresponding characters in the range U+0061 to U+007A (i.e. LATIN SMALL LETTER A to LATIN SMALL LETTER Z).

<p>A string <var title="">pattern</var> is a <dfn id="prefix-match">prefix match</dfn> for a string
<var title="">s</var> when <var title="">pattern</var> is not longer than
<var title="">s</var> and truncating <var title="">s</var> to
<var title="">pattern</var>'s length leaves the two strings as matches of each
other.

<p>The <dfn id="space-character" title="space character">space characters</dfn>, for the
purposes of this specification, are U+0020 SPACE, U+0009 CHARACTER
TABULATION (tab), U+000A LINE FEED (LF), U+000C FORM FEED (FF), and
U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR).


<h3 id="common-microsyntaxes"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Common microsyntaxes</h3>
<h4 id="common-parser-idioms"><span class="secno">2.3.1 </span>Common parser idioms</h4>
<p>Some of the micro-parsers described below follow the pattern of having an
<var title="">input</var> variable that holds the string being parsed, and having a
<var title="">position</var> variable pointing at the next character to parse in
<var title="">input</var>.

<p>For parsers based on this pattern, a step that requires the user agent to
<dfn id="collect-a-sequence-of-characters">collect a sequence of characters</dfn> means that the following algorithm
must be run, with <var title="">characters</var> being the set of characters that
can be collected:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">input</var> and <var title="">position</var> be the same
 variables as those of the same name in the algorithm that invoked these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">result</var> be the empty string.

 <li><p>While <var title="">position</var> does not point past the end of
 <var title="">input</var> and the character at <var title="">position</var> is one of
 the <var title="">characters</var>, append that character to the end of
 <var title="">result</var> and advance <var title="">position</var> to the next
 character in <var title="">input</var>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">result</var>.
</ol>

<p>The step <dfn id="skip-whitespace">skip whitespace</dfn> means that the user agent
must <a href="#collect-a-sequence-of-characters">collect a sequence of characters</a> that are <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>. The collected
characters are not used.

<h4 id="space-separated-tokens"><span class="secno">2.3.2 </span>Space-separated tokens</h4>

<p>A <dfn id="set-of-space-separated-tokens">set of space-separated tokens</dfn> is a string containing
zero or more words (known as tokens) separated by one or more <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>, where words consist
of any string of one or more characters, none of which are <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>.

<p>A string containing a <a href="#set-of-space-separated-tokens">set of space-separated tokens</a>
may have leading or trailing <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space
characters</a>.

<p>An <dfn id="unordered-set-of-unique-space-separated-tokens">unordered set of unique space-separated tokens</dfn> is a
<a href="#set-of-space-separated-tokens">set of space-separated tokens</a> where none of the tokens
are duplicated.

<p>An <dfn id="ordered-set-of-unique-space-separated-tokens">ordered set of unique space-separated tokens</dfn> is a
<a href="#set-of-space-separated-tokens">set of space-separated tokens</a> where none of the tokens
are duplicated but where the order of the tokens is meaningful.

<p><a href="#set-of-space-separated-tokens" title="set of space-separated tokens">Sets of
space-separated tokens</a> sometimes have a defined set of
allowed values. When a set of allowed values is defined, the tokens
must all be from that list of allowed values; other values are
non-conforming. If no such set of allowed values is provided, then
all values are conforming.

<p class="note">How tokens in a <a href="#set-of-space-separated-tokens">set of space-separated
tokens</a> are to be compared (e.g. case-sensitively or not) is
defined on a per-set basis.

<div class="impl">

<p>When a user agent has to <dfn id="split-a-string-on-spaces">split a string on spaces</dfn>, it
must use the following algorithm:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">input</var> be the string being parsed.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">position</var> be a pointer into <var title="">input</var>,
 initially pointing at the start of the string.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">tokens</var> be a list of tokens, initially empty.

 <li><p><a href="#skip-whitespace">Skip whitespace</a>.

 <li><p>While <var title="">position</var> is not past the end of
 <var title="">input</var>:

  <ol>
   <li><p><a href="#collect-a-sequence-of-characters">Collect a sequence of characters</a> that are not
   <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>.

   <li><p>Add the string collected in the previous step to
   <var title="">tokens</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#skip-whitespace">Skip whitespace</a>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Return <var title="">tokens</var>.
</ol>

<p>When a user agent has to <dfn id="remove-a-token-from-a-string">remove a token from a string</dfn>,
it must use the following algorithm:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">input</var> be the string being modified.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">token</var> be the token being removed. It will not
 contain any <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">output</var> be the output string, initially empty.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">position</var> be a pointer into <var title="">input</var>,
 initially pointing at the start of the string.

 <li><p><i title="">Loop</i>: If <var title="">position</var> is beyond the end of
 <var title="">input</var>, terminate these steps.

 <li>
  <p>If the character at <var title="">position</var> is a <a href="#space-character">space
  character</a>:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Append the character at <var title="">position</var> to the end of <var title="">output</var>.

   <li><p>Advance <var title="">position</var> so it points at the next character
   in <var title="">input</var>.

   <li><p>Return to the step labeled <i title="">loop</i>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Otherwise, the character at <var title="">position</var> is the first
 character of a token. <a href="#collect-a-sequence-of-characters">Collect a sequence of characters</a> that are
 not <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>, and let that be <var title="">s</var>.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">s</var> is exactly equal to <var title="">token</var>, then:

  <ol>
   <li><p><a href="#skip-whitespace">Skip whitespace</a> (in <var title="">input</var>).

   <li><p>Remove any <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>
   currently at the end of <var title="">output</var>.

   <li><p>If <var title="">position</var> is not past the end of <var title="">input</var>, and <var title="">output</var> is not the empty string,
   append a single U+0020 SPACE character at the end of <var title="">output</var>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Otherwise, append <var title="">s</var> to the end of <var title="">output</var>.

 <li><p>Return to the step labeled <i title="">loop</i>.
</ol>

<p class="note">This causes any occurrences of the token to be
removed from the string, and any spaces that were surrounding the
token to be collapsed to a single space, except at the start and end
of the string, where such spaces are removed.

</div>


<h3 id="namespaces"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>Namespaces</h3>
<p>The <dfn id="html-namespace">HTML namespace</dfn> is <code title="">http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml</code>.

<p>The <dfn id="xml-namespace">XML namespace</dfn> is <code title="">http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace</code>.

<p>The <dfn id="xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</dfn> is <code title="">http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/</code>.


<h2 id="errors"><span class="secno">3 </span>Errors</h2>
<h3 id="exception-domexception"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Exception <code><a href="#domexception">DOMException</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">exception <dfn id="domexception">DOMException</dfn> {
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-index_size_err" title="dom-DOMException-INDEX_SIZE_ERR">INDEX_SIZE_ERR</a> = 1;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-DOMException-DOMSTRING_SIZE_ERR">DOMSTRING_SIZE_ERR</span> = 2; // historical
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-hierarchy_request_err" title="dom-DOMException-HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR">HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR</a> = 3;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-wrong_document_err" title="dom-DOMException-WRONG_DOCUMENT_ERR">WRONG_DOCUMENT_ERR</a> = 4;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-invalid_character_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR">INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR</a> = 5;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-DOMException-NO_DATA_ALLOWED_ERR">NO_DATA_ALLOWED_ERR</span> = 6; // historical
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-no_modification_allowed_err" title="dom-DOMException-NO_MODIFICATION_ALLOWED_ERR">NO_MODIFICATION_ALLOWED_ERR</a> = 7;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-not_found_err" title="dom-DOMException-NOT_FOUND_ERR">NOT_FOUND_ERR</a> = 8;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-not_supported_err" title="dom-DOMException-NOT_SUPPORTED_ERR">NOT_SUPPORTED_ERR</a> = 9;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-DOMException-INUSE_ATTRIBUTE_ERR">INUSE_ATTRIBUTE_ERR</span> = 10; // historical
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-invalid_state_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_STATE_ERR">INVALID_STATE_ERR</a> = 11;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-syntax_err" title="dom-DOMException-SYNTAX_ERR">SYNTAX_ERR</a> = 12;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-invalid_modification_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_MODIFICATION_ERR">INVALID_MODIFICATION_ERR</a> = 13;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-namespace_err" title="dom-DOMException-NAMESPACE_ERR">NAMESPACE_ERR</a> = 14;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-invalid_access_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR">INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</a> = 15;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-DOMException-VALIDATION_ERR">VALIDATION_ERR</span> = 16; // historical
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-type_mismatch_err" title="dom-DOMException-TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR">TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR</a> = 17;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-security_err" title="dom-DOMException-SECURITY_ERR">SECURITY_ERR</a> = 18;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-network_err" title="dom-DOMException-NETWORK_ERR">NETWORK_ERR</a> = 19;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-abort_err" title="dom-DOMException-ABORT_ERR">ABORT_ERR</a> = 20;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-url_mismatch_err" title="dom-DOMException-URL_MISMATCH_ERR">URL_MISMATCH_ERR</a> = 21;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-quota_exceeded_err" title="dom-DOMException-QUOTA_EXCEEDED_ERR">QUOTA_EXCEEDED_ERR</a> = 22;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-timeout_err" title="dom-DOMException-TIMEOUT_ERR">TIMEOUT_ERR</a> = 23;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-invalid_node_type_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR">INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR</a> = 24;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-data_clone_err" title="dom-DOMException-DATA_CLONE_ERR">DATA_CLONE_ERR</a> = 25;
  unsigned short <a href="#dom-domexception-code" title="dom-DOMException-code">code</a>;
};</pre>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-domexception-code" title="dom-DOMException-code"><code>code</code></dfn> exception
field must return the value it was initialized to. When an exception is
created it must be initialized to zero.

<p>To <dfn id="concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</dfn> a <var title="">type</var> exception
these steps must be run:

<ol>
 <li><p>Create a new <code><a href="#domexception">DOMException</a></code> exception whose
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-exception-type">type</a> is <var title="">type</var>.

 <li><p>Set its <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-exception-message">message</a> to a
 user agent-defined value.

 <li><p>If its <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-exception-type">type</a> is in the first column of the table below and has a corresponding legacy
 <code title="dom-DOMException-code"><a href="#dom-domexception-code">code</a></code> exception field value in the
 third column, set its <code title="dom-DOMException-code"><a href="#dom-domexception-code">code</a></code>
 exception field to that value.

 <li><p><a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-throw">Throw</a> the exception.
</ol>

<p class="example">To
<i title="">throw a "<code><a href="#timeouterror">TimeoutError</a></code>" exception</i>, a
user agent would construct a <code><a href="#domexception">DOMException</a></code> exception whose
<a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-exception-type">type</a> is
"<code><a href="#timeouterror">TimeoutError</a></code>" and
<code title="dom-DOMException-code"><a href="#dom-domexception-code">code</a></code> exception field value is 23,
and actually throw that object as an exception.

<table id="error-types">
 <thead>
 <tr><th>Type<th>Description<th>Legacy <code title="dom-DOMException-code"><a href="#dom-domexception-code">code</a></code> exception field value (if any)
 <tbody>
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="indexsizeerror"><code>IndexSizeError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The index is not in the allowed range.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-index_size_err" title="dom-DOMException-INDEX_SIZE_ERR"><code>INDEX_SIZE_ERR</code></dfn> (1)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="hierarchyrequesterror"><code>HierarchyRequestError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The operation would yield an incorrect <a href="#node-tree">node tree</a>.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-hierarchy_request_err" title="dom-DOMException-HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR"><code>HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR</code></dfn> (3)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="wrongdocumenterror"><code>WrongDocumentError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The object is in the wrong <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-wrong_document_err" title="dom-DOMException-WRONG_DOCUMENT_ERR"><code>WRONG_DOCUMENT_ERR</code></dfn> (4)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="invalidcharactererror"><code>InvalidCharacterError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The string contains invalid characters.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-invalid_character_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR"><code>INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR</code></dfn> (5)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="nomodificationallowederror"><code>NoModificationAllowedError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The object can not be modified.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-no_modification_allowed_err" title="dom-DOMException-NO_MODIFICATION_ALLOWED_ERR"><code>NO_MODIFICATION_ALLOWED_ERR</code></dfn> (7)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="notfounderror"><code>NotFoundError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The object can not be found here.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-not_found_err" title="dom-DOMException-NOT_FOUND_ERR"><code>NOT_FOUND_ERR</code></dfn> (8)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="notsupportederror"><code>NotSupportedError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The operation is not supported.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-not_supported_err" title="dom-DOMException-NOT_SUPPORTED_ERR"><code>NOT_SUPPORTED_ERR</code></dfn> (9)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="invalidstateerror"><code>InvalidStateError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The object is in an invalid state.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-invalid_state_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_STATE_ERR"><code>INVALID_STATE_ERR</code></dfn> (11)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="syntaxerror"><code>SyntaxError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The string did not match the expected pattern.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-syntax_err" title="dom-DOMException-SYNTAX_ERR"><code>SYNTAX_ERR</code></dfn> (12)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="invalidmodificationerror"><code>InvalidModificationError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The object can not be modified in this way.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-invalid_modification_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_MODIFICATION_ERR"><code>INVALID_MODIFICATION_ERR</code></dfn> (13)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="namespaceerror"><code>NamespaceError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The operation is not allowed by <cite>Namespaces in XML</cite>. <a href="#refsXMLNS">[XMLNS]</a>
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-namespace_err" title="dom-DOMException-NAMESPACE_ERR"><code>NAMESPACE_ERR</code></dfn> (14)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="invalidaccesserror"><code>InvalidAccessError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The object does not support the operation or argument.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-invalid_access_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR"><code>INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</code></dfn> (15)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="typemismatcherror"><code>TypeMismatchError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The type of the object does not match the expected type.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-type_mismatch_err" title="dom-DOMException-TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR"><code>TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR</code></dfn> (17)
 <tr>
  <!-- XHR -->
  <td>"<dfn id="securityerror"><code>SecurityError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The operation is insecure.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-security_err" title="dom-DOMException-SECURITY_ERR"><code>SECURITY_ERR</code></dfn> (18)
 <tr>
  <!-- XHR -->
  <td>"<dfn id="networkerror"><code>NetworkError</code></dfn>"
  <td>A network error occurred.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-network_err" title="dom-DOMException-NETWORK_ERR"><code>NETWORK_ERR</code></dfn> (19)
 <tr>
  <!-- XHR -->
  <td>"<dfn id="aborterror"><code>AbortError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The operation was aborted.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-abort_err" title="dom-DOMException-ABORT_ERR"><code>ABORT_ERR</code></dfn> (20)
 <tr>
  <!-- Workers -->
  <td>"<dfn id="urlmismatcherror"><code>URLMismatchError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The given URL does not match another URL.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-url_mismatch_err" title="dom-DOMException-URL_MISMATCH_ERR"><code>URL_MISMATCH_ERR</code></dfn> (21)
 <tr>
  <!-- HTML -->
  <td>"<dfn id="quotaexceedederror"><code>QuotaExceededError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The quota has been exceeded.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-quota_exceeded_err" title="dom-DOMException-QUOTA_EXCEEDED_ERR"><code>QUOTA_EXCEEDED_ERR</code></dfn> (22)
 <tr>
  <!-- XHR -->
  <td>"<dfn id="timeouterror"><code>TimeoutError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The operation timed out.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-timeout_err" title="dom-DOMException-TIMEOUT_ERR"><code>TIMEOUT_ERR</code></dfn> (23)
 <tr>
  <td>"<dfn id="invalidnodetypeerror"><code>InvalidNodeTypeError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The supplied node is incorrect or has an incorrect ancestor for this operation.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-invalid_node_type_err" title="dom-DOMException-INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR"><code>INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR</code></dfn> (24)
 <tr>
  <!-- HTML -->
  <td>"<dfn id="datacloneerror"><code>DataCloneError</code></dfn>"
  <td>The object can not be cloned.
  <td><dfn id="dom-domexception-data_clone_err" title="dom-DOMException-DATA_CLONE_ERR"><code>DATA_CLONE_ERR</code></dfn> (25)
</table>

<!-- XXX Should we have central bookkeeping of exceptions someplace? -->


<h3 id="interface-domerror"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Interface <code><a href="#domerror">DOMError</a></code></h3>

<p class="note">This interface is intended for other specifications that want
to introduce error handling through other means than exceptions. It is
expected that the exception types are reused.

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="domerror">DOMError</dfn> {
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-domerror-name" title="dom-DOMError-name">name</a>;
};</pre>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-domerror-name" title="dom-DOMError-name"><code>name</code></dfn> attribute must
return the value it was initialized to.

<p>A
<dfn id="concept-domerror" title="concept-DOMError"><var title="">type</var> <code>DOMError</code></dfn>
means a <code><a href="#domerror">DOMError</a></code> object whose
<code title="dom-DOMError-name"><a href="#dom-domerror-name">name</a></code> attribute is initialized to
<var title="">type</var>.

<p class="example">A specification could say that an <code title="">error</code>
attribute must return a
<a href="#concept-domerror" title="concept-DOMError">"<code>SyntaxError</code>" <code>DOMError</code></a>.


<h2 id="events"><span class="secno">4 </span>Events</h2>

<h3 id="interface-event"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Interface <code><a href="#event">Event</a></code></h3>

<pre class="idl">[Constructor(DOMString <var title="">type</var>, optional <a href="#eventinit">EventInit</a> <var title="">eventInitDict</var>)]
interface <dfn id="event">Event</dfn> {
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-event-type" title="dom-Event-type">type</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#eventtarget">EventTarget</a>? <a href="#dom-event-target" title="dom-Event-target">target</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#eventtarget">EventTarget</a>? <a href="#dom-event-currenttarget" title="dom-Event-currentTarget">currentTarget</a>;

  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-event-capturing_phase" title="dom-Event-CAPTURING_PHASE">CAPTURING_PHASE</a> = 1;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-event-at_target" title="dom-Event-AT_TARGET">AT_TARGET</a> = 2;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-event-bubbling_phase" title="dom-Event-BUBBLING_PHASE">BUBBLING_PHASE</a> = 3;
  readonly attribute unsigned short <a href="#dom-event-eventphase" title="dom-Event-eventPhase">eventPhase</a>;

  void <a href="#dom-event-stoppropagation" title="dom-Event-stopPropagation">stopPropagation</a>();
  void <a href="#dom-event-stopimmediatepropagation" title="dom-Event-stopImmediatePropagation">stopImmediatePropagation</a>();

  readonly attribute boolean <a href="#dom-event-bubbles" title="dom-Event-bubbles">bubbles</a>;
  readonly attribute boolean <a href="#dom-event-cancelable" title="dom-Event-cancelable">cancelable</a>;
  void <a href="#dom-event-preventdefault" title="dom-Event-preventDefault">preventDefault</a>();
  readonly attribute boolean <a href="#dom-event-defaultprevented" title="dom-Event-defaultPrevented">defaultPrevented</a>;

  readonly attribute boolean <a href="#dom-event-istrusted" title="dom-Event-isTrusted">isTrusted</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMTimeStamp <a href="#dom-event-timestamp" title="dom-Event-timeStamp">timeStamp</a>;

  void <a href="#dom-event-initevent" title="dom-Event-initEvent">initEvent</a>(DOMString <var title="">type</var>, boolean <var title="">bubbles</var>, boolean <var title="">cancelable</var>);
};

dictionary <dfn id="eventinit">EventInit</dfn> {
  boolean <span title="dom-EventInit-bubbles">bubbles</span>;
  boolean <span title="dom-EventInit-cancelable">cancelable</span>;
};</pre>

<p>An <dfn id="concept-event" title="concept-event">event</dfn> allows for signaling that
something has occurred. E.g. that an image has completed downloading. It is
represented by the <code><a href="#event">Event</a></code> interface or an interface that
inherits from the <code><a href="#event">Event</a></code> interface.</p>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-event-type" title="dom-Event-type"><code>type</code></dfn> attribute must
return the value it was initialized to. When an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is created the attribute must be
initialized to the empty string.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-event-target" title="dom-Event-target"><code>target</code></dfn> and
<dfn id="dom-event-currenttarget" title="dom-Event-currentTarget"><code>currentTarget</code></dfn>
attributes must return the values they were initialized to. When an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is created the attributes must be
initialized to null.

<p class="note">The <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> and
<code title="dom-Event-currentTarget"><a href="#dom-event-currenttarget">currentTarget</a></code> attributes are
initialized to different values while
<a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatching</a> the
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-event-eventphase" title="dom-Event-eventPhase"><code>eventPhase</code></dfn>
attribute must return the value it was initialized to, which must be one of
the following:</p>
<dl>
 <dt><dfn id="dom-event-capturing_phase" title="dom-Event-CAPTURING_PHASE"><code>CAPTURING_PHASE</code></dfn> (numeric value 1)</dt>
 <dd><p>When an <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is
 <a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatched</a> on an object that
 <a href="#concept-tree-participate" title="concept-tree-participate">participates</a> in a
 <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> it will be in this phase before it
 reaches its <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> attribute value.
 <dt><dfn id="dom-event-at_target" title="dom-Event-AT_TARGET"><code>AT_TARGET</code></dfn> (numeric value 2)
 <dd><p>When an <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is
 <a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatched</a> it will be in this
 phase on its <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> attribute value.
 <dt><dfn id="dom-event-bubbling_phase" title="dom-Event-BUBBLING_PHASE"><code>BUBBLING_PHASE</code></dfn> (numeric value 3)
 <dd><p>When an <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is
 <a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatched</a> on an object that
 <a href="#concept-tree-participate" title="concept-tree-participate">participates</a> in a
 <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> it will be in this phase after it
 reaches its <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> attribute value.
</dl>
<p>Initially the attribute must be initialized to
<code title="dom-Event-AT_TARGET"><a href="#dom-event-at_target">AT_TARGET</a></code>.

<hr>

<p>Each <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> has the following associated
flags that are all initially unset:</p>
<ul>
 <li><dfn id="stop-propagation-flag">stop propagation flag</dfn>
 <li><dfn id="stop-immediate-propagation-flag">stop immediate propagation flag</dfn>
 <li><dfn id="canceled-flag">canceled flag</dfn>
 <li><dfn id="initialized-flag">initialized flag</dfn>
 <li><dfn id="dispatch-flag">dispatch flag</dfn>
</ul>

<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-event-stoppropagation" title="dom-Event-stopPropagation"><code>stopPropagation()</code></dfn>
method is invoked the <a href="#stop-propagation-flag">stop propagation flag</a> must be set.
<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-event-stopimmediatepropagation" title="dom-Event-stopImmediatePropagation"><code>stopImmediatePropagation()</code></dfn>
method is invoked both the <a href="#stop-propagation-flag">stop propagation flag</a> and
<a href="#stop-immediate-propagation-flag">stop immediate propagation flag</a> must be set.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-event-bubbles" title="dom-Event-bubbles"><code>bubbles</code></dfn> and
<dfn id="dom-event-cancelable" title="dom-Event-cancelable"><code>cancelable</code></dfn> attributes
must return the values they were initialized to. When an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is created the attributes must be
initialized to false.

<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-event-preventdefault" title="dom-Event-preventDefault"><code>preventDefault()</code></dfn>
method is invoked and the <code title="dom-Event-cancelable"><a href="#dom-event-cancelable">cancelable</a></code>
attribute is true, the <a href="#canceled-flag">canceled flag</a> must be set.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-event-defaultprevented" title="dom-Event-defaultPrevented"><code>defaultPrevented</code></dfn>
attribute must return true if the <a href="#canceled-flag">canceled flag</a> is set and
false otherwise.

<hr>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-event-istrusted" title="dom-Event-isTrusted"><code>isTrusted</code></dfn> attribute
must return the value it was initialized to. When an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is created the attribute must be
initialized to false.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-event-timestamp" title="dom-Event-timeStamp"><code>timeStamp</code></dfn> attribute
must return the value it was initialized to. When an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is created the attribute must be
initialized to the number of milliseconds that has passed since
00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970.

<!-- XXX leap seconds?
         http://krijnhoetmer.nl/irc-logs/whatwg/20110707#l-330 -->

<hr>

<p>When the <dfn id="dom-event-initevent" title="dom-Event-initEvent"><code>initEvent(<var title="">type</var>, <var title="">bubbles</var>, <var title="">cancelable</var>)</code></dfn>
method is invoked these steps must be run:</p>

<ol>
 <li><p>Set the <a href="#initialized-flag">initialized flag</a>.
 <li><p>If the <a href="#dispatch-flag">dispatch flag</a> is set, terminate these steps.
 <li><p>Unset the <a href="#stop-propagation-flag">stop propagation flag</a>,
 <a href="#stop-immediate-propagation-flag">stop immediate propagation flag</a>, and
 <a href="#canceled-flag">canceled flag</a>.
 <li><p>Set the <code title="dom-Event-isTrusted"><a href="#dom-event-istrusted">isTrusted</a></code> attribute
 to false.
 <li><p>Set the <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> attribute to
 null.
 <li><p>Set the <code title="dom-Event-type"><a href="#dom-event-type">type</a></code> attribute to the
 <var title="">type</var> argument.
 <li><p>Set the <code title="dom-Event-bubbles"><a href="#dom-event-bubbles">bubbles</a></code> attribute to
 the <var title="">bubbles</var> argument.
 <li><p>Set the <code title="dom-Event-cancelable"><a href="#dom-event-cancelable">cancelable</a></code> attribute
 to the <var title="">cancelable</var> argument.
</ol>

<p class="note">As <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">events</a> have constructors
<code title="dom-Event-initEvent"><a href="#dom-event-initevent">initEvent()</a></code> is superfluous. However,
it has to be supported for legacy content.


<h3 id="interface-customevent"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Interface <code><a href="#customevent">CustomEvent</a></code></h3>

<pre class="idl">[Constructor(DOMString <var title="">type</var>, optional <a href="#customeventinit">CustomEventInit</a> <var title="">eventInitDict</var>)]
interface <dfn id="customevent">CustomEvent</dfn> : <a href="#event">Event</a> {
  readonly attribute any <a href="#dom-customevent-detail" title="dom-CustomEvent-detail">detail</a>;
};

dictionary <dfn id="customeventinit">CustomEventInit</dfn> : <a href="#eventinit">EventInit</a> {
  any <span title="dom-CustomEventInit-detail">detail</span>;
};</pre>

<p><a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">Events</a> using the
<code><a href="#customevent">CustomEvent</a></code> interface can be used for synthetic events that
need to carry data.</p>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-customevent-detail" title="dom-CustomEvent-detail"><code>detail</code></dfn> attribute
must return the value it was initialized to. When an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is created the attribute must be
initialized to null.


<h3 id="constructing-events"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Constructing events</h3>

<p>When a constructor of the <code><a href="#event">Event</a></code> interface, or of an
interface that inherits from the <code><a href="#event">Event</a></code> interface, is invoked,
these steps must be run:

<ol>
 <li><p>Create an <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> that uses the
 interface the constructor was invoked upon.

 <li><p>Set its <a href="#initialized-flag">initialized flag</a>.

 <li><p>Initialize the <code title="dom-Event-type"><a href="#dom-event-type">type</a></code> attribute to
 the <var title="">type</var> argument.

 <li><p>If there is an <var title="">eventInitDict</var> argument then for each
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-dictionary-member">dictionary member</a> defined therein find
 the attribute on <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> whose
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-identifier">identifier</a> matches the key of
 the <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-dictionary-member">dictionary member</a> and then
 set the attribute to the value of that
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-dictionary-member">dictionary member</a>.

 <li><p>Return the <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a>.
</ol>


<h3 id="interface-eventtarget"><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Interface <code><a href="#eventtarget">EventTarget</a></code></h3>

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="eventtarget">EventTarget</dfn> {
  void <a href="#dom-eventtarget-addeventlistener" title="dom-EventTarget-addEventListener">addEventListener</a>(DOMString <var title="">type</var>, <a href="#eventlistener">EventListener</a>? <var title="">listener</var>, optional boolean <var title="">capture</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-eventtarget-removeeventlistener" title="dom-EventTarget-removeEventListener">removeEventListener</a>(DOMString <var title="">type</var>, <a href="#eventlistener">EventListener</a>? <var title="">listener</var>, optional boolean <var title="">capture</var>);
  boolean <a href="#dom-eventtarget-dispatchevent" title="dom-EventTarget-dispatchEvent">dispatchEvent</a>(<a href="#event">Event</a> <var title="">event</var>);
};

callback interface <dfn id="eventlistener">EventListener</dfn> {
  void <span title="dom-EventListener-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>(<a href="#event">Event</a> <var title="">event</var>);
};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#eventtarget">EventTarget</a></code> is an object upon which an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> is
<a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatched</a> when something has
occurred. Each <code><a href="#eventtarget">EventTarget</a></code> has an associated list of
<a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a>.

<p>An <dfn id="concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</dfn> is a handler
for a specific <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a>. Each
<a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a> consists of a
<b>type</b> (of the <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a>),
<b>listener</b>, and <b>capture</b> variable.

<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-eventtarget-addeventlistener" title="dom-EventTarget-addEventListener"><code>addEventListener(<var title="">type</var>, <var title="">listener</var>, <var title="">capture</var>)</code></dfn>
method is invoked these steps must be run:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">listener</var> is null terminate these steps.
 <li><p>If <var title="">capture</var> is omitted let <var title="">capture</var> be false.
 <li><p>Append an <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a>
 to the associated list of
 <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a> with <b>type</b>
 set to <var title="">type</var>, <b>listener</b> set to <var title="">listener</var>, and
 <b>capture</b> set to <var title="">capture</var>, unless there
 already is an <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a> in
 that list with the same <b>type</b>, <b>listener</b>, and <b>capture</b>.
</ol>

<p>When the <dfn id="dom-eventtarget-removeeventlistener" title="dom-EventTarget-removeEventListener"><code>removeEventListener(<var title="">type</var>, <var title="">listener</var>, <var title="">capture</var>)</code></dfn> method is invoked these steps must be run:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">capture</var> is omitted let <var title="">capture</var> be false.
 <li><p>Remove an <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a>
 from the associated list of
 <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a>, whose
 <b>type</b> is <var title="">name</var>, <b>listener</b> is <var title="">listener</var>, and
 <b>capture</b> is <var title="">capture</var>.</p>
</ol>

<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-eventtarget-dispatchevent" title="dom-EventTarget-dispatchEvent"><code>dispatchEvent(<var title="">event</var>)</code></dfn> method is invoked these steps must be run:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">event</var>'s <a href="#dispatch-flag">dispatch flag</a> is set, or if
 its <a href="#initialized-flag">initialized flag</a> is not set,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
 <code title="dom-Event-isTrusted"><a href="#dom-event-istrusted">isTrusted</a></code> attribute to false.
 <li><p><a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">Dispatch</a> the
 <var title="">event</var> and return the value that returns.
</ol>


<h3 id="dispatching-events"><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Dispatching events</h3>

<p>To <dfn id="concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatch</dfn> an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> on a given object run these
steps:</p>
<!-- other specifications turn this into a requirement  -->

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">event</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> that is dispatched.
 <li><p>Set <var title="">event</var>'s <a href="#dispatch-flag">dispatch flag</a>.
 <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
 <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> attribute to the object on which
 <var title="">event</var> is dispatched.
 <li>
  <dl class="switch">
   <dt>If <var title="">event</var>'s
   <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> attribute value is
   <a href="#concept-tree-participate" title="concept-tree-participate">participating</a> in a
   <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a>
   <dd>
    <ol>
     <li><p>Let <var title="">event path</var> be a static ordered list of all
     <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestors</a> of
     <var title="">event</var>'s <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code>
     attribute value in <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.
     <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
     <code title="dom-Event-eventPhase"><a href="#dom-event-eventphase">eventPhase</a></code> attribute to
     <code title="dom-Event-CAPTURING_PHASE"><a href="#dom-event-capturing_phase">CAPTURING_PHASE</a></code>.
     <li><p>For each object in the <var title="">event path</var>
     <a href="#concept-event-listener-invoke" title="concept-event-listener-invoke">invoke</a> its
     <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a> with event
     <var title="">event</var>, as long as <var title="">event</var>'s
     <a href="#stop-propagation-flag">stop propagation flag</a> is unset.
     <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
     <code title="dom-Event-eventPhase"><a href="#dom-event-eventphase">eventPhase</a></code> attribute to
     <code title="dom-Event-AT_TARGET"><a href="#dom-event-at_target">AT_TARGET</a></code>.
     <li><p><a href="#concept-event-listener-invoke" title="concept-event-listener-invoke">Invoke</a> the
     <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a> of
     <var title="">event</var>'s
     <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code> attribute value with
     <var title="">event</var>, if <var title="">event</var>'s
     <a href="#stop-propagation-flag">stop propagation flag</a> is unset.
     <li>
      <p>If <var title="">event</var>'s
      <code title="dom-Event-bubbles"><a href="#dom-event-bubbles">bubbles</a></code> attribute is true run
      these substeps:</p>
      <ol>
       <li><p>Reverse the order of <var title="">event path</var>.
       <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
       <code title="dom-Event-eventPhase"><a href="#dom-event-eventphase">eventPhase</a></code> attribute to
       <code title="dom-Event-BUBBLING_PHASE"><a href="#dom-event-bubbling_phase">BUBBLING_PHASE</a></code>.
       <li><p>For each object in the <var title="">event path</var>
       <a href="#concept-event-listener-invoke" title="concept-event-listener-invoke">invoke</a> its
       <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a>, with event
       <var title="">event</var> as long as <var title="">event</var>'s
       <a href="#stop-propagation-flag">stop propagation flag</a> is unset.
      </ol>
    </ol>
   </dd>
   <dt>Otherwise
   <dd><p><a href="#concept-event-listener-invoke" title="concept-event-listener-invoke">Invoke</a> the
   <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a> of
   <var title="">event</var>'s <code title="dom-Event-target"><a href="#dom-event-target">target</a></code>
   attribute value, with event <var title="">event</var>.
  </dl>
  <!-- XXX This could be flattened by just letting "event path" be empty for
           objects not participating in a tree. -->
 </li>
 <li><p>Unset <var title="">event</var>'s <a href="#dispatch-flag">dispatch flag</a>.
 <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
 <code title="dom-Event-eventPhase"><a href="#dom-event-eventphase">eventPhase</a></code> attribute to
 <code title="dom-Event-AT_TARGET"><a href="#dom-event-at_target">AT_TARGET</a></code>.
 <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
 <code title="dom-Event-currentTarget"><a href="#dom-event-currenttarget">currentTarget</a></code> to null.
 <li><p>Return false if <var title="">event</var>'s <a href="#canceled-flag">canceled flag</a>
 is set and true otherwise.
</ol>


<p>To <dfn id="concept-event-listener-invoke" title="concept-event-listener-invoke">invoke</dfn> the
<a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a> for an object with an
event run these steps:</p>
<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">event</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> for which the
 <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a> are invoked.
 <li><p>Let <var title="">listeners</var> be a static list of the
 <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listeners</a> associated with
 the object for which these steps are run.
 <li><p>Initialize <var title="">event</var>'s
 <code title="dom-Event-currentTarget"><a href="#dom-event-currenttarget">currentTarget</a></code> to the object for
 which these steps are run.
 <li>
  <p>Then run these substeps for each
  <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a> in
  <var title="">listeners</var>:</p>
  <ol>
   <li><p>If <var title="">event</var>'s
   <a href="#stop-immediate-propagation-flag">stop immediate propagation flag</a> is set, terminate the
   <a href="#concept-event-listener-invoke" title="concept-event-listener-invoke">invoke</a> algorithm.
   <li><p>Let <var title="">listener</var> be the
   <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a>.
   <li><p>If <var title="">event</var>'s <code title="dom-Event-type"><a href="#dom-event-type">type</a></code>
   attribute value is not <var title="">listener</var>'s <b>type</b>, terminate
   these substeps (and run them for the next
   <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a>).
   <li><p>If <var title="">event</var>'s
   <code title="dom-Event-eventPhase"><a href="#dom-event-eventphase">eventPhase</a></code> attribute value is
   <code title="dom-Event-CAPTURING_PHASE"><a href="#dom-event-capturing_phase">CAPTURING_PHASE</a></code> and
   <var title="">listener</var>'s <b>capture</b> is false, terminate these
   substeps (and run them for the next
   <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a>).
   <li><p>If <var title="">event</var>'s
   <code title="dom-Event-eventPhase"><a href="#dom-event-eventphase">eventPhase</a></code> attribute value is
   <code title="dom-Event-BUBBLING_PHASE"><a href="#dom-event-bubbling_phase">BUBBLING_PHASE</a></code> and
   <var title="">listener</var>'s <b>capture</b> is true, terminate these
   substeps (and run them for the next
   <a href="#concept-event-listener" title="concept-event-listener">event listener</a>).
   <li><p>If <var title="">listener</var>'s <b>listener</b> is a
   Function<!-- WebIDL uses <span class=estype> --> object, its
   <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-callback-this-value">callback this value</a> is the
   <var title="">event</var>'s
   <code title="dom-Event-currentTarget"><a href="#dom-event-currenttarget">currentTarget</a></code> attribute value.
   <li><p>Call <var title="">listener</var>'s <b>listener</b>, with the event
   passed to this algorithm as the first argument.
  </ol>
 </li>
</ol>


<h3 id="firing-events"><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Firing events</h3>

<p>To
<dfn id="concept-event-fire" title="concept-event-fire">fire an event named <var title="">e</var></dfn>
means that an <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> using the
<code><a href="#event">Event</a></code> interface, with its
<code title="dom-Event-type"><a href="#dom-event-type">type</a></code> attribute initialized to
<var title="">e</var>, and its <code title="dom-Event-isTrusted"><a href="#dom-event-istrusted">isTrusted</a></code>
attribute initialized to true, is to be
<a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatched</a> at the given
object.</p>

<p class="note">Fire is short for initializing and
<a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatching</a> an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a>.

<p class="note"><a href="#concept-event-fire" title="concept-event-fire">Fire an event</a> is a
concept to make initializing and
<a href="#concept-event-dispatch" title="concept-event-dispatch">dispatching</a> an
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> easier to write down. If the
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> needs its <code>bubbles</code> or
<code>cancelable</code> attribute initialized, one could write
"<a href="#concept-event-fire" title="concept-event-fire">fire an event</a> named
<code title="">submit</code> with its <code>cancelable</code> attribute
initialized to true".



<h2 id="nodes"><span class="secno">5 </span>Nodes</h2>
<h3 id="node-tree"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>Node tree</h3>

<p>Objects implementing the <code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>,
<code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>, <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>,
<code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>, <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>, <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>,
or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code> interface (simply called
<dfn id="concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</dfn>)
<a href="#concept-tree-participate" title="concept-tree-participate">participate</a> in a
<a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a>.

<p>A <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> of
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> is constrained as follows, expressed
as a relationship between the type of <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
and its allowed <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>:
<dl>
 <dt><code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>In <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>:
  <ol>
   <li><p>Zero or more nodes each of which is either
   <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>.
   <li><p>Optionally one <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code> node.
   <li><p>Zero or more nodes each of which is either
   <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>.
   <li><p>Optionally one <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code> node.
   <li><p>Zero or more nodes each of which is either
   <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>.
  </ol>
 <dt><code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <dd><p>Zero or more nodes each of which is one of <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>,
 <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>, <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>, or
 <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>.
 <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <dd><p>None.
</dl>

<!--AttrExodus -->

<h4 id="mutation-algorithms"><span class="secno">5.1.1 </span>Mutation algorithms</h4>

<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-pre-insert" title="concept-node-pre-insert">pre-insert</dfn> a
<var title="">node</var> into a <var title="">parent</var> before a
<var title="">child</var>, run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is not a <code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>,
 <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>, or <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">parent</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">child</var> is not null and its
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is not
 <var title="">parent</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#notfounderror">NotFoundError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">parent</var> is a
  <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>, run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is not a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>,
   <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>, <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>,
   <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>, or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
   <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
   <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
   "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

   <li>
    <p>If <var title="">node</var> is a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
    <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, run these inner substeps:

    <ol>
     <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> has more than one
     <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> or has a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
     <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>,
     <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
     "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

     <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> has one
     <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> and either
     <var title="">parent</var> has an
     <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> or <var title="">child</var>
     is not null and a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> is
     <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
     <var title="">child</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
     "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.
    </ol>

   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is an
   <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> and either
   <var title="">parent</var> has an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> or <var title="">child</var>
   is not null and a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> is
   <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
   <var title="">child</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
   "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
   <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> and either
   <var title="">parent</var> has a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>, an
   <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> is
   <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
   <var title="">child</var>, or <var title="">child</var> is null and
   <var title="">parent</var> has an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>,
   <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
   "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Otherwise if <var title="">parent</var> is a
 <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code> or <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> and <var title="">node</var> is not a
 <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>, <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>, <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>,
 <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>, or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-adopt" title="concept-node-adopt">Adopt</a>
 <var title="">node</var> with <var title="">parent</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-insert" title="concept-node-insert">Insert</a> <var title="">node</var>
 into <var title="">parent</var> before <var title="">child</var>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">child</var>.
 <!-- technically this is post-insert -->
</ol>


<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-insert" title="concept-node-insert">insert</dfn> a <var title="">node</var>
into a <var title="">parent</var> before a <var title="">child</var>, run these
steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">count</var> be the number of
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> of <var title="">node</var> if
 it is a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 or one otherwise.

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is
 <var title="">parent</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">child</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a>,
 increase its <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> by
 <var title="">count</var>.

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is
 <var title="">parent</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">child</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a>,
 increase its <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> by
 <var title="">count</var>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, insert its
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> (preserving
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>), before
 <var title="">child</var> or at the end of <var title="">parent</var> if
 <var title="">child</var> is null.

 <li><p>Otherwise insert <var title="">node</var> before
 <var title="">child</var> or at the end of <var title="">parent</var> if
 <var title="">child</var> is null.
</ol>


<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</dfn> a <var title="">node</var>
to a <var title="">parent</var>,
<a href="#concept-node-pre-insert" title="concept-node-pre-insert">pre-insert</a> <var title="">node</var>
into <var title="">parent</var> before null.


<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-replace" title="concept-node-replace">replace</dfn> a <var title="">child</var>
with <var title="">node</var> within a <var title="">parent</var>, run these
steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">child</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is not
 <var title="">parent</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#notfounderror">NotFoundError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">parent</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is not a <code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>,
 <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>, or <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">parent</var> is a
  <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>, run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is not a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>,
   <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>, <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>,
   <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>, or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
   <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
   <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
   "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

   <li>
    <p>If <var title="">node</var> is a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
    <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, run these inner substeps:

    <ol>
     <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> has more than one
     <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> or has a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
     <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>,
     <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
     "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

     <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> has one
     <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> and either
     <var title="">parent</var> has an
     <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
     <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> that is not
     <var title="">child</var> or a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>
     is <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
     <var title="">child</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
     "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.
    </ol>

   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is an
   <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> and either
   <var title="">parent</var> has an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> that is not
   <var title="">child</var> or a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> is
   <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
   <var title="">child</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
   "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
   <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> and either
   <var title="">parent</var> has a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> that is not
   <var title="">child</var>, or an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
   is <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
   <var title="">child</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
   "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Otherwise if <var title="">parent</var> is a
 <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code> or <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> and <var title="">node</var> is not a
 <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>, <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>, <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>,
 <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>, or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-adopt" title="concept-node-adopt">Adopt</a>
 <var title="">node</var> with <var title="">parent</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">reference child</var> be <var title="">child</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-remove" title="concept-node-remove">Remove</a> <var title="">child</var>
 from its <var title="">parent</var>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-insert" title="concept-node-insert">Insert</a> <var title="">node</var>
 into <var title="">parent</var> before <var title="">reference child</var>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">child</var>.
</ol>


<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-replace-all" title="concept-node-replace-all">replace all</dfn> with a
<var title="">node</var> within a <var title="">parent</var>, run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-adopt" title="concept-node-adopt">Adopt</a>
 <var title="">node</var> with <var title="">parent</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-remove" title="concept-node-remove">Remove</a> all
 <var title="">parent</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>,
 in <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is not null,
 <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> <var title="">node</var> to
 <var title="">parent</var>.
</ol>

<p class="note">This algorithm does not make any checks with regards to the
<a href="#node-tree">node tree</a>. Use it wisely.


<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-pre-remove" title="concept-node-pre-remove">pre-remove</dfn> a
<var title="">node</var> from a <var title="">parent</var>, run these steps:</p>

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">child</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is not
 <var title="">parent</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#notfounderror">NotFoundError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-remove" title="concept-node-remove">Remove</a> <var title="">child</var>
 from <var title="">parent</var>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">child</var>.
 <!-- technically this is post-remove -->
</ol>


<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-remove" title="concept-node-remove">remove</dfn> a <var title="">node</var>
from a <var title="">parent</var>, run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">index</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a>.

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is a
 <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of
 <var title="">parent</var>, set its
 <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> to
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">index</var>).

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is a
 <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of
 <var title="">parent</var>, set its
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">index</var>).

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is
 <var title="">parent</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">index</var>, decrease its
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> by one.

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is
 <var title="">parent</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">index</var>, decrease its
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> by one.

 <li><p>Remove <var title="">node</var> from its <var title="">parent</var>.
</ol>


<h4 id="mutation-methods"><span class="secno">5.1.2 </span>Mutation methods</h4>

<p>The <dfn id="mutation-method-macro">mutation method macro</dfn>:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be null.

 <li><p>Replace each string in <var title="">nodes</var> with a
 <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> whose
 <span title="cocnept-CD-data">data</span> is the string value.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">nodes</var> contains more than one
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, set <var title="">node</var> to a new
  <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code> and
  <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> each
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> in <var title="">nodes</var> to it. If
  this throws an exception, re-throw the exception and terminate these
  steps.

  <p>Otherwise, set <var title="">node</var> to the single
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> <var title="">nodes</var> contains.
</ol>


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-rootnode-prepend" title="dom-RootNode-prepend"><code>prepend(<var>nodes</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>Run the <a href="#mutation-method-macro">mutation method macro</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-pre-insert" title="concept-node-pre-insert">Pre-insert</a>
 <var title="">node</var> into the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> before the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-first-child" title="concept-tree-first-child">first child</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-rootnode-append" title="dom-RootNode-append"><code>append(<var>nodes</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>Run the <a href="#mutation-method-macro">mutation method macro</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a>
 <var title="">node</var> to the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
</ol>


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-childnode-before" title="dom-ChildNode-before"><code>before(<var>nodes</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> does not have a
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>, terminate these steps.

 <li>Run the <a href="#mutation-method-macro">mutation method macro</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-pre-insert" title="concept-node-pre-insert">Pre-insert</a>
 <var title="">node</var> into the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> before the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-childnode-after" title="dom-ChildNode-after"><code>after(<var>nodes</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> does not have a
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>, terminate these steps.

 <li>Run the <a href="#mutation-method-macro">mutation method macro</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-pre-insert" title="concept-node-pre-insert">Pre-insert</a>
 <var title="">node</var> into the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> before the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-childnode-replace" title="dom-ChildNode-replace"><code>replace(<var>nodes</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> does not have a
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>, terminate these steps.

 <li>Run the <a href="#mutation-method-macro">mutation method macro</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-replace" title="concept-node-replace">Replace</a> the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> with <var title="">node</var> within the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-childnode-remove" title="dom-ChildNode-remove"><code>remove()</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> does not have a
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>, terminate these steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-remove" title="concept-node-remove">Remove</a> the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> from the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.
</ol>


<h4 id="legacy-mutation-methods"><span class="secno">5.1.3 </span>Legacy mutation methods</h4>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-insertbefore" title="dom-Node-insertBefore"><code>insertBefore(<var>node</var>, <var>child</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the result of
<a href="#concept-node-pre-insert" title="concept-node-pre-insert">pre-inserting</a>
<var title="">node</var> into the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> before
<var title="">child</var>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-appendchild" title="dom-Node-appendChild"><code>appendChild(<var>node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the result of
<a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">appending</a> <var title="">node</var> to
the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-replacechild" title="dom-Node-replaceChild"><code>replaceChild(<var>node</var>, <var>child</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the result of
<a href="#concept-node-replace" title="concept-node-replace">replacing</a> <var title="">child</var>
with <var title="">node</var> within the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-removechild" title="dom-Node-removeChild"><code>removeChild(<var>child</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the result of
<a href="#concept-node-pre-remove" title="concept-node-pre-remove">pre-removing</a>
<var title="">child</var> from the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.


<h4 id="mutation-observers"><span class="secno">5.1.4 </span>Mutation observers</h4>

<p class="XXX">This section will define the replacement for the
"Mutation Events" feature of the platform. For now it contains the interface
being implemented by vendors.

<pre class="idl">[Constructor(<a href="#mutationcallback">MutationCallback</a> callback)]
interface <dfn id="mutationobserver">MutationObserver</dfn> {
  void observe(<a href="#node">Node</a> target, <a href="#mutationobserverinit">MutationObserverInit</a> options);
  void disconnect();
};

callback <dfn id="mutationcallback">MutationCallback</dfn> = void (<a href="#mutationrecord">MutationRecord</a>[] mutations, <a href="#mutationobserver">MutationObserver</a> observer);

dictionary <dfn id="mutationobserverinit">MutationObserverInit</dfn> {
  // Mutation types
  boolean childList;     // If true, mutations affecting node&rsquo;s childNodes are included.
  boolean attributes;    // If true, mutations affecting element&rsquo;s attributes are included.
  boolean characterData; // If true, mutations affecting the value of CharacterData nodes are included.
  // [Note: If none of the known mutation types is specified, an Error is thrown]

  // Subtree observation
  boolean subtree;  // If true, the observed set of nodes for this registration should include
                    // descendants of MutationTarget (behavior described below).

  // Old values
  boolean attributeOldValue;
  // If true, MutationRecords describing changes to attributes should
  // contain the value of the attribute before the change. If true
  // without attribute: true specified, an Error is thrown.

  boolean characterDataOldValue;
  // If true, MutationRecords describing changes to
  // CharacterData nodes should contain the value
  // of the node before the change. If true without
  // characterData: true, an Error is thrown.

  // Filtering
  DOMString[] attributeFilter;
  // If provided, only changes to attributes with localName equaling
  // one of the provided strings will be delivered. If provided without
  // attribute: true, an Error is thrown.
};

interface <dfn id="mutationrecord">MutationRecord</dfn> {
  // Mutation type: one of 'childList', 'attributes', or 'characterData'
  readonly attribute DOMString type;

  // For childList and attributes, target is the owner node affected.
  // For CharacterData, target is the node affected.
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> target;

  // For type == 'childList', Sequence of added and removed nodes in this operation.
  readonly attribute <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> addedNodes;
  readonly attribute <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> removedNodes;

  // For type == 'childList', The siblings in childNodes immediately preceding following the first
  // and last nodes added and/or removed.
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> previousSibling;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> nextSibling;

  // For type == 'attribute', the name and namespaceURI of the attribute affected
  readonly attribute DOMString attributeName;
  readonly attribute DOMString attributeNamespace;

  // For type == 'attribute' or 'characterData', if requested, the value immediately
  // preceding the mutation.
  readonly attribute DOMString oldValue;
};</pre>
<!-- XXX remove inline comments when this is defined -->


<h3 id="interface-node"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>Interface <code><a href="#node">Node</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="node">Node</dfn> : <a href="#eventtarget">EventTarget</a> {
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-element_node" title="dom-Node-ELEMENT_NODE">ELEMENT_NODE</a> = 1;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-Node-ATTRIBUTE_NODE">ATTRIBUTE_NODE</span> = 2; // historical
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-text_node" title="dom-Node-TEXT_NODE">TEXT_NODE</a> = 3;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-Node-CDATA_SECTION_NODE">CDATA_SECTION_NODE</span> = 4; // historical
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-Node-ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE">ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE</span> = 5; // historical
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-Node-ENTITY_NODE">ENTITY_NODE</span> = 6; // historical
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-processing_instruction_node" title="dom-Node-PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE">PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE</a> = 7;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-comment_node" title="dom-Node-COMMENT_NODE">COMMENT_NODE</a> = 8;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_node" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_NODE">DOCUMENT_NODE</a> = 9;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_type_node" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE">DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE</a> = 10;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_fragment_node" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE">DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE</a> = 11;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-Node-NOTATION_NODE">NOTATION_NODE</span> = 12; // historical
  readonly attribute unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-nodetype" title="dom-Node-nodeType">nodeType</a>;<!-- NodeExodus

  readonly attribute DOMString <span title=dom-Node-namespaceURI>namespaceURI</span>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <span title=dom-Node-prefix>prefix</span>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <span title=dom-Node-localName>localName</span>;-->
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-node-nodename" title="dom-Node-nodeName">nodeName</a>;

  readonly attribute DOMString? <a href="#dom-node-baseuri" title="dom-Node-baseURI">baseURI</a>;

  <!--AttrExodus
  boolean <span title=dom-Node-hasAttributes>hasAttributes</span>();
  readonly attribute <span>NamedNodeMap</span> <span title=dom-Node-attributes>attributes</span>;

  -->readonly attribute <a href="#document">Document</a>? <a href="#dom-node-ownerdocument" title="dom-Node-ownerDocument">ownerDocument</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-node-parentnode" title="dom-Node-parentNode">parentNode</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-node-parentelement" title="dom-Node-parentElement">parentElement</a>;
  boolean <a href="#dom-node-haschildnodes" title="dom-Node-hasChildNodes">hasChildNodes</a>();
  readonly attribute <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> <a href="#dom-node-childnodes" title="dom-Node-childNodes">childNodes</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-node-firstchild" title="dom-Node-firstChild">firstChild</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-node-lastchild" title="dom-Node-lastChild">lastChild</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-node-previoussibling" title="dom-Node-previousSibling">previousSibling</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-node-nextsibling" title="dom-Node-nextSibling">nextSibling</a>;

  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_position_disconnected" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED">DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED</a> = 0x01;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_position_preceding" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING">DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING</a> = 0x02;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_position_following" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING">DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING</a> = 0x04;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_position_contains" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS">DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS</a> = 0x08;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-document_position_contained_by" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY">DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY</a> = 0x10;
  const unsigned short <span title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_IMPLEMENTATION_SPECIFIC">DOCUMENT_POSITION_IMPLEMENTATION_SPECIFIC</span> = 0x20; // historical
  unsigned short <a href="#dom-node-comparedocumentposition" title="dom-Node-compareDocumentPosition">compareDocumentPosition</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">other</var>);
  boolean <a href="#dom-node-contains" title="dom-Node-contains">contains</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a>? <var title="">other</var>);

           attribute DOMString? <a href="#dom-node-nodevalue" title="dom-Node-nodeValue">nodeValue</a>;
           attribute DOMString? <a href="#dom-node-textcontent" title="dom-Node-textContent">textContent</a>;
  <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-node-insertbefore" title="dom-Node-insertBefore">insertBefore</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>, <a href="#node">Node</a>? <var title="">child</var>);
  <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-node-appendchild" title="dom-Node-appendChild">appendChild</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>);
  <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-node-replacechild" title="dom-Node-replaceChild">replaceChild</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>, <a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">child</var>);
  <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-node-removechild" title="dom-Node-removeChild">removeChild</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">child</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-node-normalize" title="dom-Node-normalize">normalize</a>();

  <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-node-clonenode" title="dom-Node-cloneNode">cloneNode</a>(optional boolean <var title="">deep</var>);
  boolean <a href="#dom-node-isequalnode" title="dom-Node-isEqualNode">isEqualNode</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a>? <var title="">node</var>);

  DOMString <a href="#dom-node-lookupprefix" title="dom-Node-lookupPrefix">lookupPrefix</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>);
  DOMString <a href="#dom-node-lookupnamespaceuri" title="dom-Node-lookupNamespaceURI">lookupNamespaceURI</a>(DOMString? <var title="">prefix</var>);
  boolean <a href="#dom-node-isdefaultnamespace" title="dom-Node-isDefaultNamespace">isDefaultNamespace</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>);
};</pre>

<p class="note"><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> is an abstract interface and does not exist
as <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>. It is used by all
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> (<code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>,
<code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>, <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>,
<code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>, <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>, <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>,
and <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>).

<p>Each <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> has an associated
<dfn id="concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</dfn>, set upon creation,
that is a <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>.

<p class="note">A <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>'s
<a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> can be changed by
the "<a href="#concept-node-adopt" title="concept-node-adopt">adopt</a>" algorithm.

<p>Each <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> also has an associated
<dfn id="concept-node-base-url" title="concept-node-base-url">base URL</dfn>.

<p class="note">Other specifications define the value of the
<a href="#concept-node-base-url" title="concept-node-base-url">base URL</a> and its observable
behavior. This specification solely defines the concept and the
<code title="dom-Node-baseURI"><a href="#dom-node-baseuri">baseURI</a></code> attribute.

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">node</var> . <code title="dom-Node-nodeType"><a href="#dom-node-nodetype">nodeType</a></code></dt>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the type of <var title="">node</var>, represented by a number from the following list:</p>

  <dl>
   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-ELEMENT_NODE"><a href="#dom-node-element_node">ELEMENT_NODE</a></code> (1)
   <dd><var title="">node</var> is an
   <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-TEXT_NODE"><a href="#dom-node-text_node">TEXT_NODE</a></code> (3)
   <dd><var title="">node</var> is a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
   <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE"><a href="#dom-node-processing_instruction_node">PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE</a></code> (7)
   <dd><var title="">node</var> is a <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
   <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-COMMENT_NODE"><a href="#dom-node-comment_node">COMMENT_NODE</a></code> (8)
   <dd><var title="">node</var> is a <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
   <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_NODE"><a href="#dom-node-document_node">DOCUMENT_NODE</a></code> (9)
   <dd><var title="">node</var> is a
   <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE"><a href="#dom-node-document_type_node">DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE</a></code> (10)
   <dd><var title="">node</var> is a
   <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE"><a href="#dom-node-document_fragment_node">DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE</a></code> (11)
   <dd><var title="">node</var> is a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
   <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.
  </dl>

 <dt><var title="">node</var> . <code title="dom-Node-nodeName"><a href="#dom-node-nodename">nodeName</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns a string appropriate for the type of <var title="">node</var>, as
  follows:

  <dl>
   <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
   <dd>Its <code title="dom-Element-tagName"><a href="#dom-element-tagname">tagName</a></code> attribute value.

   <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
   <dd>"<code title="">#text</code>".

   <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
   <dd>Its <a href="#concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
   <dd>"<code title="">#comment</code>".

   <dt><code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>
   <dd>"<code title="">#document</code>".

   <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
   <dd>Its <a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
   <dd>"<code title="">#document-fragment</code>".
  </dl>
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-nodetype" title="dom-Node-nodeType"><code>nodeType</code></dfn> attribute
must return the type of the node, which must be one of the following:

<ul>
 <li><dfn id="dom-node-element_node" title="dom-Node-ELEMENT_NODE"><code>ELEMENT_NODE</code></dfn> (1);

 <!--AttrExodus
 <li><dfn title=dom-Node-ATTRIBUTE_NODE><code>ATTRIBUTE_NODE</code></dfn> (2, historical);
 -->

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-text_node" title="dom-Node-TEXT_NODE"><code>TEXT_NODE</code></dfn> (3);

 <!-- XXX still questionable
 <li><dfn title=dom-Node-CDATA_SECTION_NODE><code>CDATA_SECTION_NODE</code></dfn> (4, historical);
 -->

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-processing_instruction_node" title="dom-Node-PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE"><code>PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE</code></dfn> (7);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-comment_node" title="dom-Node-COMMENT_NODE"><code>COMMENT_NODE</code></dfn> (8);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_node" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_NODE"><code>DOCUMENT_NODE</code></dfn> (9);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_type_node" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE"><code>DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE</code></dfn> (10);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_fragment_node" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE"><code>DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE</code></dfn> (11).
</ul>


<!-- NodeExodus
<hr>

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Node-namespaceURI><code>namespaceURI</code></dfn> attribute must return the namespace that is associated with the node, if there is one and it's not the empty string, or null otherwise.

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Node-prefix><code>prefix</code></dfn> attribute must return the prefix that is associated with the node, if there is one and it's not the empty string, or null otherwise.
<!- - support setting? - - On setting, it must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title>prefix</var> be the value being assigned.
 <li>
  <p>If <var title>prefix</var> is not null, run these substeps:
  <ol>
   <li><p>If <var title>prefix</var> does not match the
   <code data-anolis-spec=xml>Name</code> production in XML,
   <span title=concept-throw>throw</span> an
   "<code>InvalidCharacterError</code>" exception and terminate these
   steps.
   <li><p>If <var title>prefix</var> does not match the <code
   data-anolis-spec=xmlns>NCName</code> production in Namespaces in XML, <span title=concept-throw>throw</span> a
   "<code>NamespaceError</code>" exception and
   terminate these steps.
  </ol>
 <li><p>Actually this does not match any browser. Let's try to drop it instead.
</ol>- ->

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Node-localName><code>localName</code></dfn> attribute
must return the local name that is associated with the node, if it has one,
and null otherwise.-->

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-nodename" title="dom-Node-nodeName"><code>nodeName</code></dfn> attribute
must return the following, depending on the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>:

<dl class="switch">
 <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <dd><p>Its <code title="dom-Element-tagName"><a href="#dom-element-tagname">tagName</a></code> attribute value.

 <!--AttrExodus
 <dt><code>Attr</code>
 <dd><p>The <span>context object</span>'s
 <code title=dom-Attr-name>name</code> attribute.
 -->

 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dd><p>"<code title="">#text</code>".

 <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</a>.

 <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <dd><p>"<code title="">#comment</code>".

 <dt><code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>
 <dd><p>"<code title="">#document</code>".

 <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
 <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a>.

 <dt><code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <dd><p>"<code title="">#document-fragment</code>".
</dl>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">node</var> . <code title="dom-Node-baseURI"><a href="#dom-node-baseuri">baseURI</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-node-base-url" title="concept-node-base-url">base URL</a>.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-baseuri" title="dom-Node-baseURI"><code>baseURI</code></dfn> attribute must return the associated <a href="#concept-node-base-url" title="concept-node-base-url">base URL</a>.

<!--AttrExodus
<hr>

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Node-hasAttributes><code>hasAttributes()</code></dfn>
method must return true if there are any attributes associated with the
<span>context object</span>, if it is an <code>Element</code> node, and false
otherwise.

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Node-attributes><code>attributes</code></dfn> attribute must return a <code>NamedNodeMap</code> of all the <code>Attr</code> nodes associated with the node of the <span>context object</span>, if it is an <code>Element</code> node, or null otherwise.
-->

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">doc</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-ownerDocument"><a href="#dom-node-ownerdocument">ownerDocument</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a>.
  <p>Returns null for <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">documents</a>.

 <dt><var title="">parent</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-parentNode"><a href="#dom-node-parentnode">parentNode</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <dt><var title="">parent</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-parentElement"><a href="#dom-node-parentelement">parentElement</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a>.

 <dt><var title="">haschildren</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-hasChildNodes"><a href="#dom-node-haschildnodes">hasChildNodes</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns whether <var title="">node</var> has
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>.

 <dt><var title="">children</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-childNodes"><a href="#dom-node-childnodes">childNodes</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>.

 <dt><var title="">child</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-firstChild"><a href="#dom-node-firstchild">firstChild</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-tree-first-child" title="concept-tree-first-child">first child</a>.

 <dt><var title="">child</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-lastChild"><a href="#dom-node-lastchild">lastChild</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-tree-last-child" title="concept-tree-last-child">last child</a>.

 <dt><var title="">child</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-previousSibling"><a href="#dom-node-previoussibling">previousSibling</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the
 <a href="#concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</a>.

 <dt><var title="">child</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-nextSibling"><a href="#dom-node-nextsibling">nextSibling</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the
 <a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a>.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-ownerdocument" title="dom-Node-ownerDocument"><code>ownerDocument</code></dfn>
attribute must run these steps:
<ol>
 <li>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is a
 <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>, return null and terminate these
 steps.

 <li>Return the <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a>.
</ol>

<div class="note">
<p>The <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> of a
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is that
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> itself.
<p>All <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> have a
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> at all times.
</div>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-parentnode" title="dom-Node-parentNode"><code>parentNode</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.
<!-- AttrExodus
<li><p>If the <span>context object</span> is an <code>Attr</code> node,
return null and terminate these steps.
-->

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-parentelement" title="dom-Node-parentElement"><code>parentElement</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-haschildnodes" title="dom-Node-hasChildNodes"><code>hasChildNodes()</code></dfn>
method must return true if the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> has
<a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>, or false otherwise.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-childnodes" title="dom-Node-childNodes"><code>childNodes</code></dfn>
attribute must return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> matching only
<a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-firstchild" title="dom-Node-firstChild"><code>firstChild</code></dfn>
attribute must return the
<a href="#concept-tree-first-child" title="concept-tree-first-child">first child</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-lastchild" title="dom-Node-lastChild"><code>lastChild</code></dfn> attribute must return the <a href="#concept-tree-last-child" title="concept-tree-last-child">last child</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-previoussibling" title="dom-Node-previousSibling"><code>previousSibling</code></dfn>
attribute must return the
<a href="#concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</a>.
<!-- AttrExodus
 <li><p>If the <span>context object</span> is an <code>Attr</code> node,
 return null and terminate these steps.
-->

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-nextsibling" title="dom-Node-nextSibling"><code>nextSibling</code></dfn>
attribute must return the
<a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a>.
<!-- AttrExodus
 <li><p>If the <span>context object</span> is an <code>Attr</code> node,
 return null and terminate these steps.
-->

</div>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">node</var> . <code title="dom-Node-compareDocumentPosition"><a href="#dom-node-comparedocumentposition">compareDocumentPosition(<var title="">other</var>)</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns a bitmask indicating the position of <var title="">other</var>
  relative to <var title="">node</var>. These are the bits that can be set:

  <dl>
   <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> . <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_disconnected">DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED</a></code> (1)
   <dd>Set when <var title="">node</var> and <var>other</var> are not in the
   same <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>.

   <dt><code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_preceding">DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING</a></code> (2)
   <dd>Set when <var title="">other</var> is
   <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
   <var title="">node</var>.

   <dt><code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_following">DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING</a></code> (4)
   <dd>Set when <var title="">other</var> is
   <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
   <var title="">node</var>.

   <dt><code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_contains">DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS</a></code> (8)
   <dd>Set when <var title="">other</var> is an
   <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</a> of
   <var title="">node</var>.

   <dt><code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_contained_by">DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY</a></code> (16, 10 in hexadecimal)
   <dd>Set when <var title="">other</var> is a
   <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of
   <var title="">node</var>.
  </dl>

 <dt><var title="">contains</var> = <var title="">node</var> . <code title="dom-Node-contains"><a href="#dom-node-contains">contains(<var title="">other</var>)</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns true if <var title="">other</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-descendant" title="concept-tree-inclusive-descendant">inclusive descendant</a>
 of <var title="">node</var>, or false otherwise.
</dl>

<p>These are the constants
<code title="dom-Node-compareDocumentPosition"><a href="#dom-node-comparedocumentposition">compareDocumentPosition()</a></code>
returns as mask:

<ul class="brief">
 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_position_disconnected" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED"><code>DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED</code></dfn> (1);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_position_preceding" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING"><code>DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING</code></dfn> (2);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_position_following" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING"><code>DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING</code></dfn> (4);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_position_contains" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS"><code>DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS</code></dfn> (8);

 <li><dfn id="dom-node-document_position_contained_by" title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY"><code>DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY</code></dfn> (16, 10 in hexadecimal).
</ul>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-comparedocumentposition" title="dom-Node-compareDocumentPosition"><code>compareDocumentPosition(<var>other</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">reference</var> be the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
 <li><p>If <var title="">other</var> and <var title="">reference</var> are the
 same object, return zero and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">other</var> and <var title="">reference</var> are not
 in the same <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a>, return
 <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_disconnected">DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED</a></code>
 and terminate these steps.
 <!-- original spec also increments by implementation_specific ... -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">other</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">reference</var>, return the result of adding
 <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_contains">DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS</a></code>
 to
 <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_preceding">DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING</a></code>
 and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">other</var> is a
 <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of
 <var title="">reference</var>, return the result of adding
 <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_contained_by">DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY</a></code>
 to
 <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_following">DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING</a></code>
 and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">other</var> is
 <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
 <var title="">reference</var> return
 <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_preceding">DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING</a></code>
 and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Return
 <code title="dom-Node-DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING"><a href="#dom-node-document_position_following">DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING</a></code>.
</ol>

<!-- AttrExodus compareDocumentPosition() works differently if Attr inherits
     from Node -->

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-contains" title="dom-Node-contains"><code>contains(<var title="">other</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return true if <var title="">other</var> is an
<a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-descendant" title="concept-tree-inclusive-descendant">inclusive descendant</a> of
the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, or false otherwise.

<hr>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-nodevalue" title="dom-Node-nodeValue"><code>nodeValue</code></dfn> attribute
must return the following, depending on the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>:

<dl class="switch">
 <!--AttrExodus <dt><code>Attr</code> -->
 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <dd><p>The <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

 <dt>Any other node
 <dd><p>Null.
</dl>

<p>Setting the <code title="dom-Node-nodeValue"><a href="#dom-node-nodevalue">nodeValue</a></code> attribute
must do as described below, depending on the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>:

<dl class="switch">
 <!--AttrExodus <dt><code>Attr</code> -->
 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <dd><p><a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">Replace data</a> with node
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, offset 0, count
 <code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value, and
 data new value.

 <dt>Any other node
 <dd><p>Do nothing.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-textcontent" title="dom-Node-textContent"><code>textContent</code></dfn>
attribute must return the following, depending on the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>:

<dl class="switch">
 <dt><code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <!--AttrExodus <dt><code>Attr</code> -->
 <dd><p>The concatenation of <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of all
 the <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendants</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, in
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <dd><p>The <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

 <dt>Any other node
 <dd><p>Null.
</dl>

<p>The <code title="dom-Node-textContent"><a href="#dom-node-textcontent">textContent</a></code> attribute must,
on setting, if the new value is null, act as if it was the empty string
instead, and then do as described below, depending on the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>:

<dl class="switch">
 <dt><code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <!--AttrExodus <dt><code>Attr</code> -->
 <dd>
  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be null.

   <li><p>If new value is not the empty string, set <var title="">node</var> to
   a new <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> whose
   <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> is new value.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-replace-all" title="concept-node-replace-all">Replace all</a> with
   <var title="">node</var> within the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
  </ol>

 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <dd><p><a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">Replace data</a> with node
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, offset 0, count
 <code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value, and
 data new value.

 <dt>Any other node
 <dd><p>Do nothing.
</dl>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">node</var> . <code title="dom-Node-normalize"><a href="#dom-node-normalize">normalize()</a></code>
 <dd><p>Concatenates <a href="#contiguous-text-nodes">contiguous <code>Text</code> nodes</a> into a
 single <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-node-normalize" title="dom-Node-normalize"><code>normalize()</code></dfn> method
must run these steps:</p>

<p>For each <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be the <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">data</var> be the concatenation of the
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#contiguous-text-nodes">contiguous <code>Text</code> nodes</a> (excluding itself), in
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">Replace data</a> with node
 <var title="">node</var>, offset <var title="">node</var>'s
 <code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value,
 count 0, and data <var title="">data</var>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-remove" title="concept-node-remove">Remove</a>
 <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#contiguous-text-nodes">contiguous <code>Text</code> nodes</a> (excluding itself), in
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.
</ol>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">clone</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-cloneNode"><a href="#dom-node-clonenode">cloneNode</a></code>([<var title="">deep</var>])
 <dd><p>Returns a copy of <var title="">node</var>. If
 <var title="">deep</var> is true or omitted, the copy also includes the
 <var title="">node</var> <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>.

 <dt><var title="">similar</var> = <var title="">node</var> .
 <code title="dom-Node-isEqualNode"><a href="#dom-node-isequalnode">isEqualNode</a></code>(<var title="">other</var>)
 <dd><p>Returns whether <var title="">node</var> and <var title="">other</var>
 have the same properties.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>Specifications may define
<dfn id="concept-node-clone-ext" title="concept-node-clone-ext">cloning steps</dfn> for all or some
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a>.

<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</dfn> a <var title="">node</var>,
optionally with a <i title="">document</i> <var title="">ownerDocument</var> and a
<i title="">clone children flag</i>, run these steps:
<!-- This algorithm is used by dom-Node-cloneNode, dom-Document-importNode,
dom-Range-extractContents, dom-Range-cloneContents -->

<ol>
 <li><p>If <i title="">document</i> is not given let
 <var title="">ownerDocument</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a>.
 <li><p>Let <var title="">copy</var> be a <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 that implements the same interfaces as <var title="">node</var>.
 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">copy</var> is a
  <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> set its
  <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> to null and set
  <var title="">ownerDocument</var> to <var title="">copy</var>.
  <p>Otherwise, set <var title="">copy</var>'s
  <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> to
  <var title="">ownerDocument</var>.
 <li>
  <p>Copy the following, depending on the type of <var title="">node</var>:
  <dl class="switch">
   <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
   <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a>,
   <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>,
   <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>, and its
   <a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a>.

   <!--AttrExodus
   <dt><code>Attr</code>
   <dd><p><code title=dom-Attr-value>value</code>
   -->

   <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
   <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a>,
   <a href="#concept-doctype-publicid" title="concept-doctype-publicid">public ID</a>, and
   <a href="#concept-doctype-systemid" title="concept-doctype-systemid">system ID</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
   <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</a> and
   <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
   <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
   <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

   <dt>Any other node
   <dd><p>&mdash;
  </dl>

 <li><p>Run any <a href="#concept-node-clone-ext" title="concept-node-clone-ext">cloning steps</a>
 defined for <var title="">node</var> in
 <a href="#other-applicable-specifications">other applicable specifications</a>.

 <li><p>If the <i title="">clone children flag</i> is set,
 <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> all the
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> of <var title="">node</var> and
 append them to <var title="">copy</var>, with <var title="">ownerDocument</var>
 as specified and the <i title="">clone children flag</i> being set.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">copy</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-clonenode" title="dom-Node-cloneNode"><code>cloneNode(<var title="">deep</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return a <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, with the <i title="">clone children flag</i> set
if <var title="">deep</var> is true or omitted.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-isequalnode" title="dom-Node-isEqualNode"><code>isEqualNode(<var title="">node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return true if all of the following conditions are true, and
false otherwise:

<ul>
 <li><p><var title="">node</var> is not null.
 <li><p><var title="">node</var>'s
 <code title="dom-Node-nodeType"><a href="#dom-node-nodetype">nodeType</a></code> attribute value is the same
 as the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <code title="dom-Node-nodeType"><a href="#dom-node-nodetype">nodeType</a></code> attribute value.
 <li>
  <p>The following are also equal, depending on <var title="">node</var>:
  <dl class="switch">
   <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
   <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a>,
   <a href="#concept-doctype-publicid" title="concept-doctype-publicid">public ID</a>, and
   <a href="#concept-doctype-systemid" title="concept-doctype-systemid">system ID</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
   <dd>
    <p>Its <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a>,
    <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>,
    <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>, and its
    number of <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attributes</a> in its
    <a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a>.

   <!--AttrExodus
   <dt><code>Attr</code>
   <dd><p><code title=dom-Attr-value>value</code>
   -->

   <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
   <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</a> and
   <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

   <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
   <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
   <dd><p>Its <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

   <dt>Any other node
   <dd><p>&mdash;
  </dl>
 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is an <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>, each
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> in its
 <a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a> has an
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> with the same
 <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a>,
 <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a>, and
 <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> in the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a>.
 <li><p><var title="">node</var> has the same number of
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> as the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
 <li><p>Calling <code title="dom-Node-isEqualNode"><a href="#dom-node-isequalnode">isEqualNode()</a></code> on
 each <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, with the
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of the same index in
 <var title="">node</var> as argument returns true for every
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>.
</ul>

</div>

<hr>

<!--
 XXX apparently these algorithms might not be quite correct
 https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=312019
 https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=505178
-->

<p>To <dfn id="locate-a-namespace-prefix">locate a namespace prefix</dfn> for an <var title="">element</var> using
<var title="">namespace</var> run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">element</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> is
 <var title="">namespace</var> and its
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> is not
 null return its
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> and
 terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If, <var title="">element</var>
 <a href="#concept-element-attribute-has" title="concept-element-attribute-has">has</a> an
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> is
 "<code title="">xmlns</code>" and <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a>
 is <var title="">namespace</var>, then return that
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">element</var>'s <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a> is not null,
 return the result of running <a href="#locate-a-namespace-prefix">locate a namespace prefix</a> on that
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> using <var title="">namespace</var>.
 Otherwise, return null.
</ol>

<p>To <dfn id="locate-a-namespace">locate a namespace</dfn> for a <var title="">node</var> using
<var title="">prefix</var> depends on the <var title="">node</var>:

<dl class="switch">
 <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ol>
   <li><p>If its <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> is
   not null and its
   <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> is
   <var title="">prefix</var> return
   <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> and terminate
   these steps.

   <li>
    <p>If it <a href="#concept-element-attribute-has" title="concept-element-attribute-has">has</a> an
    <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> whose
    <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>
    is "<code title="">xmlns</code>" and
    <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
    <var title="">prefix</var>, or whose
    <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> is
    null and <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
    "<code title="">xmlns</code>":

    <ol>
     <li><p>Let <var title="">value</var> be its
     <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> if it is not the empty
     string, or null otherwise.

     <li><p>Return <var title="">value</var> and terminate these steps.
    </ol>

   <li><p>If its <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a> is null, return null and
   terminate these steps.

   <li><p>Return the result of running <a href="#locate-a-namespace">locate a namespace</a> on
   its <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a> using <var title="">prefix</var>.
  </ol>

 <!--AttrExodus <code>Attr</code> -->
 <dt><code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ol>
   <li><p>If its <a href="#document-element">document element</a> is null, return null and
   terminate these steps.

   <li><p>Return the result of running <a href="#locate-a-namespace">locate a namespace</a> on
   its <a href="#document-element">document element</a> using <var title="">prefix</var>.
  </ol>

 <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <dd><p>Return null.

 <dt>Any other node
 <dd>
  <ol>
   <li><p>If its <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a> is null, return null and
   terminate these steps.

   <li><p>Return the result of running <a href="#locate-a-namespace">locate a namespace</a> on
   its <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a> using <var title="">prefix</var>.
  </ol>
</dl>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-lookupprefix" title="dom-Node-lookupPrefix"><code>lookupPrefix(<var title="">namespace</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is null or the empty string, return null.

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise it depends on the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>:

  <dl class="switch">
   <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
   <dd><p>Return the result of
   <a href="#locate-a-namespace-prefix" title="locate a namespace prefix">locating a namespace prefix</a>
   for the node using <var title="">namespace</var>.

   <!--AttrExodus <code>Attr</code> -->
   <dt><code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>
   <dd><p>Return the result of
   <a href="#locate-a-namespace-prefix" title="locate a namespace prefix">locating a namespace prefix</a>
   for its <a href="#document-element">document element</a>, if that is not null, or null
   otherwise.

   <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
   <dt><code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
   <dd><p>Return null.

   <dt>Any other node
   <dd><p>Return the result of
   <a href="#locate-a-namespace-prefix" title="locate a namespace prefix">locating a namespace prefix</a>
   for its <a href="#parent-element">parent element</a>, or if that is null, null.
  </dl>
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-lookupnamespaceuri" title="dom-Node-lookupNamespaceURI"><code>lookupNamespaceURI(<var title="">prefix</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">prefix</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

 <li><p>Return the result of running <a href="#locate-a-namespace">locate a namespace</a> for the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> using <var title="">prefix</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-node-isdefaultnamespace" title="dom-Node-isDefaultNamespace"><code>isDefaultNamespace(<var title="">namespace</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">defaultNamespace</var> be the result of running
 <a href="#locate-a-namespace">locate a namespace</a> for the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> using
 null.

 <li><p>Return true if <var title="">defaultNamespace</var> is the same as
 <var title="">namespace</var>, or false otherwise.
</ol>

<hr><!-- Collections -->

<p>The
<dfn id="concept-getelementsbytagname" title="concept-getElementsByTagName">list of elements with local name <var title="">localName</var></dfn>
for a <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> <var title="">root</var> is the
<code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> returned by the following algorithm:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">localName</var> is "<code>*</code>" (U+002A),
 return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at <var title="">root</var>,
 whose filter matches only <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>.

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise, if <var title="">root</var>'s
  <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is an
  <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>, return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at
  <var title="">root</var>, whose filter matches only the following nodes:

  <ul>
   <li><a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> in the
   <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> whose
   <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
   <var title="">localName</var> <a href="#converted-to-ascii-lowercase">converted to ASCII lowercase</a>.

   <li><a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>, <em>not</em> in the
   <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>, whose
   <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
   <var title="">localName</var>.
  </ul>

 <li><p>Otherwise, return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at
 <var title="">root</var>, whose filter matches only
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
 <var title="">localName</var>.
</ol>
<p>When invoked with the same argument, the same <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code>
object may be returned as returned by an earlier call.


<p>The
<dfn id="concept-getelementsbytagnamens" title="concept-getElementsByTagNameNS">list of elements with namespace <var title="">namespace</var> and local name <var title="">localName</var></dfn>
for a <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> <var title="">root</var> is the
<code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> returned by the following algorithm:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

 <li><p>If both <var title="">namespace</var> and <var title="">localName</var>
 are "<code>*</code>" (U+002A) return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at
 <var title="">root</var>, whose filter matches only
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>.

 <li><p>Otherwise, if just <var title="">namespace</var> is "<code>*</code>"
 (U+002A), return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at
 <var title="">root</var>, whose filter matches only
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
 <var title="">localName</var>.

 <li><p>Otherwise, if just <var title="">localName</var> is "<code>*</code>"
 (U+002A), return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at
 <var title="">root</var>, whose filter matches only
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> is
 <var title="">namespace</var>.

 <li><p>Otherwise, return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at
 <var title="">root</var>, whose filter matches only
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> is
 <var title="">namespace</var> and
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
 <var title="">localName</var>.
</ol>

<p>When invoked with the same arguments, the same <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code>
object may be returned as returned by an earlier call.


<p>The
<dfn id="concept-getelementsbyclassname" title="concept-getElementsByClassName">list of elements with class names <var title="">classNames</var></dfn>
for a <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> <var title="">root</var> is the
<code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> returned by the following algorithm:
<ol>
 <li>
  <p>Let <var title="">classes</var> be the set of tokens found by
  <a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">splitting</a>
  <var title="">classNames</var> on spaces. (Duplicates are ignored.)

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">classes</var> is the empty set, return an empty
  <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> and terminate these steps.

 <li>
  <p>Return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> rooted at <var title="">root</var>,
  whose filter matches only
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> that have all the
  <a href="#concept-class" title="concept-class">classes</a> in <var title="">classes</var>.

  <p>If <var title="">root</var>'s
  <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is in
  <a href="#concept-quirks-mode" title="concept-quirks-mode">quirks mode</a>, then the comparisons
  for the <a href="#concept-class" title="concept-class">classes</a> must be done in an
  <a href="#ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII case-insensitive</a> manner, otherwise, the comparisons
  must be done in a <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a> manner.
</ol>
<p>When invoked with the same argument, the same <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code>
object may be returned as returned by an earlier call.



<h3 id="interface-document"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>Interface <code><a href="#document">Document</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="document">Document</dfn> : <a href="#node">Node</a> {
  readonly attribute <a href="#domimplementation">DOMImplementation</a> <a href="#dom-document-implementation" title="dom-Document-implementation">implementation</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-document-url" title="dom-Document-URL">URL</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-document-documenturi" title="dom-Document-documentURI">documentURI</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-document-compatmode" title="dom-Document-compatMode">compatMode</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-document-characterset" title="dom-Document-characterSet">characterSet</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-document-contenttype" title="dom-Document-contentType">contentType</a>;

  readonly attribute <a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a>? <a href="#dom-document-doctype" title="dom-Document-doctype">doctype</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-document-documentelement" title="dom-Document-documentElement">documentElement</a>;
  <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> <a href="#dom-document-getelementsbytagname" title="dom-Document-getElementsByTagName">getElementsByTagName</a>(DOMString <var title="">qualifiedName</var>);
  <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> <a href="#dom-document-getelementsbytagnamens" title="dom-Document-getElementsByTagNameNS">getElementsByTagNameNS</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">localName</var>);
  <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> <a href="#dom-document-getelementsbyclassname" title="dom-Document-getElementsByClassName">getElementsByClassName</a>(DOMString <var title="">classNames</var>);
  <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-document-getelementbyid" title="dom-Document-getElementById">getElementById</a>(DOMString <var title="">elementId</var>);

  <a href="#element">Element</a> <a href="#dom-document-createelement" title="dom-Document-createElement">createElement</a>(DOMString <var title="">localName</var>);
  <a href="#element">Element</a> <a href="#dom-document-createelementns" title="dom-Document-createElementNS">createElementNS</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">qualifiedName</var>);
  <a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a> <a href="#dom-document-createdocumentfragment" title="dom-Document-createDocumentFragment">createDocumentFragment</a>();
  <a href="#text">Text</a> <a href="#dom-document-createtextnode" title="dom-Document-createTextNode">createTextNode</a>(DOMString <var title="">data</var>);
  <a href="#comment">Comment</a> <a href="#dom-document-createcomment" title="dom-Document-createComment">createComment</a>(DOMString <var title="">data</var>);
  <a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a> <a href="#dom-document-createprocessinginstruction" title="dom-Document-createProcessingInstruction">createProcessingInstruction</a>(DOMString <var title="">target</var>, DOMString <var title="">data</var>);<!--
  CDATASection createCDATASection(DOMString data);
  EntityReference createEntityReference(DOMString name);
  <span>Attr</span> <span title=dom-Document-createAttribute>createAttribute</span>(DOMString name);
  <span>Attr</span> <span title=dom-Document-createAttributeNS>createAttributeNS</span>(DOMString namespace, DOMString qualifiedName);
    If adding this, search for [createAttribute]-->

  <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-document-importnode" title="dom-Document-importNode">importNode</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>, optional boolean <var title="">deep</var>);
  <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-document-adoptnode" title="dom-Document-adoptNode">adoptNode</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>);

  <a href="#event">Event</a> <a href="#dom-document-createevent" title="dom-Document-createEvent">createEvent</a>(DOMString <var title="">eventInterfaceName</var>);

  <a href="#range">Range</a> <a href="#dom-document-createrange" title="dom-Document-createRange">createRange</a>();

  <a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a> <a href="#dom-document-createnodeiterator" title="dom-Document-createNodeIterator">createNodeIterator</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">root</var>, optional unsigned long <var title="">whatToShow</var>, optional <a href="#nodefilter">NodeFilter</a>? <var title="">filter</var>);
  <a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a> <a href="#dom-document-createtreewalker" title="dom-Document-createTreeWalker">createTreeWalker</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">root</var>, optional unsigned long <var title="">whatToShow</var>, optional <a href="#nodefilter">NodeFilter</a>? <var title="">filter</var>);

  // NEW
  void <a href="#dom-rootnode-prepend" title="dom-RootNode-prepend">prepend</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-rootnode-append" title="dom-RootNode-append">append</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
};

interface <dfn id="xmldocument">XMLDocument</dfn> : <a href="#document">Document</a> {};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#document">Document</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> are simply
known as <dfn id="concept-document" title="concept-document">documents</dfn>.

<p>Each <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> has an associated
<dfn id="concept-document-encoding" title="concept-document-encoding">encoding</dfn>,
<dfn id="concept-document-content-type" title="concept-document-content-type">content type</dfn>, and
<dfn id="concept-document-url" title="concept-document-url">URL</dfn>.

<p>Unless explicitly given when a
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is created its
<a href="#concept-document-encoding" title="concept-document-encoding">encoding</a> is
<code title="">utf-8</code>, its
<a href="#concept-document-content-type" title="concept-document-content-type">content type</a> is
"<code title="">application/xml</code>", and its
<a href="#concept-document-url" title="concept-document-url">URL</a> is
"<code title="">about:blank</code>".

<p>A <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is assumed to be an
<dfn id="xml-document">XML document</dfn> unless it is flagged as being an
<dfn id="html-document">HTML document</dfn>. Whether a
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is an
<a href="#html-document">HTML document</a> or an <a href="#xml-document">XML document</a> affects the
behavior of certain APIs.

<p>A <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is always set to one of
three modes: <dfn id="concept-no-quirks-mode" title="concept-no-quirks-mode">no-quirks mode</dfn>, the
default; <dfn id="concept-quirks-mode" title="concept-quirks-mode">quirks mode</dfn>, used typically
for legacy documents; and
<dfn id="concept-limited-quirks-mode" title="concept-limited-quirks-mode">limited-quirks mode</dfn>, also known
as "almost standards" mode. Unless
<a href="#other-applicable-specifications">other applicable specifications</a> define otherwise, a
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> must be in
<a href="#concept-no-quirks-mode" title="concept-no-quirks-mode">no-quirks mode</a>.

<p class="note">The mode is only ever changed from the default if the
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is created by the
<a class="external" href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/parsing.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a>, based on the presence,
absence, or value of the DOCTYPE string.
<a class="informative" href="#refsHTML">[HTML]</a>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-implementation"><a href="#dom-document-implementation">implementation</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the associated <code><a href="#domimplementation">DOMImplementation</a></code> object.

 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-URL"><a href="#dom-document-url">URL</a></code>
 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-documentURI"><a href="#dom-document-documenturi">documentURI</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-document-url" title="concept-document-url">URL</a>.

 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-compatMode"><a href="#dom-document-compatmode">compatMode</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the string "<code title="">CSS1Compat</code>" if
  <var title="">document</var> is in
  <a href="#concept-no-quirks-mode" title="concept-no-quirks-mode">no-quirks mode</a> or
  <a href="#concept-limited-quirks-mode" title="concept-limited-quirks-mode">limited-quirks mode</a>, and
  "<code title="">BackCompat</code>", if <var title="">document</var> is in
  <a href="#concept-quirks-mode" title="concept-quirks-mode">quirks mode</a>.

 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-characterSet"><a href="#dom-document-characterset">characterSet</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-document-encoding" title="concept-document-encoding">encoding</a>.

 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-contentType"><a href="#dom-document-contenttype">contentType</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the
 <a href="#concept-document-content-type" title="concept-document-content-type">content type</a>.
</dl>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-implementation" title="dom-Document-implementation"><code>implementation</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <code><a href="#domimplementation">DOMImplementation</a></code> object that is
associated with the <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-url" title="dom-Document-URL"><code>URL</code></dfn> and
<dfn id="dom-document-documenturi" title="dom-Document-documentURI"><code>documentURI</code></dfn>
attributes must return the <a href="#concept-document-url" title="concept-document-url">URL</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-compatmode" title="dom-Document-compatMode"><code>compatMode</code></dfn> IDL
attribute must return the literal string "<code title="">CSS1Compat</code>"
unless the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is in
<a href="#concept-quirks-mode" title="concept-quirks-mode">quirks mode</a>, in which case it must
instead return the literal string "<code title="">BackCompat</code>".

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-characterset" title="dom-Document-characterSet"><code>characterSet</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <a href="#preferred-mime-name">preferred MIME name</a> of the
<a href="#concept-document-encoding" title="concept-document-encoding">encoding</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-contenttype" title="dom-Document-contentType"><code>contentType</code></dfn>
attribute must return the
<a href="#concept-document-content-type" title="concept-document-content-type">content type</a>.

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-doctype"><a href="#dom-document-doctype">doctype</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> or null if
 there is none.

 <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-documentElement"><a href="#dom-document-documentelement">documentElement</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#document-element">document element</a>.

 <dt><var title="">collection</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-getElementsByTagName"><a href="#dom-document-getelementsbytagname">getElementsByTagName(<var>localName</var>)</a></code>

 <dd>
  <p>If <var>localName</var> is "<code title="">*</code>" returns a
  <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> of all
  <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>.

  <p>Otherwise, returns a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> of all
  <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
  <var title="">localName</var>. (Matches case-insensitively against
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> in the
  <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> within an <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>.)

 <dt><var title="">collection</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-getElementsByTagName"><a href="#dom-document-getelementsbytagname">getElementsByTagNameNS(<var>namespace</var>, <var>localName</var>)</a></code>

 <dd>
  <p>If <var>namespace</var> and <var>localName</var> are
  "<code title="">*</code>" returns a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> of all
  <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>.

  <p>If only <var>namespace</var> is "<code title="">*</code>" returns a
  <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> of all
  <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
  <var title="">localName</var>.

  <p>If only <var>localName</var> is "<code title="">*</code>" returns a
  <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> of all
  <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> is
  <var title="">namespace</var>.

  <p>Otherwise, returns a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> of all
  <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> is
  <var title="">namespace</var> and
  <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
  <var title="">localName</var>.

 <dt><var title="">collection</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-getElementsByClassName"><a href="#dom-document-getelementsbyclassname">getElementsByClassName(<var>classes</var>)</a></code>
 <dt><var title="">collection</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-getElementsByClassName"><a href="#dom-element-getelementsbyclassname">getElementsByClassName(<var>classes</var>)</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> of the
  <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> in the object on which
  the method was invoked (a <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> or
  an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>) that have all the classes
  given by <var title="">classes</var>.
  <p>The <var title="">classes</var> argument is interpreted as a
  space-separated list of classes.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-getElementById"><a href="#dom-document-getelementbyid">getElementById(<var title="">elementId</var>)</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the first <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> in
 <var title="">document</var> with the given <a href="#concept-id" title="concept-id">ID</a>.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-doctype" title="dom-Document-doctype"><code>doctype</code></dfn> attribute
must return the <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of the
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> that is a
<a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>, or null otherwise.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-documentelement" title="dom-Document-documentElement"><code>documentElement</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <a href="#document-element">document element</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-getelementsbytagname" title="dom-Document-getElementsByTagName"><code>getElementsByTagName(<var title="">localName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the
<a href="#concept-getelementsbytagname" title="concept-getElementsByTagName">list of elements with local name <var title="">localName</var></a>
for the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

<p class="note">Thus, in an <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>,
<code title="">document.getElementsByTagName("FOO")</code> will match
<code title="">FOO</code> elements that are not in the
<a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>, and <code title="">foo</code> elements that are in
the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>, but not <code title="">FOO</code> elements
that are in the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>.


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-getelementsbytagnamens" title="dom-Document-getElementsByTagNameNS"><code>getElementsByTagNameNS(<var title="">namespace</var>, <var title="">localName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the
<a href="#concept-getelementsbytagnamens" title="concept-getElementsByTagNameNS">list of elements with namespace <var title="">namespace</var> and local name <var title="">localName</var></a>
for the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-getelementsbyclassname" title="dom-Document-getElementsByClassName"><code>getElementsByClassName(<var>classNames</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the
<a href="#concept-getelementsbyclassname" title="concept-getElementsByClassName">list of elements with class names <var title="">classNames</var></a>
for the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

<div class="example">
 <p>Given the following XHTML fragment:

 <pre>&lt;div id="example"&gt;
  &lt;p id="p1" class="aaa bbb"/&gt;
  &lt;p id="p2" class="aaa ccc"/&gt;
  &lt;p id="p3" class="bbb ccc"/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</pre>

 <p>A call to
 <code title="">document.getElementById('example').getElementsByClassName('aaa')</code>
 would return a <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> with the two paragraphs
 <code title="">p1</code> and <code title="">p2</code> in it.

 <p>A call to
 <code title="">getElementsByClassName('ccc&nbsp;bbb')</code>
 would only return one node, however, namely <code title="">p3</code>. A call to
 <code title="">document.getElementById('example').getElementsByClassName('bbb&nbsp;&nbsp;ccc&nbsp;')</code>
 would return the same thing.

 <p>A call to
 <code title="">getElementsByClassName('aaa,bbb')</code>
 would return no nodes; none of the elements above are in the
 <code title="">aaa,bbb</code> class.
</div>

<!-- v2:
>         * xGetParentElementByClassName(rootElement, className, tagName) -
> Navigates upwards until we hit a parent element with the given class name and
> optional tag name.
-->

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-getelementbyid" title="dom-Document-getElementById"><code>getElementById(<var title="">elementId</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the first <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, in
<a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>, within the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a>, whose
<a href="#concept-id" title="concept-ID">ID</a> is <var title="">elementId</var>, or null if
there is none.

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createElement"><a href="#dom-document-createelement">createElement(<var>localName</var>)</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> in the
  <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> with <var title="">localName</var> as
  <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>. (In an
  <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a> <var title="">localName</var> is lowercased.)

  <p>If <var title="">localName</var> does not match the
  <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production an
  "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>"
  exception will be thrown.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createElement"><a href="#dom-document-createelement">createElementNS(<var>namespace</var>, <var>qualifiedName</var>)</a></code>

 <dd>
  <p>Returns an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> with
  <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a>
  <var title="">namespace</var>. Its
  <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> will
  be everything before "<code title="">:</code>" (U+003E) in
  <var title="">qualifiedName</var> or null. Its
  <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> will be
  everything after "<code title="">:</code>" (U+003E) in
  <var title="">qualifiedName</var> or <var title="">qualifiedName</var>.

  <p>If <var title="">localName</var> does not match the
  <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production an
  "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>"
  exception will be thrown.

  <p>If one of the following conditions is true a
  "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception
  will be thrown:

  <ul>
   <li><var title="">localName</var> does not match the
   <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#NT-QName">QName</a></code> production.
   <li><a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">Namespace prefix</a>
   is not null and <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string.
   <li><a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">Namespace prefix</a>
   is "<code title="">xml</code>" and <var title="">namespace</var> is not the
   <a href="#xml-namespace">XML namespace</a>.
   <li><var title="">qualifiedName</var> or
   <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>
   is "<code title="">xmlns</code>" and <var title="">namespace</var> is not the
   <a href="#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a>.
   <li><var title="">namespace</var> is the <a href="#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a> and
   neither <var title="">qualifiedName</var> nor
   <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>
   is "<code title="">xmlns</code>".
  </ul>

 <dt><var title="">documentFragment</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createDocumentFragment"><a href="#dom-document-createdocumentfragment">createDocumentFragment()</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns a <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.

 <dt><var title="">text</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createTextNode"><a href="#dom-document-createtextnode">createTextNode(<var>data</var>)</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 whose <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> is <var title="">data</var>.

 <dt><var title="">comment</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createComment"><a href="#dom-document-createcomment">createComment(<var>data</var>)</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns a <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 whose <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> is <var title="">data</var>.

 <dt><var title="">processingInstruction</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createProcessingInstruction"><a href="#dom-document-createprocessinginstruction">createProcessingInstruction(<var>target</var>, <var>data</var>)</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns a <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</a> is <var title="">target</var> and
  <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> is <var title="">data</var>.
  <p>If <var title="">target</var> does not match the
  <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production an
  "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>"
  exception will be thrown.
  <p>If <var title="">data</var> contains "<code title="">?&gt;</code>" an
  "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>"
  exception will be thrown.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-createelement" title="dom-Document-createElement"><code>createElement(<var title="">localName</var>)</code></dfn> method must run the these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">localName</var> does not match the
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is an <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>,
 let <var title="">localName</var> be
 <a href="#converted-to-ascii-lowercase">converted to ASCII lowercase</a>.
 <!-- XXX why restrict this to HTML documents? -->

 <li><p>Return a new <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> with no
 attributes, <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> set to
 the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>,
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> set to
 <var title="">localName</var>, and
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-createelementns" title="dom-Document-createElementNS"><code>createElementNS(<var title="">namespace</var>, <var title="">qualifiedName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

 <li><p>If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> does not match the
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.
 <li><p>If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> does not match the
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#NT-QName">QName</a></code> production,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> contains a "<code>:</code>"
 (U+003E), then split the string on it and let <var title="">prefix</var> be
 the part before and <var title="">localName</var> the part after. Otherwise,
 let <var title="">prefix</var> be null and <var title="">localName</var> be
 <var title="">qualifiedName</var>.
 <li><p>If <var title="">prefix</var> is not null and
 <var title="">namespace</var> is null, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a>
 a "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>If <var title="">prefix</var> is "<code title="">xml</code>" and
 <var title="">namespace</var> is not the <a href="#xml-namespace">XML namespace</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> or <var title="">prefix</var> is
 "<code title="">xmlns</code>" and <var title="">namespace</var> is not the
 <a href="#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the <a href="#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a>
 and neither <var title="">qualifiedName</var> nor <var title="">prefix</var> is
 "<code title="">xmlns</code>", <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>Return a new <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> with no
 attributes, <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> set to
 <var title="">namespace</var>,
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> set to
 <var title="">prefix</var>,
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> set to
 <var title="">localName</var>, and
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-createdocumentfragment" title="dom-Document-createDocumentFragment"><code>createDocumentFragment()</code></dfn>
method must return a new <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> with its
<a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-createtextnode" title="dom-Document-createTextNode"><code>createTextNode(<var title="">data</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return a new <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> with its
<a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> set to <var title="">data</var> and
<a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
<p class="note">No check is performed that <var title="">data</var> consists of
characters that match the <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Char">Char</a></code> production.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-createcomment" title="dom-Document-createComment"><code>createComment(<var title="">data</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return a new <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> with its
<a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> set to <var title="">data</var> and
<a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
<p class="note">No check is performed that <var title="">data</var> consists of
characters that match the <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Char">Char</a></code> production
or that it contains two adjacent hyphens or ends with a hyphen.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-createprocessinginstruction" title="dom-Document-createProcessingInstruction"><code>createProcessingInstruction(<var title="">target</var>, <var title="">data</var>)</code></dfn> method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">target</var> does not match the
 <!--<code data-anolis-spec=xml>PITarget</code>-->
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps. <!-- DOM3 does not check for "xml" -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">data</var> contains the string
 "<code title="">?&gt;</code>", <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps. <!-- Gecko does this. -->

 <!--<li><p>If <var title>target</var> contains a U+003A COLON (":")
 character, <span title=concept-throw>throw</span> a
 "<code>NamespaceError</code>" exception and terminate these steps.-->
 <!-- DOM3 didn't check this -->

 <li><p>Return a new <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, with
 <a href="#concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</a> set to <var title="">target</var>,
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> set to <var title="">data</var>, and
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
</ol>

<p class="note">No check is performed that <var title="">target</var> contains
"<code title="">xml</code>" or "<code title="">:</code>", or that
<var title="">data</var> contains characters that match the
<code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Char">Char</a></code> production.

<!--
[createAttribute]
<p>The <dfn title=dom-Document-createAttribute><code>createAttribute(<var title>name</var>)</code></dfn> method must run these steps:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title>name</var> does not match the <code data-anolis-spec=xml>Name</code> production in XML,
 <span title=concept-throw>throw</span> an
 "<code>InvalidCharacterError</code>"
 exception and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>Return a new <code>Attr</code> node with its <code title=dom-Node-namespaceURI>namespaceURI</code> set to null, <code title=dom-Node-prefix>prefix</code> set to null, <code title=dom-Node-localName>localName</code> set to <var title>name</var>, and <span title=concept-node-document>node document</span> set to the <span>context object</span>.
</ol>-->
<!-- this is different from DOM3 -->
<!--<p class=note>No check is performed that the local name will match the <code
data-anolis-spec=xmlns>NCName</code> production in Namespaces in XML.-->

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">clone</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-importNode"><a href="#dom-document-importnode">importNode(<var>node</var> [, <var>deep</var>])</a></code>
 <dd>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns a copy of <var title="">node</var>. If
  <var title="">deep</var> is true or omitted, the copy also includes the
  <var title="">node</var> <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>.

  <p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
  <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> throws a
  "<code><a href="#notsupportederror">NotSupportedError</a></code>"
  exception.

 <dt><var title="">node</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-adoptNode"><a href="#dom-document-adoptnode">adoptNode(<var>node</var>)</a></code>

 <dd>
  <p>Moves <var title="">node</var> from another
  <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> and returns it.

  <p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
  <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> throws a
  "<code><a href="#notsupportederror">NotSupportedError</a></code>"
  exception.
</dl>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-importnode" title="dom-Document-importNode"><code>importNode(<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">deep</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
 <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#notsupportederror">NotSupportedError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Return a <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
 <var title="">node</var>, with <i title="">document</i>
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> and the <i title="">clone children flag</i> set if
 <var title="">deep</var> is true or omitted.
</ol>

<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-adopt" title="concept-node-adopt">adopt</dfn> a <var title="">node</var>,
with an <var title="">ownerDocument</var>, run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, it is
 <a href="#affected-by-a-base-url-change">affected by a base URL change</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is not null, remove
 <var title="">node</var> from its
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> for
 <var title="">node</var> and all its
 <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendants</a>
 <!--AttrExodus as well as any associated <code>Attr</code> nodes-->
 to <var title="">ownerDocument</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-document-adoptnode" title="dom-Document-adoptNode"><code>adoptNode(<var title="">node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
 <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#notsupportederror">NotSupportedError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-adopt" title="concept-node-adopt">Adopt</a> <var title="">node</var>
 with the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> and return it.
</ol>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">event</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createEvent"><a href="#dom-document-createevent">createEvent(<var>eventInterfaceName</var>)</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns an <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> using an interface
  for which the interface name is a case-insensitive match for
  <var title="">eventInterfaceName</var>.
  <!-- No need to mention "htmlevents" et al here. -->
</dl>

<p>When the <dfn id="dom-document-createevent" title="dom-Document-createEvent"><code>createEvent(<var>eventInterfaceName</var>)</code></dfn> methed is invoked these steps must be run:

<ol>
 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">eventInterfaceName</var> is an
  <a href="#ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII case-insensitive</a> match for any of the strings in the first
  column in the following table, let <var title="">eventInterfaceName</var> be the
  string in the second column on the same row as the matching string:</p>
  <table>
  <thead>
   <tr><th>Input interface <th>Replacement interface
  <tbody>
   <tr><td>"<code title="">htmlevents</code>"<td>"<code title="">event</code>"
   <tr><td>"<code title="">mouseevents</code>"<td>"<code title="">mouseevent</code>"
   <tr><td>"<code title="">mutationevents</code>"<td>"<code title="">mutationevent</code>"
   <tr><td>"<code title="">uievents</code>"<td>"<code title="">uievent</code>"
  </table>
  <!-- XXX WebKit/Gecko (IE?) support "events" -> "event". Add it or make sure it's not supported? -->
 </li>
 <li><p>If <var title="">eventInterfaceName</var> is <em>not</em> an
 <a href="#ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII case-insensitive</a> match for "<code title="">event</code>" or
 for the name of an interface that inherits from the <code><a href="#event">Event</a></code>
 interface and is supported by the user agent,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#notsupportederror">NotSupportedError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.
 <li><p>Create an <a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">event</a> implementing the
 interface whose name <var title="">eventInterfaceName</var> is an
 <a href="#ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII case-insensitive</a> match for and return it.
</ol>

<p class="note">This method is pretty much obsolete as
<a href="#concept-event" title="concept-event">events</a> have constructors these days, but
needs to be supported for legacy content. Tough.

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">event</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-createRange"><a href="#dom-document-createrange">createRange()</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns a new <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a>.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-document-createrange" title="dom-Document-createRange"><code>createRange()</code></dfn>
method must return a new <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> with
(<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, 0) as its
<a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> and
<a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>.

<hr>

<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-document-createnodeiterator" title="dom-Document-createNodeIterator"><code>createNodeIterator(<var>root</var>, <var>whatToShow</var>, <var>filter</var>)</code></dfn>
method is invoked these steps must be run:

<ol>
 <li><p>Create a <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> object.
 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> and initialize
 the <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code>
 attribute to the <var title="">root</var> argument.
 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a> to
 the <var title="">whatToShow</var> argument, or to
 <code title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ALL"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_all">SHOW_ALL</a></code> if omitted.
 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a> to
 <var title="">filter</var>, or to null if omitted.
 <li><p>Return the newly created <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> object.
</ol>

<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-document-createtreewalker" title="dom-Document-createTreeWalker"><code>createTreeWalker(<var>root</var>, <var>whatToShow</var>, <var>filter</var>)</code></dfn>
method is invoked these steps must be run:

<ol>
 <li><p>Create a <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> object.
 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> and initialize
 the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute to
 the <var title="">root</var> argument.
 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a> to
 the <var title="">whatToShow</var> argument, or to
 <code title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ALL"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_all">SHOW_ALL</a></code> if omitted.
 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a> to
 <var title="">filter</var>, or to null if omitted.
 <li><p>Return the newly created <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> object.
</ol>



<h4 id="interface-domimplementation"><span class="secno">5.3.1 </span>Interface <code><a href="#domimplementation">DOMImplementation</a></code></h4>
<p>User agents must create a <code><a href="#domimplementation">DOMImplementation</a></code> object whenever
a <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is created and associate it
with that <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>.

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="domimplementation">DOMImplementation</dfn> {
  boolean <a href="#dom-domimplementation-hasfeature" title="dom-DOMImplementation-hasFeature">hasFeature</a>(DOMString feature, [TreatNullAs=EmptyString] DOMString version);

  <a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a> <a href="#dom-domimplementation-createdocumenttype" title="dom-DOMImplementation-createDocumentType">createDocumentType</a>(DOMString qualifiedName, DOMString publicId, DOMString systemId);
  <a href="#xmldocument">XMLDocument</a> <a href="#dom-domimplementation-createdocument" title="dom-DOMImplementation-createDocument">createDocument</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">qualifiedName</var>, <a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a>? <var title="">doctype</var>);
  <a href="#document">Document</a> <a href="#dom-domimplementation-createhtmldocument" title="dom-DOMImplementation-createHTMLDocument">createHTMLDocument</a>(DOMString title);
};</pre>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">hasSupport</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-implementation"><a href="#dom-document-implementation">implementation</a></code> . <code title="dom-DOMImplementation-hasFeature"><a href="#dom-domimplementation-hasfeature">hasFeature</a></code>(
 <var title="">feature</var>, <var title="">version</var> )

 <dd>
  <p>Returns whether the user agent supports the version <var title="">version</var> of <var title="">feature</var>. The empty string means any
  version.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The <dfn id="dom-domimplementation-hasfeature" title="dom-DOMImplementation-hasFeature"><code>hasFeature(<var title="">feature</var>, <var title="">version</var>)</code></dfn> method must return
true if the user agent <a href="#concept-support-domfeatureversion" title="concept-support-DOMfeatureversion">supports</a>
the (<var title="">feature</var>, <var title="">version</var>) tuple and false
otherwise.

</div>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">doctype</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-implementation"><a href="#dom-document-implementation">implementation</a></code> . <code title="dom-DOMImplementation-createDocumentType"><a href="#dom-domimplementation-createdocumenttype">createDocumentType</a></code>(
 <var title="">qualifiedName</var>, <var title="">publicId</var>, <var title="">systemId</var> )

 <dd>
  <p>Returns a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>, with the given
  <var title="">qualifiedName</var>, <var title="">publicId</var>, and
  <var title="">systemId</var>. If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> does not
  match the <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production, an
  "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>"
  exception is thrown, and if it does not match the
  <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#NT-QName">QName</a></code> production, a
  "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception
  is thrown.


 <dt><var title="">doc</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-implementation"><a href="#dom-document-implementation">implementation</a></code> . <code title="dom-DOMImplementation-createDocument"><a href="#dom-domimplementation-createdocument">createDocument</a></code>( <var title="">namespace</var>, <var title="">qualifiedName</var>, <var title="">doctype</var> )

 <dd>
  <p>Returns an <code><a href="#xmldocument">XMLDocument</a></code>, with a
  <a href="#document-element">document element</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is
  <var title="">qualifiedName</var> and whose
  <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> is
  <var title="">namespace</var> (unless <var title="">qualifiedName</var> is the
  empty string), and with <var title="">doctype</var>, if it is given, as its
  <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>.

  <p>This method throws the same exceptions as the <code title="dom-Document-createElementNS"><a href="#dom-document-createelementns">createElementNS</a></code> method, when
  invoked with the same arguments.


 <dt><var title="">doc</var> = <var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-Document-implementation"><a href="#dom-document-implementation">implementation</a></code> . <code title="dom-DOMImplementation-createHTMLDocument"><a href="#dom-domimplementation-createhtmldocument">createHTMLDocument</a></code>(
 <var title="">title</var> )

 <dd>
  <p>Returns a <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>, with a basic
  <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> already constructed including a
  <code title="">title</code> element.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domimplementation-createdocumenttype" title="dom-DOMImplementation-createDocumentType"><code>createDocumentType(<var>qualifiedName</var>, <var>publicId</var>, <var>systemId</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> does not match the
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.
 <li><p>If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> does not match the <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#NT-QName">QName</a></code> production in,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <!--<li><p>If <var title>publicId</var> contains a character that does not
 match the <code data-anolis-spec=xml>PubidChar</code> production in XML,
 <span title=concept-throw>throw</span> an
 "<code>InvalidCharacterError</code>"
 exception and terminate these steps. --> <!-- DOM3 didn't check this -->
 <!--<li><p>If <var title>systemId</var> contains both a U+0022 QUOTATION MARK ('"') and a U+0027 APOSTROPHE ("'") character,
 <span title=concept-throw>throw</span> an
 "<code>InvalidCharacterError</code>"
 exception and terminate these steps.--> <!-- DOM3 didn't check this -->
 <li><p>Return a new <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>, with
 <var title="">qualifiedName</var> as its
 <a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a>, <var title="">publicId</var> as
 its <a href="#concept-doctype-publicid" title="concept-doctype-publicid">public ID</a>, and
 <var title="">systemId</var> as its
 <a href="#concept-doctype-systemid" title="concept-doctype-systemid">system ID</a>, and with its
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to the
 associated <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
</ol>
<p class="note">No check is performed that the <var title="">publicId</var>
matches the <code title="">PublicChar</code> or that the
<var title="">systemId</var> does not contain both a '<code title="">"</code>' and
"<code title="">'</code>".

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domimplementation-createdocument" title="dom-DOMImplementation-createDocument"><code>createDocument(<var>namespace</var>, <var>qualifiedName</var>, <var>doctype</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>
  <p>Let <var title="">document</var> be a new <code><a href="#xmldocument">XMLDocument</a></code>.

  <p class="note">This method creates an <code><a href="#xmldocument">XMLDocument</a></code> rather than
  a normal <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>. They are identical
  except for the addition of the
  <code class="external" title="dom-XMLDocument-load"><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/dom.html#dom-xmldocument-load">load()</a></code>
  method deployed content relies upon.
  <a class="informative" href="#refsHTML">[HTML]</a>

 <li><p>Let <var title="">element</var> be null.

 <li><p>If <var title="">qualifiedName</var> is not the empty string, set
 <var title="">element</var> to the result of invoking the
 <code title="dom-Document-createElementNS"><a href="#dom-document-createelementns">createElementNS()</a></code> method
 with the arguments <var title="">namespace</var> and
 <var title="">qualifiedName</var> on <var title="">document</var>. If that threw
 an exception, re-throw the exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">doctype</var> is not null,
 <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a>
 <var title="">doctype</var> to <var title="">document</var>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">element</var> is not null,
 <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a>
 <var title="">element</var> to <var title="">document</var>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">document</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domimplementation-createhtmldocument" title="dom-DOMImplementation-createHTMLDocument"><code>createHTMLDocument(<var>title</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">doc</var> be a newly created
 <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>.

 <li><p>Mark <var title="">doc</var> as being an <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>.

 <li><p>Set <var title="">doc</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-document-content-type" title="concept-document-content-type">content type</a> to
 "<code title="">text/html</code>".

 <li><p>Create a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>, with
 "<code title="">html</code>"
 as its <a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a> and with its
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> set to
 <var title="">doc</var>. <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a>
 the newly created node to <var title="">doc</var>.

 <li><p>Create an <code title="">html</code> element in the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML
 namespace</a>, and <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a>
 it to <var title="">doc</var>.

 <li><p>Create a <code title="">head</code> element in the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML
 namespace</a>, and  <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a>
 it to the <code title="">html</code> element created in the previous step.

 <li><p>Create a <code title="">title</code> element in the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML
 namespace</a>, and  <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a>
 it to the <code title="">head</code> element created in the previous step.

 <li><p>Create a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, set
 its <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> to <var title="">title</var>
 (which could be the empty string), and
 <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> it to the
 <code title="">title</code> element created in the previous step.

 <li><p>Create a <code title="">body</code> element in the
 <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>, and
 <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> it to the
 <code title="">html</code> element created in the earlier step.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">doc</var>.
</ol>

</div>



<h3 id="interface-documentfragment"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Interface <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="documentfragment">DocumentFragment</dfn> : <a href="#node">Node</a> {
  // NEW
  void <a href="#dom-rootnode-prepend" title="dom-RootNode-prepend">prepend</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-rootnode-append" title="dom-RootNode-append">append</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
};</pre>



<h3 id="interface-documenttype"><span class="secno">5.5 </span>Interface <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="documenttype">DocumentType</dfn> : <a href="#node">Node</a> {
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-documenttype-name" title="dom-DocumentType-name">name</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-documenttype-publicid" title="dom-DocumentType-publicId">publicId</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-documenttype-systemid" title="dom-DocumentType-systemId">systemId</a>;<!--
  readonly attribute DOMString internalSubset;-->

  // NEW
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-before" title="dom-ChildNode-before">before</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-after" title="dom-ChildNode-after">after</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-replace" title="dom-ChildNode-replace">replace</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-remove" title="dom-ChildNode-remove">remove</a>();
};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> are
simply known as <dfn id="concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctypes</dfn>.

<p><a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">Doctypes</a> have an associated
<dfn id="concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</dfn>,
<dfn id="concept-doctype-publicid" title="concept-doctype-publicid">public ID</dfn>, and
<dfn id="concept-doctype-systemid" title="concept-doctype-systemid">system ID</dfn>.

<p>When a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> is created, its
<a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a> is always given. Unless
explicitly given when a <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a> is
created, its <a href="#concept-doctype-publicid" title="concept-doctype-publicid">public ID</a> and
<a href="#concept-doctype-systemid" title="concept-doctype-systemid">system ID</a> are the empty string.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-documenttype-name" title="dom-DocumentType-name"><code>name</code></dfn> attribute
must return the <a href="#concept-doctype-name" title="concept-doctype-name">name</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-documenttype-publicid" title="dom-DocumentType-publicId"><code>publicId</code></dfn>
attribute must return the
<a href="#concept-doctype-publicid" title="concept-doctype-publicid">public ID</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-documenttype-systemid" title="dom-DocumentType-systemId"><code>systemId</code></dfn>
attribute must return the
<a href="#concept-doctype-systemid" title="concept-doctype-systemid">system ID</a>.



<!-- AttrExodus
<h3>Interface <code>Attr</code></h3>

<p>The tentative plan is to let <code>Attr</code> no longer have
child nodes and turn it into a very lightweight object that no longer
inherits from <code>Node</code> &mdash;
<a href=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webapps/2010JulSep/0797.html>http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webapps/2010JulSep/0797.html</a>

<pre class=idl>interface <dfn>Attr</dfn> : <span>Node</span> {
  readonly attribute DOMString <span title=dom-Attr-name>name</span>;
  readonly attribute boolean <span title=dom-Attr-specified>specified</span>;
           attribute DOMString <span title=dom-Attr-value>value</span>;
  readonly attribute <span>Element</span> <span title=dom-Attr-ownerElement>ownerElement</span>;<!- -
  readonly attribute boolean isId;- ->
};</pre>

<p><code>Attr</code> nodes represent <dfn
title=concept-attribute>attributes</dfn>. They have a <dfn
title=concept-attribute-name>name</dfn> and an <dfn
title=concept-attribute-element>element</dfn> associated with them when they are
created<!- -, or when they are passed as the argument to the <code
title=dom-Element-setAttributeNode>setAttributeNode</code> method.
[createAttribute]- ->. <code>Attr</code> nodes are not considered part of the
document tree, so their <code title=dom-Node-parentNode>parentNode</code>, <code
title=dom-Node-previousSibling>previousSibling</code> and <code
title=dom-Node-nextSibling>nextSibling</code> attributes return null. Also, its
child nodes can not be manipulated directly through the <code
title=dom-Node-insertBefore>insertBefore</code>, <code
title=dom-Node-replaceChild>replaceChild</code> and <code
title=dom-Node-appendChild>appendChild</code> methods.

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Attr-name><code>name</code></dfn> attribute must return
the <span title=concept-attribute-name>name</span> associated with the
<span>context object</span>.

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Attr-specified><code>specified</code></dfn> attribute must
return true.

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Attr-value><code>value</code></dfn> attribute must return the value of the <span>context object</span>'s
<code title=dom-Node-textContent>textContent</code> attribute and on
setting, must set the <span>context object</span>'s
<code title=dom-Node-textContent>textContent</code> attribute to the new
value.

<p>The <dfn title=dom-Attr-ownerElement><code>ownerElement</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <span title=concept-attribute-element>element</span>
associated with the <span>context object</span><!- -, if there is one, or null
otherwise [createAttribute]- ->.
-->


<h3 id="interface-element"><span class="secno">5.6 </span>Interface <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="element">Element</dfn> : <a href="#node">Node</a> {
  readonly attribute DOMString? <a href="#dom-element-namespaceuri" title="dom-Element-namespaceURI">namespaceURI</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString? <a href="#dom-element-prefix" title="dom-Element-prefix">prefix</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-element-localname" title="dom-Element-localName">localName</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-element-tagname" title="dom-Element-tagName">tagName</a>;

           attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-element-id" title="dom-Element-id">id</a>;
           attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-element-classname" title="dom-Element-className">className</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a> <a href="#dom-element-classlist" title="dom-Element-classList">classList</a>;

  readonly attribute <a href="#attr">Attr</a>[] <a href="#dom-element-attributes" title="dom-Element-attributes">attributes</a>;
  DOMString? <a href="#dom-element-getattribute" title="dom-Element-getAttribute">getAttribute</a>(DOMString <var title="">name</var>);
  DOMString? <a href="#dom-element-getattributens" title="dom-Element-getAttributeNS">getAttributeNS</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">localName</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-element-setattribute" title="dom-Element-setAttribute">setAttribute</a>(DOMString <var title="">name</var>, DOMString <var title="">value</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-element-setattributens" title="dom-Element-setAttributeNS">setAttributeNS</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">name</var>, DOMString <var title="">value</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-element-removeattribute" title="dom-Element-removeAttribute">removeAttribute</a>(DOMString <var title="">name</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-element-removeattributens" title="dom-Element-removeAttributeNS">removeAttributeNS</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">localName</var>);
  boolean <a href="#dom-element-hasattribute" title="dom-Element-hasAttribute">hasAttribute</a>(DOMString <var title="">name</var>);
  boolean <a href="#dom-element-hasattributens" title="dom-Element-hasAttributeNS">hasAttributeNS</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">localName</var>);
<!--
  <span>Attr</span> <span title=dom-Element-getAttributeNode>getAttributeNode</span>(DOMString name);
  <span>Attr</span> <span title=dom-Element-getAttributeNodeNS>getAttributeNodeNS</span>(DOMString namespace, DOMString localName);
  <span>Attr</span> <span title=dom-Element-setAttributeNode>setAttributeNode</span>(Attr newAttr);
  <span>Attr</span> <span title=dom-Element-removeAttributeNode>removeAttributeNode</span>(Attr oldAttr);
-->
  <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> <a href="#dom-element-getelementsbytagname" title="dom-Element-getElementsByTagName">getElementsByTagName</a>(DOMString <var title="">qualifiedName</var>);
  <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> <a href="#dom-element-getelementsbytagnamens" title="dom-Element-getElementsByTagNameNS">getElementsByTagNameNS</a>(DOMString? <var title="">namespace</var>, DOMString <var title="">localName</var>);
  <a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a> <a href="#dom-element-getelementsbyclassname" title="dom-Element-getElementsByClassName">getElementsByClassName</a>(DOMString <var title="">classNames</var>);

  readonly attribute <a href="#htmlcollection">HTMLCollection</a> <a href="#dom-element-children" title="dom-Element-children">children</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-element-firstelementchild" title="dom-Element-firstElementChild">firstElementChild</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-element-lastelementchild" title="dom-Element-lastElementChild">lastElementChild</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-element-previouselementsibling" title="dom-Element-previousElementSibling">previousElementSibling</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-element-nextelementsibling" title="dom-Element-nextElementSibling">nextElementSibling</a>;
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-element-childelementcount" title="dom-Element-childElementCount">childElementCount</a>;<!-- XXX remove??-->

  // NEW
  void <a href="#dom-rootnode-prepend" title="dom-RootNode-prepend">prepend</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-rootnode-append" title="dom-RootNode-append">append</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-before" title="dom-ChildNode-before">before</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-after" title="dom-ChildNode-after">after</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-replace" title="dom-ChildNode-replace">replace</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-remove" title="dom-ChildNode-remove">remove</a>();
};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> are simply
known as <dfn id="concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</dfn>.</p>

<p><a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">Elements</a> have an associated
<dfn id="concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</dfn>,
<dfn id="concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</dfn>, and
<dfn id="concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</dfn>. When an
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> is created, its
<a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a> is always given.
Unless explicitly given when an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
is created, its <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a> and
<a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> are
null.

<p><a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">Elements</a> also have an ordered
<dfn id="concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</dfn>. Unless
explicitly given when an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> is
created, its
<a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a> is empty. An
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
<dfn id="concept-element-attribute-has" title="concept-element-attribute-has">has</dfn> an
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> <var title="">A</var> if
<var title="">A</var> is in its
<a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a>.

<p><a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">Elements</a> can have a
<dfn id="concept-id" title="concept-id">unique identifier (ID)</dfn> and
<dfn id="concept-class" title="concept-class">classes</dfn> associated with them.

<p class="note">Historically <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> could
have multiple identifiers e.g. by using the HTML <code title="">id</code>
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> and a DTD. This specification
makes <a href="#concept-id" title="concept-id">ID</a> a concept of the DOM and allows for
only one per <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, given by an
<code title="">id</code> <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a>.

<p>An <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> has an
<a href="#concept-id" title="concept-id">ID</a> if it
<a href="#concept-element-attribute-has" title="concept-element-attribute-has">has</a> an
<a href="#concept-named-attribute" title="concept-named-attribute"><code>id</code> attribute</a> whose
<a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> is not the empty string.
The <a href="#concept-id" title="concept-id">ID</a> is that
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a>'s
<a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a>.

<p>An <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> has
<a href="#concept-class" title="concept-class">classes</a> if it
<a href="#concept-element-attribute-has" title="concept-element-attribute-has">has</a> a
<a href="#concept-named-attribute" title="concept-named-attribute"><code>class</code> attribute</a>, and
<a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">splitting</a> that
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a>'s
<a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> does not return an empty
list. The <a href="#concept-class" title="concept-class">classes</a> are that
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a>'s
<a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a>
<a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">split on spaces</a>.

<p class="note">While this specification defines user agent processing
requirements for <code title="">id</code> and <code title="">class</code>
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attributes</a> on any
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, it makes no claims as to whether
using them is conforming or not.

<hr>

<p>A <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>'s
<a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> of type
<code><a href="#element">Element</a></code> is known as a <dfn id="parent-element">parent element</dfn>. If the
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> has a
<a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> of a different type, its
<a href="#parent-element">parent element</a> is null.</p>

<p>The <dfn id="document-element">document element</dfn> of a
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> is the
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> whose
<a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is that
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>, if it exists, and null otherwise.

<p class="note">As explained in the <a href="#node-tree">node tree</a> section,
there can only be one such <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>.

<p>When an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> or one of its
<a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestors</a> is the
<a href="#document-element">document element</a>, it is <dfn id="in-a-document">in a document</dfn>.

<hr>

<p>Specifications may define <dfn id="base-url-change-steps">base URL change steps</dfn>.

<p>When an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> is
<dfn id="affected-by-a-base-url-change">affected by a base URL change</dfn>, the user agent must run the
<a href="#base-url-change-steps">base URL change steps</a>, as defined in
<a href="#other-applicable-specifications">other applicable specifications</a>.

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">namespace</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-namespaceURI"><a href="#dom-element-namespaceuri">namespaceURI</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a>.

 <dt><var title="">prefix</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-prefix"><a href="#dom-element-prefix">prefix</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>.

 <dt><var title="">localName</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-localName"><a href="#dom-element-localname">localName</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>.

 <dt><var title="">qualifiedName</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-tagName"><a href="#dom-element-tagname">tagName</a></code>
 <dd><p>If
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> is not
 null returns the concatenation of
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>,
 "<code title="">:</code>", and
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>. Otherwise it
 returns the <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>.
 (The return value is uppercased in an <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>.)
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-namespaceuri" title="dom-Element-namespaceURI"><code>namespaceURI</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<a href="#concept-element-namespace" title="concept-element-namespace">namespace</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-prefix" title="dom-Element-prefix"><code>prefix</code></dfn> attribute must return the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-localname" title="dom-Element-localName"><code>localName</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-tagname" title="dom-Element-tagName"><code>tagName</code></dfn> attribute
must run these steps:
<ol>
 <li><p>If <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> is not
 null, let <var title="">qualified name</var> be its
 <a href="#concept-element-namespace-prefix" title="concept-element-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>, followed
 by a "<code>:</code>" (U+003A), followed by its
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>. Otherwise, let
 <var title="">qualified name</var> be its
 <a href="#concept-element-local-name" title="concept-element-local-name">local name</a>.

 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is in the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> and
 its <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is an
 <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>, let <var title="">qualified name</var> be
 <a href="#converted-to-ascii-uppercase">converted to ASCII uppercase</a>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">qualified name</var>.
</ol>

<hr>

<!--
 XXX This section argues for generic get/set attribute algorithms; might
 need more text for DOMTokenList explaining various reflecting conditions.
-->

<p>Some IDL attributes are defined to
<dfn id="concept-reflect" title="concept-reflect">reflect</dfn> a particular content attribute.
This means that on getting, the following steps must be run:

<ol>
  <li>Let <var title="">value</var> be the result of invoking
  <code title="dom-Element-getAttribute"><a href="#dom-element-getattribute">getAttribute()</a></code> with the name
  of the content attribute as its argument.

  <li>If <var title="">value</var> is null, return the empty string and
  terminate these steps.

  <li>Return <var title="">value</var>.
</ol>

<p>On setting, the user agent must invoke
<code title="dom-Element-setAttribute"><a href="#dom-element-setattribute">setAttribute()</a></code> with the name of
the content attribute and the new value as its arguments.
<!-- XXX need to use namespace aware methods instead -->

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-id" title="dom-Element-id"><code>id</code></dfn> attribute must
<a href="#concept-reflect" title="concept-reflect">reflect</a> the "<code title="">id</code>"
content attribute.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-classname" title="dom-Element-className"><code>className</code></dfn>
attribute must <a href="#concept-reflect" title="concept-reflect">reflect</a> the
"<code title="">class</code>" content attribute.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-classlist" title="dom-Element-classList"><code>classList</code></dfn>
attribute must return a <code><a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a></code> whose
<a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> is
the <code title="dom-Element-className"><a href="#dom-element-classname">className</a></code> attribute value.

<hr>

<!-- all members in this subsection are affected by AttrExodus -->

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-attributes" title="dom-Element-attributes"><code>attributes</code></dfn>
attribute must return a <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-read-only-array">read only array</a>
of the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a>.
The returned <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-read-only-array">read only array</a> must be
live. I.e. changes to the associated
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attributes</a> are reflected.
<!-- XXXlive define live centrally somewhere for both collections and this? -->

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-getattribute" title="dom-Element-getAttribute"><code>getAttribute(<var title="">name</var>)</code></dfn> method must run these steps:
<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is in the
 <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> and its
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is an
 <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>, let <var title="">name</var> be
 <a href="#converted-to-ascii-lowercase">converted to ASCII lowercase</a>.

 <li><p>Return the <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> of the
 first <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> in the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is
 <var title="">name</var>, or null otherwise.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-getattributens" title="dom-Element-getAttributeNS"><code>getAttributeNS(<var title="">namespace</var>, <var title="">localName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the following steps:
<ol>
  <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

  <li><p>Return the <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> of the
  <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> in the
  <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
  <a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is
  <var title="">namespace</var> and
  <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
  <var title="">localName</var>, if it has one, or null otherwise.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-setattribute" title="dom-Element-setAttribute"><code>setAttribute(<var title="">name</var>, <var title="">value</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">name</var> does not match the
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production in XML,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is in the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>
 and its <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is an
 <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>, let <var title="">name</var> be
 <a href="#converted-to-ascii-lowercase">converted to ASCII lowercase</a>.

 <!-- https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=315805 -->
 <li><p>If "<code title="">xmlns</code>" is a <a href="#prefix-match">prefix match</a> for
 <var title="">name</var>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> does not have an
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is
 <var title="">name</var>, create an
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a>, whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is
 <var title="">name</var> and
 <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> is <var title="">value</var>,
 and then <a href="#concept-element-attributes-append" title="concept-element-attributes-append">append</a> this
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> to the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

 <li><p>Otherwise, <a href="#concept-attribute-change" title="concept-attribute-change">change</a> the
 first <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> in the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is
 <var title="">name</var>, to <var title="">value</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-setattributens" title="dom-Element-setAttributeNS"><code>setAttributeNS(<var title="">namespace</var>, <var title="">name</var>, <var title="">value</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

 <li><p>If <var title="">name</var> does not match the
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#NT-Name">Name</a></code> production in XML,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">name</var> does not match the
 <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#NT-QName">QName</a></code> production in Namespaces in XML,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">name</var> contains a "<code>:</code>" (U+003E),
 then split the string on it and let <var title="">prefix</var> be the part
 before and <var title="">localName</var> the part after. Otherwise, let
 <var title="">prefix</var> be null and <var title="">localName</var> be
 <var title="">name</var>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">prefix</var> is not null and
 <var title="">namespace</var> is null, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a>
 a "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">prefix</var> is "<code title="">xml</code>" and
 <var title="">namespace</var> is not the <a href="#xml-namespace">XML namespace</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">name</var> or <var title="">prefix</var> is
 "<code title="">xmlns</code>" and <var title="">namespace</var> is not the
 <a href="#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the <a href="#xmlns-namespace">XMLNS namespace</a>
 and neither <var title="">name</var> nor <var title="">prefix</var> is
 "<code title="">xmlns</code>", <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#namespaceerror">NamespaceError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> does not
 <a href="#concept-element-attribute-has" title="concept-element-attribute-has">have</a> an
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is
 <var title="">namespace</var> and
 <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
 <var title="">localName</var>, create an
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a>, whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is
 <var title="">name</var>,
 <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is
 <var title="">namespace</var>,
 <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> is
 <var title="">prefix</var>,
 <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
 <var title="">localName</var>, and <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a>
 is <var title="">value</var>, and then
 <a href="#concept-element-attributes-append" title="concept-element-attributes-append">append</a> this
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> to the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

 <li><p>Otherwise, <a href="#concept-attribute-change" title="concept-attribute-change">change</a> that
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> to <var title="">value</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-removeattribute" title="dom-Element-removeAttribute"><code>removeAttribute(<var>name</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:
<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is in the
 <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> and its
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is an
 <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>, let <var title="">name</var> be
 <a href="#converted-to-ascii-lowercase">converted to ASCII lowercase</a>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-element-attributes-remove" title="concept-element-attributes-remove">Remove</a> the
 first <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> from the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is <var title="">name</var>,
 if any.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-removeattributens" title="dom-Element-removeAttributeNS"><code>removeAttributeNS(<var>namespace</var>, <var>localName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the following steps:
<ol>
  <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

  <li><p><a href="#concept-element-attributes-remove" title="concept-element-attributes-remove">Remove</a> the
  <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> from the
  <a href="#context-object">context object</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is
  <var title="">namespace</var> and
  <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
  <var title="">localName</var>, if any.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-hasattribute" title="dom-Element-hasAttribute"><code>hasAttribute(<var>name</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:
<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a> is in the
 <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> and its
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is an
 <a href="#html-document">HTML document</a>, let <var title="">name</var> be
 <a href="#converted-to-ascii-lowercase">converted to ASCII lowercase</a>.

 <li><p>Return true if the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>
 <span title="concept-attribute-has">has</span> an
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is
 <var title="">name</var>, or false otherwise.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-hasattributens" title="dom-Element-hasAttributeNS"><code>hasAttributeNS(<var title="">namespace</var>, <var title="">localName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the following steps:
<ol>
  <li><p>If <var title="">namespace</var> is the empty string, set it to null.

  <li><p>Return true if the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>
  <span title="concept-attribute-has">has</span> an
  <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> whose
  <a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is
  <var title="">namespace</var> and
  <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
  <var title="">localName</var>, or false otherwise.
</ol>

<!--<dfn title=dom-Element-getAttributeNode>getAttributeNode</dfn>: when the
Element.getAttributeNode() method is invoked on an HTML element, the name
argument must be converted to ASCII lowercase before the element's attributes
are examined. (In HTML documents.) -->

<!-- <dfn title=dom-Element-setAttributeNode>setAttributeNode</dfn>: when an
Attr node is set on an HTML element using Element.setAttributeNode(), it must
have its name converted to ASCII lowercase before the element is affected.
(In HTML documents.) -->

<hr>

<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-element-getelementsbytagname" title="dom-Element-getElementsByTagName"><code>getElementsByTagName(<var>qualifiedName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the
<a href="#concept-getelementsbytagname" title="concept-getElementsByTagName">list of elements with local name <var title="">localName</var></a>
for the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.


<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-element-getelementsbytagnamens" title="dom-Element-getElementsByTagNameNS"><code>getElementsByTagNameNS(<var>namespace</var>, <var>localName</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the
<a href="#concept-getelementsbytagnamens" title="concept-getElementsByTagNameNS">list of elements with namespace <var title="">namespace</var> and local name <var title="">localName</var></a>
for the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.


<p>When the
<dfn id="dom-element-getelementsbyclassname" title="dom-Element-getElementsByClassName"><code>getElementsByClassName(<var title="">classNames</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the
<a href="#concept-getelementsbyclassname" title="concept-getElementsByClassName">list of elements with class names <var title="">classNames</var></a>
for the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">collection</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-children"><a href="#dom-element-children">children</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-firstElementChild"><a href="#dom-element-firstelementchild">firstElementChild</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the first <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> that
 is an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-lastElementChild"><a href="#dom-element-lastelementchild">lastElementChild</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the last <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> that
 is an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-previousElementSibling"><a href="#dom-element-previouselementsibling">previousElementSibling</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the first
 <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
 <a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a> that
 is an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-Element-nextElementSibling"><a href="#dom-element-nextelementsibling">nextElementSibling</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the first
 <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
 <a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a> that
 is an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-element-children" title="dom-Element-children"><code>children</code></dfn> attribute
must return an <code><a href="#htmlcollection">HTMLCollection</a></code>
<a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> rooted at the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> matching only
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-firstelementchild" title="dom-Element-firstElementChild"><code>firstElementChild</code></dfn>
attribute must return the first <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>
that is an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-lastelementchild" title="dom-Element-lastElementChild"><code>lastElementChild</code></dfn>
attribute must return the last <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>
that is an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-previouselementsibling" title="dom-Element-previousElementSibling"><code>previousElementSibling</code></dfn>
attribute must return the first
<a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a> that is an
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-nextelementsibling" title="dom-Element-nextElementSibling"><code>nextElementSibling</code></dfn>
attribute must return the first
<a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
<a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">sibling</a> that is an
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, or null otherwise.


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-element-childelementcount" title="dom-Element-childElementCount"><code>childElementCount</code></dfn>
attribute must return the number of
<a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> of the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> that are
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>.
<!--
  XXX
  https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=65079
  https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=673790
-->


<h4 id="interface-attr"><span class="secno">5.6.1 </span>Interface <code><a href="#attr">Attr</a></code></h4>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="attr">Attr</dfn> {
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-attr-name" title="dom-Attr-name">name</a>;
           attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-attr-value" title="dom-Attr-value">value</a>;

  readonly attribute DOMString? <a href="#dom-attr-namespaceuri" title="dom-Attr-namespaceURI">namespaceURI</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString? <a href="#dom-attr-prefix" title="dom-Attr-prefix">prefix</a>;
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-attr-localname" title="dom-Attr-localName">localName</a>;
};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#attr">Attr</a></code> objects are simply known as
<dfn id="concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attributes</dfn>.

<p><a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">Attributes</a> have a
<dfn id="concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</dfn> and
<dfn id="concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</dfn>.

<p>For legacy reasons, <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attributes</a> also
have an associated <dfn id="concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</dfn>,
<dfn id="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</dfn>, and
<dfn id="concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</dfn>.

<p>When an <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> is created, its
<a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> and
<a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> are always given. Unless
explicitly given when an <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> is
created, its <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
identical to its <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a>, and its
<a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> and
<a href="#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> are
null.

<p>An
<dfn id="concept-named-attribute" title="concept-named-attribute"><code><var title="">A</var></code> attribute</dfn>
is an <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> whose
<a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a> is
<code><var title="">A</var></code> and whose
<a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> and
<a href="#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> are
null.

<hr>

<p>To <dfn id="concept-attribute-change" title="concept-attribute-change">change</dfn> an
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> <var title="">attribute</var> to
<var title="">value</var>, set the <var title="">attribute</var>'s
<a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> to <var title="">value</var>.

<!-- XXX move append/remove to attribute list? -->
<p>To <dfn id="concept-element-attributes-append" title="concept-element-attributes-append">append</dfn> an
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> <var title="">attribute</var> to
an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> <var title="">element</var>,
append the <var title="">attribute</var> to the <var title="">element</var>'s
<a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a>.

<p>To <dfn id="concept-element-attributes-remove" title="concept-element-attributes-remove">remove</dfn> an
<a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> <var title="">attribute</var>
from an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> <var title="">element</var>,
remove the <var title="">attribute</var> from the <var title="">element</var>'s
<a href="#concept-element-attribute" title="concept-element-attribute">attribute list</a>.

<p class="XXX">These definitions will be expanded upon in due course for
mutations.

<hr>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-attr-name" title="dom-Attr-name"><code>name</code></dfn> attribute must
return the <a href="#concept-attribute-name" title="concept-attribute-name">name</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-attr-value" title="dom-Attr-value"><code>value</code></dfn> attribute must
return the <a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a>.

<p>Setting the <code title="dom-Attr-value"><a href="#dom-attr-value">value</a></code> attribute must set
<a href="#concept-attribute-value" title="concept-attribute-value">value</a> to the new value.

<hr>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-attr-namespaceuri" title="dom-Attr-namespaceURI"><code>namespaceURI</code></dfn>
attribute must return the
<a href="#concept-attribute-namespace" title="concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-attr-prefix" title="dom-Attr-prefix"><code>prefix</code></dfn> attribute must
return the
<a href="#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix" title="concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-attr-localname" title="dom-Attr-localName"><code>localName</code></dfn> attribute
must return the <a href="#concept-attribute-local-name" title="concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a>.


<h3 id="interface-characterdata"><span class="secno">5.7 </span>Interface <code><a href="#characterdata">CharacterData</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="characterdata">CharacterData</dfn> : <a href="#node">Node</a> {
  [TreatNullAs=EmptyString] attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-characterdata-data" title="dom-CharacterData-data">data</a>;
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-characterdata-length" title="dom-CharacterData-length">length</a>;
  DOMString <a href="#dom-characterdata-substringdata" title="dom-CharacterData-substringData">substringData</a>(unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>, unsigned long <var title="">count</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-characterdata-appenddata" title="dom-CharacterData-appendData">appendData</a>(DOMString <var title="">data</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-characterdata-insertdata" title="dom-CharacterData-insertData">insertData</a>(unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>, DOMString <var title="">data</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-characterdata-deletedata" title="dom-CharacterData-deleteData">deleteData</a>(unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>, unsigned long <var title="">count</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-characterdata-replacedata" title="dom-CharacterData-replaceData">replaceData</a>(unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>, unsigned long <var title="">count</var>, DOMString <var title="">data</var>);

  // NEW
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-before" title="dom-ChildNode-before">before</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-after" title="dom-ChildNode-after">after</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-replace" title="dom-ChildNode-replace">replace</a>((<a href="#node">Node</a> or DOMString)... <var title="">nodes</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-childnode-remove" title="dom-ChildNode-remove">remove</a>();
};</pre>

<p class="note"><code><a href="#characterdata">CharacterData</a></code> is an abstract interface and does
not exist as <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>. It is used by
<code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>, <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>, and
<code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a>.

<p>Each <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> inheriting from the
<code><a href="#characterdata">CharacterData</a></code> interface has an associated mutable string
called <dfn id="concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</dfn>.

<p>To <dfn id="concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</dfn> of node
<var title="">node</var> with offset <var title="">offset</var>, count
<var title="">count</var>, and data <var title="">data</var>, run these steps:</p>

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">length</var> be the <var title="">node</var>'s
 <code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value.

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> is greater than <var title="">length</var>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#indexsizeerror">IndexSizeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> plus <var title="">count</var> is greater
 than <var title="">length</var> let <var title="">count</var> be
 <var title="">length</var> minus <var title="">offset</var>.

 <li><p>Insert <var title="">data</var> into <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> after <var title="">offset</var>
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">delete offset</var> be <var title="">offset</var> plus
 the number of
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a> in
 <var title="">data</var>.

 <li><p>Starting from <var title="">delete offset</var>
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a>, remove
 <var title="">count</var>
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a> from
 <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

 <!-- ranges -->
 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is
 <var title="">node</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">offset</var> but less than or equal to <var title="">offset</var>
 plus <var title="">count</var>, set its
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> to
 <var title="">offset</var>.

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is
 <var title="">node</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">offset</var> but less than or equal to <var title="">offset</var>
 plus <var title="">count</var>, set its
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> to
 <var title="">offset</var>.

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is
 <var title="">node</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">offset</var> plus <var title="">count</var>, increase its
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> by the number of
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a> in
 <var title="">data</var>, then decrease it by <var title="">count</var>.

 <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is
 <var title="">node</var> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> is greater than
 <var title="">offset</var> plus <var title="">count</var>, increase its
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> by the number of
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a> in
 <var title="">data</var>, then decrease it by <var title="">count</var>.
</ol>
<!-- delete happens after insert for better cursor positioning with editing
http://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=13153 -->

<!-- If you set a node's data to a new value (e.g., using the data
attribute):

IE 9: Acts like the node was deleted and recreated, moves the boundary
points up to the parent
Firefox 4: Resets the offset to 0, always
Chrome 11 dev: Resets the offset to 0, except it does nothing if the new
data is the same as the old data
Opera 11: Sets a start offset to 0 and an end offset to the end of the
data, always

The spec originally followed WebKit, since it seemed to make the most sense.
Opera's approach of setting end offsets to the length of the new data
arguably makes more sense, but that's debatable, and it's greatly
outnumbered. However, after some feedback by bzbarsky that checking for
equality is expensive, I removed the special case and matched Firefox:

http://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=13250

Authors who want WebKit-like behavior can always use replaceData() instead.

XXX replaceData is the same as setting data these days -->


<p>To <dfn id="concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substring data</dfn> with node
<var title="">node</var>, offset <var title="">offset</var>, and count
<var title="">count</var>, run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">length</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value.

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> is greater than <var title="">length</var>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#indexsizeerror">IndexSizeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> plus <var title="">count</var> is
 greater than <var title="">length</var>, return a string whose value is the
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a> from the
 <var title="">offset</var><sup>th</sup>
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit">code unit</a> to the end of
 <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>, and then
 terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Return a string whose value is the
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a> from the
 <var title="">offset</var><sup>th</sup>
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit">code unit</a> to the
 <var title="">offset</var>+<var title="">count</var><sup>th</sup>
 <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit">code unit</a> in <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-characterdata-data" title="dom-CharacterData-data"><code>data</code></dfn> attribute
must return <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>, and on setting, must
<a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> offset 0, count
<code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value, and data
new value.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-characterdata-length" title="dom-CharacterData-length"><code>length</code></dfn>
attribute must return the number of
<a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-code-unit" title="code unit">code units</a> in
<a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-characterdata-substringdata" title="dom-CharacterData-substringData"><code>substringData(<var title="">offset</var>, <var title="">count</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substring data</a> with node
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, offset <var title="">offset</var>, and count
<var title="">count</var>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-characterdata-appenddata" title="dom-CharacterData-appendData"><code>appendData(<var title="">data</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, offset
<code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value, count 0,
and data <var title="">data</var>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-characterdata-insertdata" title="dom-CharacterData-insertData"><code>insertData(<var title="">offset</var>, <var title="">data</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, offset <var title="">offset</var>, count 0, and
data <var title="">data</var>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-characterdata-deletedata" title="dom-CharacterData-deleteData"><code>deleteData(<var title="">offset</var>, <var title="">count</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, offset <var title="">offset</var>, count
<var title="">count</var>, and data the empty string.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-characterdata-replacedata" title="dom-CharacterData-replaceData"><code>replaceData(<var title="">offset</var>, <var title="">count</var>, <var title="">data</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, offset <var title="">offset</var>, count
<var title="">count</var>, and data <var title="">data</var>.


<h3 id="interface-text"><span class="secno">5.8 </span>Interface <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="text">Text</dfn> : <a href="#characterdata">CharacterData</a> {
  <a href="#text">Text</a> <a href="#dom-text-splittext" title="dom-Text-splitText">splitText</a>(unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>);
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-text-wholetext" title="dom-Text-wholeText">wholeText</a>;
};</pre>

<p>To <dfn id="concept-text-split" title="concept-Text-split">split</dfn> a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> <var title="">node</var> with offset
<var title="">offset</var>, run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">length</var> be the
 <code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute value.

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> is greater than <var title="">length</var>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#indexsizeerror">IndexSizeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">count</var> be <var title="">length</var> minus
 <var title="">offset</var>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">new data</var> be the result of
 <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substringing data</a> with node
 <var title="">node</var>, offset <var title="">offset</var>, and count
 <var title="">count</var>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">new node</var> be a new <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, with the same
 <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> as
 <var title="">node</var>. Set <var title="">new node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> to <var title="">new data</var>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">parent</var> be the <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">parent</var> is not null, run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-insert" title="concept-node-insert">Insert</a>
   <var title="">new node</var> into <var title="">parent</var> before
   <var title="">node</var>'s
   <a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a>.
   <!-- Do this before we replace data, so that the data replacement won't
   mutate ranges prematurely:
   https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=15325 -->

   <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
   <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is
   <var title="">node</var> and
   <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> is greater than
   <var title="">offset</var>, set its
   <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> to
   <var title="">new node</var> and decrease its
   <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> by
   <var title="">offset</var>.

   <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
   <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is
   <var title="">node</var> and
   <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> is greater than
   <var title="">offset</var>, set its
   <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> to
   <var title="">new node</var> and decrease its
   <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> by
   <var title="">offset</var>.
  </ol>

 <li><p><a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">Replace data</a> with node
 <var title="">node</var>, offset <var title="">offset</var>, count
 <var title="">count</var>, and data the empty string.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">parent</var> is null, run these substeps:</p>

  <ol>
   <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
   <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is
   <var title="">node</var> and
   <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> is greater
   than <var title="">offset</var>, set its
   <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> to
   <var title="">offset</var>.

   <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> whose
   <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is
   <var title="">node</var> and
   <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> is greater than
   <var title="">offset</var>, set its
   <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> to
   <var title="">offset</var>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Return <var title="">new node</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-text-splittext" title="dom-Text-splitText"><code>splitText(<var>offset</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-text-split" title="concept-Text-split">split</a> the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> with offset <var title="">offset</var>.


<p>The <dfn id="contiguous-text-nodes">contiguous <code>Text</code> nodes</dfn> of a node are the node
itself, the
<a href="#concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</a>
<code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> node (if any) and its
<a href="#contiguous-text-nodes">contiguous <code>Text</code> nodes</a>, and the
<a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a> <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
node (if any) and its <a href="#contiguous-text-nodes">contiguous <code>Text</code> nodes</a>,
avoiding any duplicates.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-text-wholetext" title="dom-Text-wholeText"><code>wholeText</code></dfn>
attribute must return a concatenation of the
<a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of the
<a href="#contiguous-text-nodes">contiguous <code>Text</code> nodes</a> of the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>, in
<a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.



<h3 id="interface-processinginstruction"><span class="secno">5.9 </span>Interface <code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</dfn> : <a href="#characterdata">CharacterData</a> {
  readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-processinginstruction-target" title="dom-ProcessingInstruction-target">target</a>;
};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a>
have an associated <dfn id="concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</dfn>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-processinginstruction-target" title="dom-ProcessingInstruction-target"><code>target</code></dfn>
attribute must return the <a href="#concept-pi-target" title="concept-PI-target">target</a>.



<h3 id="interface-comment"><span class="secno">5.10 </span>Interface <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="comment">Comment</dfn> : <a href="#characterdata">CharacterData</a> {
};</pre>




<h2 id="ranges"><span class="secno">6 </span>Ranges</h2>

<!--
 TODO

 * setStart, setEnd, extractContents need to be concepts
 * ProcessingInstruction inheriting from CharacterData should allow for
   simplifications
 * make sure all methods do not call other methods but use concepts
-->


<!-- only needed by Ranges thus far -->
<p>The <dfn id="concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</dfn> of a
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> <var title="">node</var> depends on
<var title="">node</var>:
<dl class="switch">
 <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
 <dd><p>0.

 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code>
 <dt><code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <dd><p>Its <code title="dom-CharacterData-length"><a href="#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute
 value.

 <dt>Any other node
 <dd><p>Its number of <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>.
</dl>

<h3 id="interface-range"><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Interface <code><a href="#range">Range</a></code></h3>
<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="range">Range</dfn> {
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-range-startcontainer" title="dom-Range-startContainer">startContainer</a>;
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-range-startoffset" title="dom-Range-startOffset">startOffset</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-range-endcontainer" title="dom-Range-endContainer">endContainer</a>;
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-range-endoffset" title="dom-Range-endOffset">endOffset</a>;
  readonly attribute boolean <a href="#dom-range-collapsed" title="dom-Range-collapsed">collapsed</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-range-commonancestorcontainer" title="dom-Range-commonAncestorContainer">commonAncestorContainer</a>;

  void <a href="#dom-range-setstart" title="dom-Range-setStart">setStart</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>, unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-setend" title="dom-Range-setEnd">setEnd</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>, unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-setstartbefore" title="dom-Range-setStartBefore">setStartBefore</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-setstartafter" title="dom-Range-setStartAfter">setStartAfter</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-setendbefore" title="dom-Range-setEndBefore">setEndBefore</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-setendafter" title="dom-Range-setEndAfter">setEndAfter</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-collapse" title="dom-Range-collapse">collapse</a>(boolean <var title="">toStart</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-selectnode" title="dom-Range-selectNode">selectNode</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-selectnodecontents" title="dom-Range-selectNodeContents">selectNodeContents</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">refNode</var>);

  const unsigned short <dfn id="dom-comparehow-start_to_start" title="dom-CompareHow-START_TO_START">START_TO_START</dfn> = 0;
  const unsigned short <dfn id="dom-comparehow-start_to_end" title="dom-CompareHow-START_TO_END">START_TO_END</dfn> = 1;
  const unsigned short <dfn id="dom-comparehow-end_to_end" title="dom-CompareHow-END_TO_END">END_TO_END</dfn> = 2;
  const unsigned short <dfn id="dom-comparehow-end_to_start" title="dom-CompareHow-END_TO_START">END_TO_START</dfn> = 3;
  short <a href="#dom-range-compareboundarypoints" title="dom-Range-compareBoundaryPoints">compareBoundaryPoints</a>(unsigned short <var title="">how</var>, <a href="#range">Range</a> <var title="">sourceRange</var>);

  void <a href="#dom-range-deletecontents" title="dom-Range-deleteContents">deleteContents</a>();
  <a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a> <a href="#dom-range-extractcontents" title="dom-Range-extractContents">extractContents</a>();
  <a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a> <a href="#dom-range-clonecontents" title="dom-Range-cloneContents">cloneContents</a>();
  void <a href="#dom-range-insertnode" title="dom-Range-insertNode">insertNode</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>);
  void <a href="#dom-range-surroundcontents" title="dom-Range-surroundContents">surroundContents</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">newParent</var>);

  <a href="#range">Range</a> <a href="#dom-range-clonerange" title="dom-Range-cloneRange">cloneRange</a>();
  void <a href="#dom-range-detach" title="dom-Range-detach">detach</a>();

  boolean <a href="#dom-range-ispointinrange" title="dom-Range-isPointInRange">isPointInRange</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>, unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>);
  short <a href="#dom-range-comparepoint" title="dom-Range-comparePoint">comparePoint</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>, unsigned long <var title="">offset</var>);

  boolean <a href="#dom-range-intersectsnode" title="dom-Range-intersectsNode">intersectsNode</a>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>);

  <a href="#dom-range-stringifier" title="dom-Range-stringifier">stringifier</a>;
};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#range">Range</a></code> objects are simply known as
<dfn id="concept-range" title="concept-range">ranges</dfn>.

<p class="note"><a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">Ranges</a> can be created using
the <code title="dom-Document-createRange"><a href="#dom-document-createrange">createRange()</a></code> method.

<p>A <dfn id="concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</dfn> is a
(<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
<dfn id="concept-range-bp-offset" title="concept-range-bp-offset">offset</dfn>) tuple, where
<a href="#concept-range-bp-offset" title="concept-range-bp-offset">offset</a> is a non-negative
integer.

<p class="note">Generally speaking, a
<a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>'s
<a href="#concept-range-bp-offset" title="concept-range-bp-offset">offset</a> will be between zero and
the <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>'s
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
<a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a>, inclusive. Algorithms that
modify a <a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a> (in particular the
<a href="#concept-node-insert" title="concept-node-insert">insert</a>,
<a href="#concept-node-remove" title="concept-node-remove">remove</a>,
<a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a>, and
<a href="#concept-text-split" title="concept-Text-split">split</a> algorithms) also modify
<a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">ranges</a> associated with that
<a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">tree</a>.

<p>If the two <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> of
<a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary points</a>
(<var title="">node A</var>, <var title="">offset A</var>) and
(<var title="">node B</var>, <var title="">offset B</var>) have the same
<a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a>, the
<dfn id="concept-range-bp-position" title="concept-range-bp-position">position</dfn> of the first relative to
the second is either <dfn id="concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</dfn>,
<dfn id="concept-range-bp-equal" title="concept-range-bp-equal">equal</dfn>, or
<dfn id="concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</dfn>,
as returned by the following algorithm:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">node A</var> is the same as <var title="">node B</var>,
 return <a href="#concept-range-bp-equal" title="concept-range-bp-equal">equal</a> if
 <var title="">offset A</var> is the same as <var title="">offset B</var>,
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a> if
 <var title="">offset A</var> is less than <var title="">offset B</var>, and
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a> if
 <var title="">offset A</var> is greater than <var title="">offset B</var>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node A</var> is
 <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
 <var title="">node B</var>, compute the
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-position" title="concept-range-bp-position">position</a> of
 (<var title="">node B</var>, <var title="">offset B</var>) relative to
 (<var title="">node A</var>, <var title="">offset A</var>). If it is
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a>, return
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a>. If it is
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a>, return
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a>. In either case terminate
 these steps.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">node A</var> is an
  <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</a> of
  <var title="">node B</var>:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">child</var> equal <var title="">node B</var>.

   <li><p>While <var title="">child</var> is not a
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of <var title="">node A</var>,
   set <var title="">child</var> to its
   <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

   <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> of
   <var title="">child</var> is less than <var title="">offset A</var>, return
   <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Return <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a>.
</ol>

<p>Each <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> has two associated
<a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary points</a> &mdash; a
<dfn id="concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</dfn> and
<dfn id="concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</dfn> &mdash; an associated
<dfn id="concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</dfn>, which is initially
unset.

<p>For convenience, <dfn id="concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</dfn> is
<a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>'s
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
<dfn id="concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</dfn> is
<a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>'s
<a href="#concept-range-bp-offset" title="concept-range-bp-offset">offset</a>,
<dfn id="concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</dfn> is
<a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>'s
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,  and
<dfn id="concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</dfn> is
<a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>'s
<a href="#concept-range-bp-offset" title="concept-range-bp-offset">offset</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</dfn> of a
<a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> is the
<a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a> of its
<a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>, or null if its
<a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set.
<!-- start and end have an identical root -->

<p>A <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> <var title="">node</var> is
<dfn id="contained">contained</dfn> in a <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a>
<var title="">range</var> if <var title="">node</var>'s
<a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a> is
the same as <var title="">range</var>'s
<a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a>, and (<var title="">node</var>, 0)
is <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a> <var title="">range</var>'s
<a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>, and (<var title="">node</var>,
<a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> of <var title="">node</var>) is
<a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a> <var title="">range</var>'s
<a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>.

<p>A <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> is <dfn id="partially-contained">partially contained</dfn>
in a <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> if it is an
<a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of the
<a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a>'s
<a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> but not its
<a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, or vice versa.

<div class="note">
 <p>Some facts to better understand these definitions:

 <ul>
  <li><p>The content that one would think of as being within the
  <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> consists of all
  <a href="#contained">contained</a> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a>, plus
  possibly some of the contents of the
  <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> and
  <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> if those are
  <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a>.

  <li><p>The <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> that are contained in a
  <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> will generally not be contiguous,
  because the <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> of a
  <a href="#contained">contained</a> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> will not
  always be <a href="#contained">contained</a>.

  <li><p>However, the <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendants</a>
  of a <a href="#contained">contained</a> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> are
  <a href="#contained">contained</a>, and if two
  <a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">siblings</a> are
  <a href="#contained">contained</a>, so are any
  <a href="#concept-tree-sibling" title="concept-tree-sibling">siblings</a> that lie between them.

  <li><p>The first <a href="#contained">contained</a>
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> (if there are any) will always be
  after the <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>, and the
  last <a href="#contained">contained</a> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> will
  always be equal to or before the
  <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>'s last
  <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a>.

  <li><p>The <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> and
  <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> of a
  <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> are never <a href="#contained">contained</a>
  within it.

  <li><p>There exists some partially contained
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> if and only if the
  <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> and
  <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> are different.

  <li><p>The
  <code title="dom-Range-commonAncestorContainer"><a href="#dom-range-commonancestorcontainer">commonAncestorContainer</a></code>
  attribute value is never <a href="#contained">contained</a> or
  <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a>.

  <li>If the <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is an
  <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</a> of the
  <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, the common
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> will
  be the <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>. Exactly one
  of its <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> will be
  <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a>, and a
  <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> will be <a href="#contained">contained</a>
  if and only if it <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">precedes</a> the
  <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a>
  <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>. If the
  <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is an
  <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</a> of the
  <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>, the opposite
  holds.

  <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is
  not an
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
  the <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, nor vice versa,
  the common
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> will
  be distinct from both of them. Exactly two of its
  <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> will be
  <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a>, and a
  <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> will be contained if and only
  if it lies between those two.
 </ul>
</div>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">node</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-startContainer"><a href="#dom-range-startcontainer">startContainer</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns <var title="">range</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>.

 <dt><var title="">offset</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-startOffset"><a href="#dom-range-startoffset">startOffset</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns <var title="">range</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a>.

 <dt><var title="">node</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-endContainer"><a href="#dom-range-endcontainer">endContainer</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns <var title="">range</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>.

 <dt><var title="">offset</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-endOffset"><a href="#dom-range-endoffset">endOffset</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns <var title="">range</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a>.

 <dt><var title="">collapsed</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-collapsed"><a href="#dom-range-collapsed">collapsed</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns true if <var title="">range</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> are the same, or false otherwise.

 <dt><var title="">container</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-commonAncestorContainer"><a href="#dom-range-commonancestorcontainer">commonAncestorContainer</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, furthest away from
 the <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a>, that is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</a> of both
 <var title="">range</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>.
</dl>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-startcontainer" title="dom-Range-startContainer"><code>startContainer</code></dfn>
attribute must <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
"<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception if the
<a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set, or return
the <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> otherwise.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-startoffset" title="dom-Range-startOffset"><code>startOffset</code></dfn>
attribute must <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
"<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception if the
<a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set, or return
the <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> otherwise.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-endcontainer" title="dom-Range-endContainer"><code>endContainer</code></dfn>
attribute must <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
"<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception if the
<a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set, or return
the <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> otherwise.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-endoffset" title="dom-Range-endOffset"><code>endOffset</code></dfn>
attribute must <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
"<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception if the
<a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set, or return
the <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a> otherwise.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-collapsed" title="dom-Range-collapsed"><code>collapsed</code></dfn> attribute
must <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
"<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception if the
<a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set, return true
if <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> is the same as
<a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>, or return false otherwise.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-commonancestorcontainer" title="dom-Range-commonAncestorContainer"><code>commonAncestorContainer</code></dfn>
attribute must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">container</var> be
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>.

 <li><p>While <var title="">container</var> is not an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, let
 <var title="">container</var> be <var title="">container</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">container</var>.
</ol>

<hr>

<p>To <dfn id="concept-range-bp-set" title="concept-range-bp-set">set the start or end</dfn> of a
<var title="">range</var> to a
<a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
(<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">offset</var>), run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <var title="">range</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
 <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> is greater than
 <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#indexsizeerror">IndexSizeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">bp</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">offset</var>).

 <li>
  <dl class="switch">
   <dt>If these steps were invoked as "set the start"
   <dd>
    <ol>
     <li><p>If <var title="">bp</var> is
     <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a> the
     <var title="">range</var>'s <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>, or
     if the <var title="">range</var>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a> is not equal to
     <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a>, set
     <var title="">range</var>'s <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to
     <var title="">bp</var>.

     <li><p>Set <var title="">range</var>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> to <var title="">bp</var>.
    </ol>
   <dt>If these steps were invoked as "set the end"
   <dd>
    <ol>
     <li><p>If <var title="">bp</var> is
     <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a> the
     <var title="">range</var>'s <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>,
     or if the <var title="">range</var>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a> is not equal to
     <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a>, set
     <var title="">range</var>'s <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>
     to <var title="">bp</var>.

     <li><p>Set <var title="">range</var>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to <var title="">bp</var>.
    </ol>
  </dl>
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-setstart" title="dom-Range-setStart"><code>setStart(<var>node</var>, <var>offset</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-range-bp-set" title="concept-range-bp-set">set the start</a> of the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> to
<a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
(<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">offset</var>).

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-setend" title="dom-Range-setEnd"><code>setEnd(<var>refNode</var>, <var>offset</var>)</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-range-bp-set" title="concept-range-bp-set">set the end</a> of the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a> to
<a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
(<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">offset</var>).

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-setstartbefore" title="dom-Range-setStartBefore"><code>setStartBefore(<var>node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">parent</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is null,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-range-bp-set" title="concept-range-bp-set">Set the start</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> to
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a>).
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-setstartafter" title="dom-Range-setStartAfter"><code>setStartAfter(<var>node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">parent</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is null,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-range-bp-set" title="concept-range-bp-set">Set the start</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> to
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> plus one).
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-setendbefore" title="dom-Range-setEndBefore"><code>setEndBefore(<var>node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">parent</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is null,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-range-bp-set" title="concept-range-bp-set">Set the end</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> to
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a>).
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-setendafter" title="dom-Range-setEndAfter"><code>setEndAfter(<var>node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">parent</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is null,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-range-bp-set" title="concept-range-bp-set">Set the end</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a> to
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> plus one).
</ol>


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-collapse" title="dom-Range-collapse"><code>collapse(<var>toStart</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">toStart</var> is true, set
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to
 <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>. Otherwise, set
 <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> to
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>.
</ol>


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-selectnode" title="dom-Range-selectNode"><code>selectNode(<var>refNode</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">parent</var> be <var title="">refNode</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is null,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">index</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> of <var title="">refNode</var>.

 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> to the
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">index</var>).

 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to the
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">index</var> plus one).
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-selectnodecontents" title="dom-Range-selectNodeContents"><code>selectNodeContents(<var>refNode</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">refNode</var> is a
 <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">length</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> of <var title="">refNode</var>.

 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> to the
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">refNode</var>, 0).

 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to the
 <a href="#concept-range-bp" title="concept-range-bp">boundary point</a>
 (<var title="">refNode</var>, <var title="">length</var>).
</ol>

<hr>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-compareboundarypoints" title="dom-Range-compareBoundaryPoints"><code>compareBoundaryPoints(<var>how</var>, <var>sourceRange</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s or <var title="">sourceRange</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li>
  <p>If <var>how</var> is not one of
  <ul>
   <li><code title="dom-CompareHow-START_TO_START"><a href="#dom-comparehow-start_to_start">START_TO_START</a></code>,
   <li><code title="dom-CompareHow-START_TO_END"><a href="#dom-comparehow-start_to_end">START_TO_END</a></code>,
   <li><code title="dom-CompareHow-END_TO_END"><a href="#dom-comparehow-end_to_end">END_TO_END</a></code>, and
   <li><code title="dom-CompareHow-END_TO_START"><a href="#dom-comparehow-end_to_start">END_TO_START</a></code>,
  </ul>
  <p><a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
  "<code><a href="#notsupportederror">NotSupportedError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <!--
 Apparent behaviors from black-box testing:

 IE9: Converts to unsigned short per WebIDL, then throws "Error: Invalid
 argument." if it's not 0-3.

 Firefox 12.0a1: Converts to unsigned short per WebIDL, then throws
 NS_ERROR_ILLEGAL_VALUE if it's not 0-3.

 Chrome 17 dev: Converts to unsigned *long* per WebIDL, and treats bad values
 as 0.  Never throws.

 Opera Next 12.00 alpha: Throws NotSupportedError unless the value is -0, 0, 1,
 2, 3, or an integer equal to one of these modulo 2^32.  (In particular, it
 throws on NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity instead of treating them as 0 per
 WebIDL.)

 The spec follows IE9/Gecko, except that we throw NotSupportedError (like
 Opera) instead of a nonstandard exception type.
 -->

 <li><p>If <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a> is not the same as
 <var title="">sourceRange</var>'s <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#wrongdocumenterror">WrongDocumentError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">how</var> is:
  <dl class="switch">
   <dt><code title="dom-CompareHow-START_TO_START"><a href="#dom-comparehow-start_to_start">START_TO_START</a></code>:
   <dd>
    <p>Let <var title="">this point</var> be the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
    <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>.
    <p>Let <var title="">other point</var> be <var title="">sourceRange</var>'s
    <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>.

   <dt><code title="dom-CompareHow-START_TO_END"><a href="#dom-comparehow-start_to_end">START_TO_END</a></code>:
   <dd>
    <p>Let <var title="">this point</var> be the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
    <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>.
    <p>Let <var title="">other point</var> be <var title="">sourceRange</var>'s
    <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>.

    <dt><code title="dom-CompareHow-END_TO_END"><a href="#dom-comparehow-end_to_end">END_TO_END</a></code>:
    <dd>
     <p>Let <var title="">this point</var> be the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>.
     <p>Let <var title="">other point</var> be <var title="">sourceRange</var>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>.

    <dt><code title="dom-CompareHow-END_TO_START"><a href="#dom-comparehow-end_to_start">END_TO_START</a></code>:
    <dd>
     <p>Let <var title="">this point</var> be the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>.
     <p>Let <var title="">other point</var> be <var title="">sourceRange</var>'s
     <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>.
   </dl>

  <li>
   <p>If the <a href="#concept-range-bp-position" title="concept-range-bp-position">position</a> of
   <var title="">this point</var> relative to <var title="">other point</var> is

   <dl class="switch">
    <dt><a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a>
    <dd>Return &minus;1.

    <dt><a href="#concept-range-bp-equal" title="concept-range-bp-equal">equal</a>
    <dd>Return 0.

    <dt><a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a>
    <dd>Return 1.
   </dl>
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-deletecontents" title="dom-Range-deleteContents"><code>deleteContents()</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> equals
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>, terminate these steps.
 <!-- This might actually make no difference, but it's not immediately
 obvious what would happen otherwise if the start/end were text/comment:
 are all the substeps of the next step actually no-ops, or could some have
 side effects? -->

 <li><p>Let <var title="">original start node</var>,
 <var title="">original start offset</var>, <var title="">original end node</var>,
 and <var title="">original end offset</var> be the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a>,
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a>, respectively.

 <li><p>If <var title="">original start node</var> and
 <var title="">original end node</var> are the same, and they are a
 <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
 <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
 <var title="">original start offset</var>, count
 <var title="">original end offset</var> minus
 <var title="">original start offset</var>, and data the empty string, and then
 terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">nodes to remove</var> be a list of all the
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> that are <a href="#contained">contained</a> in
 the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, in
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>, omitting any
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is also
 <a href="#contained">contained</a> in the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">original start node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">original end node</var>, set
 <var title="">new node</var> to <var title="">original start node</var> and
 <var title="">new offset</var> to <var title="">original start offset</var>.

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise:
  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">reference node</var> equal
   <var title="">original start node</var>.

   <li><p>While <var title="">reference node</var>'s
   <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is not null and is not an
   <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
   <var title="">original end node</var>, set <var title="">reference node</var>
   to its <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

   <li>
    <p>Set <var title="">new node</var> to the
    <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> of
    <var title="">reference node</var>, and <var title="">new offset</var> to one
    plus the <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> of
    <var title="">reference node</var>.

    <p class="note">If <var title="">reference node</var>'s
    <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> were null, it would be the
    <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a> of the
    <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, so would be an
    <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
    <var title="">original end node</var>, and we could not reach this point.
  </ol>

 <li><p>If <var title="">original start node</var> is a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or
 <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
 <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
 <var title="">original start offset</var>, count
 <var title="">original start node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> minus
 <var title="">original start offset</var>, data the empty string.

 <li><p>For each <var title="">node</var> in <var title="">nodes to remove</var>,
 in <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>, remove <var title="">node</var> from its <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.
 <!-- XXX use concept-node-remove? -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">original end node</var> is a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or
 <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">replace data</a> with node
 <var title="">original end node</var>, offset 0, count
 <var title="">original end offset</var>), and data the empty string.

 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to
 (<var title="">new node</var>, <var title="">new offset</var>).
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-extractcontents" title="dom-Range-extractContents"><code>extractContents()</code></dfn> method
must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">frag</var> be a new <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 whose <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is the same as
 the <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> equals
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>, return <var title="">frag</var>, and
 terminate these steps.
 <!-- This is only really needed when the start and end nodes are
 text/comment, to avoid creating an empty clone as the child of the
 fragment. (Opera 11 actually does include such an empty clone, it seems,
 but Gecko and WebKit do not as of March 2011, so we follow them.)
 Otherwise, the following steps are all no-ops. But it's simplest to include
 this step anyway. -->

 <li><p>Let <var title="">original start node</var>,
 <var title="">original start offset</var>, <var title="">original end node</var>,
 and <var title="">original end offset</var> be the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a>,
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a>, respectively.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">original start node</var> equals
  <var title="">original end node</var>, and they are a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or
  <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">original start node</var>.

   <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of
   <var title="">clone</var> to the result of
   <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substringing data</a> with node
   <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, and count
   <var title="">original end offset</var> minus
   <var title="">original start offset</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">Replace data</a> with node
   <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, count
   <var title="">original end offset</var> minus
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, and data the empty string.

   <li><p>Return <var title="">frag</var> and terminate these steps.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Let <var title="">common ancestor</var> be
 <var title="">original start node</var>.

 <li><p>While <var title="">common ancestor</var> is not an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">original end node</var>, set <var title="">common ancestor</var> to
 its own <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">original start node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">original end node</var>, let
 <var title="">first partially contained child</var> be null.

 <li><p>Otherwise, let <var title="">first partially contained child</var> be
 the first <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
 <var title="">common ancestor</var> that is <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a>
 in the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">original end node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">original start node</var>, let
 <var title="">last partially contained child</var> be null.

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise, let <var title="">last partially contained child</var> be
  the last <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
  <var title="">common ancestor</var> that is <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a>
  in the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

  <p class="note">These variable assignments do actually always make sense.
  For instance, if the original start node is not an
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
  the
  original end node, the original start node is itself partially contained in
  the range, and so are all its ancestors up until a child of the common
  ancestor. The common ancestor can't be original start node, because it must
  be an
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
  the original end node. The other case is
  similar. Also, notice that the two children will never be equal if both are
  defined.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">contained children</var> be a list of all
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> of
 <var title="">common ancestor</var> that are <a href="#contained">contained</a> in the
 <var title="">context object</var>, in
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

 <li>
  <p>If any member of <var title="">contained children</var> is a
  <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
  "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
  steps.
  <!-- Firefox 4.0 actually removes the non-DocumentType nodes before
  throwing the exception. Opera 11.00 removes the DocumentType too, and
  doesn't throw. I go with IE9 and Chrome 12 dev, which don't remove any
  nodes. DOM 2 Range doesn't specify what exactly happens here, except that
  an exception should be thrown. -->

  <p class="note">We do not have to worry about the first or last partially
  contained node, because a <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code> can never be
  partially contained. It cannot be a boundary point of a range, and it
  cannot be the ancestor of anything.

 <li><p>If <var title="">original start node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">original end node</var>, set <var title="">new node</var> to
 <var title="">original start node</var> and <var title="">new offset</var> to
 <var title="">original start offset</var>.

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise:
  <ol>
    <li>Let <var title="">reference node</var> equal <var title="">original start
    node</var>.

    <li>While <var title="">reference node</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is not null and is not an
    <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
    <var title="">original end node</var>,
    set <var title="">reference node</var> to its <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

    <li>Set <var title="">new node</var> to the <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> of <var title="">reference node</var>,
    and <var title="">new offset</var> to one plus the <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> of <var title="">reference node</var>.

    <p class="note">If <var title="">reference node</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> were null,
    it would be the <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a> of the
    <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, so would be an
    <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of <var title="">original end node</var>, and we couldn't
    reach this point.
  </ol>

  <!-- Now we start with mutations, so we can't refer to the context object
  anymore unless we carefully consider how it will have mutated. -->

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">first partially contained child</var> is a
  <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>:

  <p class="note">In this case, the first partially contained child is the
  original start node.

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">original start node</var>.

   <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of
   <var title="">clone</var> to the result of
   <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substringing data</a> with node
   <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, and count
   <var title="">original start node</var>'s
   <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> minus
   <var title="">original start offset</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">Replace data</a> with node
   <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, count
   <var title="">original start node</var>'s
   <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> minus
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, and data the empty string.
  </ol>

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise, if <var title="">first partially contained child</var> is not
  null:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">first partially contained child</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

    <li>Let <var title="">subrange</var> be a new <code><a href="#range">Range</a></code> whose <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> is (<var title="">original start
    node</var>, <var title="">original start offset</var>) and whose <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> is (<var title="">first partially contained
    child</var>, <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> of <var title="">first partially contained child</var>).

    <li>Let <var title="">subfrag</var> be the result of calling <code title="dom-Range-extractContents"><a href="#dom-range-extractcontents">extractContents()</a></code> on <var title="">subrange</var>.

    <p class="XXX">Is this method of recursing black-box detectable?  E.g., would
    it fire extra DOM mutation events or something?  What we really mean is to
    get a list of nodes to insert, then insert them directly into <var title="">frag</var>, without an intermediate document fragment.

   <li>For each <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
   <var title="">subfrag</var>, in
   <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>,
   <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> that
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> to <var title="">clone</var>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>For each <var title="">contained child</var> in
 <var title="">contained children</var>,
 <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a>
 <var title="">contained child</var> to <var title="">frag</var>.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">last partially contained child</var> is a
  <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>:

  <p class="note">In this case, the last partially contained child is the
  original end node.

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">original end node</var>.

   <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of
   <var title="">clone</var> to the result of
   <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substringing data</a> with node
   <var title="">original end node</var>, offset 0, and count
   <var title="">original end offset</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

    <li><p><a href="#concept-cd-replace" title="concept-CD-replace">Replace data</a> with node
    <var title="">original end node</var>, offset 0, count
    <var title="">original end offset</var>, and data the empty string.
  </ol>

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise, if <var title="">last partially contained child</var> is not
  null:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">last partially contained child</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

    <li>Let <var title="">subrange</var> be a new <code><a href="#range">Range</a></code> whose <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> is (<var title="">last partially
    contained child</var>, 0) and whose <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> is (<var title="">original end node</var>,
    <var title="">original end offset</var>).

    <li>Let <var title="">subfrag</var> be the result of calling <code title="dom-Range-extractContents"><a href="#dom-range-extractcontents">extractContents()</a></code> on <var title="">subrange</var>.

   <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
   <var title="">subfrag</var>, in
   <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>,
   <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> that
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> to <var title="">clone</var>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Set <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to
 (<var title="">new node</var>, <var title="">new offset</var>).

 <li><p>Return <var title="">frag</var>.
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-clonecontents" title="dom-Range-cloneContents"><code>cloneContents()</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">frag</var> be a new <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 whose <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> is the same as
 the <a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> of the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> equals
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>, return <var title="">frag</var>, and
 terminate these steps.
 <!-- This is only really needed when the start and end nodes are
 text/comment, to avoid creating an empty clone as the child of the
 fragment. (Opera 11 actually does include such an empty clone, it seems,
 but Gecko and WebKit do not as of March 2011, so we follow them.)
 Otherwise, the following steps are all no-ops. But it's simplest to include
 this step anyway. -->

 <li><p>Let <var title="">original start node</var>,
 <var title="">original start offset</var>, <var title="">original end node</var>,
 and <var title="">original end offset</var> be the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a>,
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, and
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a>, respectively.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">original start node</var> equals
  <var title="">original end node</var>, and they are a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or
  <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">original start node</var>.

   <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of
   <var title="">clone</var> to the result of
   <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substringing data</a> with node
   <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, and count
   <var title="">original end offset</var> minus
   <var title="">original start offset</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

   <li><p>Return <var title="">frag</var> and terminate these steps.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Let <var title="">common ancestor</var> be
 <var title="">original start node</var>.

 <li><p>While <var title="">common ancestor</var> is not an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">original end node</var>, set
 <var title="">common ancestor</var> to its own
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">original start node</var> is an
 <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
 <var title="">original end node</var>, let
 <var title="">first partially contained child</var> be null.

 <li><p>Otherwise, let <var title="">first partially contained child</var> be
 the first <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
 <var title="">common ancestor</var> that is <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a>
 in the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">original end node</var> is an
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
  <var title="">original start node</var>, let <var title="">last
  partially contained child</var> be null.

  <li>Otherwise, let <var title="">last partially contained child</var> be the
  last <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
  <var title="">common ancestor</var> that is <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a> in
  the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

  <p class="note">These variable assignments do actually always make sense. For
  instance, if the original start node is not an
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
  the
  original end node, the original start node is itself partially contained in
  the range, and so are all its ancestors up until a child of the common
  ancestor. The common ancestor can't be original start node, because it must
  be an
  <a href="#concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor" title="concept-tree-inclusive-ancestor">inclusive ancestor</a> of
  the original end node. The other case is
  similar. Also, notice that the two children will never be equal if both are
  defined.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">contained children</var> be a list of all
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a> of
 <var title="">common ancestor</var> that are <a href="#contained">contained</a> in the
 <var title="">context object</var>, in
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

 <li>
  <p>If any member of <var title="">contained children</var> is a
  <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
  "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
  steps.

  <p class="note">We don't have to worry about the first or last partially
  contained node, because a <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code> can never be partially
  contained. It can't be a boundary point of a range, and it can't be the
  ancestor of anything.

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">first partially contained child</var> is a
  <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>:

  <p class="note">In this case, the first partially contained child is the
  original start node.

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">original start node</var>.

   <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of
   <var title="">clone</var> to the result of
   <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substringing data</a> with node
   <var title="">original start node</var>, offset
   <var title="">original start offset</var>, and count
   <var title="">original start node</var>'s
   <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> minus
   <var title="">original start offset</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.
  </ol>

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise, if <var title="">first partially contained child</var> is not
  null:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">first partially contained child</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

    <li>Let <var title="">subrange</var> be a new <code><a href="#range">Range</a></code> whose <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> is (<var title="">original start
    node</var>, <var title="">original start offset</var>) and whose <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> is (<var title="">first partially contained
    child</var>, <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> of <var title="">first partially contained child</var>).

    <li>Let <var title="">subfrag</var> be the result of calling <code title="dom-Range-cloneContents"><a href="#dom-range-clonecontents">cloneContents()</a></code> on <var title="">subrange</var>.

    <p class="XXX">Is this method of recursing black-box detectable?  E.g., would
    it fire extra DOM mutation events or something?  What we really mean is to
    get a list of nodes to insert, then insert them directly into <var title="">frag</var>, without an intermediate document fragment.

   <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
   <var title="">subfrag</var>, in
   <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>,
   <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> that
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> to <var title="">clone</var>.
  </ol>

 <li>
  <p>For each <var title="">contained child</var> in
  <var title="">contained children</var>:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">contained child</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.
  </ol>

 <li>
  <p>If <var title="">last partially contained child</var> is a
  <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> or <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code>
  <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>:

  <p class="note">In this case, the last partially contained child is the
  original end node.

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">original end node</var>.

   <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of
   <var title="">clone</var> to the result of
   <a href="#concept-cd-substring" title="concept-CD-substring">substringing data</a> with node
   <var title="">original end node</var>, offset 0, and count
   <var title="">original end offset</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.
  </ol>

 <li>
  <p>Otherwise, if <var title="">last partially contained child</var> is not
  null:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">clone</var> be a
   <a href="#concept-node-clone" title="concept-node-clone">clone</a> of
   <var title="">last partially contained child</var>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">Append</a> <var title="">clone</var>
   to <var title="">frag</var>.

    <li>Let <var title="">subrange</var> be a new <code><a href="#range">Range</a></code> whose <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> is (<var title="">last partially
    contained child</var>, 0) and whose <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> is (<var title="">original end node</var>,
    <var title="">original end offset</var>).

    <li>Let <var title="">subfrag</var> be the result of calling <code title="dom-Range-cloneContents"><a href="#dom-range-clonecontents">cloneContents()</a></code> on <var title="">subrange</var>.

   <li><p>For each <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
   <var title="">subfrag</var>, in
   <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>,
   <a href="#concept-node-append" title="concept-node-append">append</a> that
   <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> to <var title="">clone</var>.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Return <var title="">frag</var>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-insertnode" title="dom-Range-insertNode"><code>insertNode(<var>node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
  <!-- IE9 and Opera 11.00 throw "WrongDocumentError" if the documents don't
  match, as is their wont, and as DOM 2 Range requires. But as elsewhere, we
  just let the UA change the document if it doesn't match.

  Chrome 12 dev also throws "HierarchyRequestError" if node is the same
  as the start node (at least for text nodes). This doesn't seem to make
  much sense, since insertBefore() works fine to move a node to its current
  position, and other browsers disagree, so the spec follows the majority.
  -->

 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is a
 <code><a href="#comment">Comment</a></code> node, or a <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> whose <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> is null, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an "<code><a href="#hierarchyrequesterror">HierarchyRequestError</a></code>"
 exception and terminate these steps.
 <!--
 Behavior for Text node with null parent:

 IE9: Allows it to go through, resulting in the text/comment node having a non-null previousSibling but a null parentNode. (?!)
 Firefox 4.0: Throws non-standard exception
 Chrome 12 dev: Throws "HierarchyRequestError"
 Opera 11.00: Doesn't come up, doesn't allow ranges on detached nodes

 IE is clearly crazy, and non-standard exceptions are no good, so we go with
 WebKit.

 For a Comment node, see https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=15350.
 IE9, Firefox 12.0a1, and Chrome 17 dev all agree on throwing a
 HierarchyRequestError.  Opera Next 12.00 alpha splits the comment, same as a
 text node.
 -->

 <!-- IE9 and Chrome 12 dev throw an exception before splitting the text
 node if the insertBefore() is going to throw an exception (at least if the
 new node is the parent of the start node, for instance). Firefox 4.0 and
 Opera 11.00 don't, and the latter behavior is much easier to spec, so
 that's what I go with.

 IE9 doesn't call splitText() if the offset is 0. This makes sense, but I go
 with what all other browsers do. -->
 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is a
 <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-text-split" title="concept-Text-split">split</a> it with offset
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a>, and let
 <var title="">reference node</var> be the result.

 <li><p>Otherwise, let <var title="">reference node</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a> of
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> whose
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> is
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a>, or null if
 there is no such <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">reference node</var> is null, let
 <var title="">parent</var> be
 <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a>.

 <li><p>Otherwise, let <var title="">parent</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> of
 <var title="">reference node</var>.

 <!-- Browsers disagree on how to handle the case where the range is
 collapsed: do you increment the end offset so the node is now included, or
 not?  DOM 2 Range says no, and Firefox 12.0a1 follows that, but IE9, Chrome
 17 dev, and Opera Next 12.00 alpha all do increment.  Apparently this
 traces back to Acid3 at one point requiring the non-standard behavior.
 Previously the spec matched DOM 2 Range, but it changed to match the
 majority of browsers.  See
 https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=15297.

 We have to be careful here, because if node is a DocumentFragment, we might
 have inserted any number of nodes, including zero.  One corner case is if
 we insert an empty DocumentFragment and the range is collapsed in a text
 node.  In that case, the text node gets split, but browsers disagree on
 what to do with the range's end.  IE9 leaves it in place; Chrome 17 dev
 moves it to the parent element, before the reference node; Opera Next 12.00
 alpha moves it to the beginning of the new text node.  The spec follows
 WebKit just because it happens to be easier for me to spec.

 The logic for how much to increment the position by is copied from the
 "insert" algorithm.  Getting the new offset right was surprisingly tricky.
 -->
 <li><p>Let <var title="">new offset</var> be the
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a> of
 <var title="">reference node</var>, or <var title="">parent</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> if
 <var title="">reference node</var> is null.

 <li><p>Add <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a> to
 <var title="">new offset</var>, if <var title="">node</var> is a
 <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>.  Otherwise add one to
 <var title="">new offset</var>.

 <li><p><a href="#concept-node-pre-insert" title="concept-node-pre-insert">Pre-insert</a>
 <var title="">node</var> into <var title="">parent</var> before
 <var title="">reference node</var>.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> and
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> are the same, set
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> to (<var title="">parent</var>,
 <var title="">new offset</var>).
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-surroundcontents" title="dom-Range-surroundContents"><code>surroundContents(<var>newParent</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<!--
IE9 and Chrome 12 dev throw exceptions before doing any DOM mutations in at
least some cases, so they don't wind up modifying the DOM halfway. Like if you
try surrounding a selection with an ancestor. As with insertNode(), this is
slightly nicer, but Firefox 4.0 and Opera 11.00 don't do this, and their
behavior is slightly easier to spec, so I go with them for exceptions that are
thrown by things we call, like insertNode(). However, for
BAD_BOUNDARYPOINTS_ERR/INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR that we throw ourselves, I do the
check first thing, which matches everyone but Firefox.
-->

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If a non-<code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> is
 <a href="#partially-contained">partially contained</a> in the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <!-- Makes some sense: otherwise we'd clone a bunch of containers, which is
 unexpected. -->
 <!-- XXX Could we rephrase this condition to be more algorithmic and less
 declarative?-->

 <li><p>If <var title="">newParent</var> is a <code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>,
 <code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>, or <code><a href="#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.
 <!-- But for Comment, Text, and ProcessingInstruction, we just fall through
 and throw a HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR when we try appendChild(). This makes
 absolutely no sense, but it's what DOM 2 Range specifies, and it's what
 IE9, Chrome 12 dev, and Opera 11.00 implement. Firefox 4.0 only throws
 INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR on DocumentFragments, it falls through to
 HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR for Documents and DocumentTypes.

 Firefox 4.0 does this check later on, so it will do DOM mutations of some
 type if passed a DocumentFragment. We match IE9, Chrome 12 dev, and Opera
 11.00 in doing the check early.

 If newParent is a Document/DocumentType/DocumentFragment, and some node is
 also partially contained, DOM 2 Range doesn't say whether to throw
 BAD_BOUNDARYPOINTS_ERR or INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR. IE9 and Chrome 12 dev
 throw INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR, while Firefox 4.0 and Opera 11.00 throw
 BAD_BOUNDARYPOINTS_ERR. I chose the latter because it's the first thing I
 happened to write down and it makes no real difference, with the even
 split. -->

  <li>Call <code title="dom-Range-extractContents"><a href="#dom-range-extractcontents">extractContents()</a></code> on
  the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>, and let <var title="">fragment</var> be the
  result.
  <!-- If the range contains a DocumentType, Firefox 4.0 and Opera 11.00 don't
  immediately throw here. Firefox removes the non-DocumentType nodes and
  throws, Opera removes all nodes and doesn't throw. This applies to
  extractContents() proper, and also affects surroundContents(). I match DOM 2
  Range, IE9, and Chrome 12 dev. -->

 <li><p>While <var title="">newParent</var> has
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">children</a>, remove its first
 <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>.
 <!-- XXX concept-node-remove -->

  <li>Call <code title="dom-Range-insertNode"><a href="#dom-range-insertnode">insertNode(<var title="">newParent</var>)</a></code> on the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

  <li>Call <code title="dom-Node-appendChild"><a href="#dom-node-appendchild">appendChild(<var title="">fragment</var>)</a></code> on
  <var title="">newParent</var>.

  <li>Call <code title="dom-Range-selectNode"><a href="#dom-range-selectnode">selectNode(<var title="">newParent</var>)</a></code> on the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.
  <!-- Generally this isn't needed, because insertNode() will already do it,
  but it makes a difference in at least one corner case (when the original
  range lies in a single text node). -->
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-clonerange" title="dom-Range-cloneRange"><code>cloneRange()</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
"<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception if the
<a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is set. Otherwise,
it must return a new <a href="#concept-range" title="concept-range">range</a> with the same
<a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> and
<a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> as the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-detach" title="dom-Range-detach"><code>detach()</code></dfn> method must
run these steps:
<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a>.
</ol>

<hr>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">position</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-comparePoint"><a href="#dom-range-comparepoint">comparePoint</a></code>( <var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">offset</var> )
 <dd><p>Returns &minus;1 if the point is before the range, 0 if the point is
 in the range, and 1 if the point is after the range.

 <dt><var title="">intersects</var> = <var title="">range</var> . <code title="dom-Range-intersectsNode"><a href="#dom-range-intersectsnode">intersectsNode</a></code>( <var title="">node</var> )
 <dd><p>Returns whether <var title="">range</var> intersects
 <var title="">node</var>.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-ispointinrange" title="dom-Range-isPointInRange"><code>isPointInRange(<var>node</var>, <var>offset</var>)</code></dfn>
must run these steps:
<!-- Tested October 2011 on Firefox 9.0a2 and Chrome 16 dev.  IE9 and Opera
11.50 don't support the method. -->

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a> is
 different from the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a>, return false and terminate these steps.
 <!-- This happens even if the offset is negative or too large, or if the node
 is a doctype, in both Firefox 9.0a2 and Chrome 16 dev. -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
 <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.
 <!-- Firefox 9.0a2 doesn't throw.  It ignores the offset and returns true or
 false depending on whether the doctype itself is in the range.  This makes
 some sense, but it doesn't match how other Range APIs handle doctypes, and
 having the second argument mandatory but ignored is just weird.  Thus I go
 with Chrome 16 dev, although I can see the merit in how Gecko works here. -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> is greater than
 <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#indexsizeerror">IndexSizeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <!-- Firefox 9.0a2 doesn't throw.  It seems to return true if the node is
 completely contained in the range, like with selectNode(), and false otherwise
 - even if all boundary points in the node are contained in the range, like
 with selectNodeContents().  This is weird, and inconsistent with other Range
 APIs, so I go with Chrome 16 dev.  This is probably an authoring bug, so it's
 best to throw anyway. -->

 <li><p>If (<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">offset</var>) is
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a>
 <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a> or
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a>
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>, return false and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>Return true.
</ol>


<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-comparepoint" title="dom-Range-comparePoint"><code>comparePoint(<var>node</var>, <var>offset</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:
<!-- IE9 doesn't support this method at all.  Firefox 12.0a1, Chrome 17 dev,
and Opera Next 12.00 alpha all do. -->

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a> is
 different from the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a "<code><a href="#wrongdocumenterror">WrongDocumentError</a></code>"
 exception and terminate these steps.
 <!-- Opera Next 12.00 alpha seems to return -1 in this case.  The spec matches
 Firefox 12.0a1 and Chrome 17 dev. -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is a
 <a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">doctype</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidnodetypeerror">InvalidNodeTypeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.
 <!-- This matches Chrome 17 dev instead of Firefox 12.0a1 and Opera Next 12.00
 alpha, which don't throw and seem to just ignore the offset instead.  See
 comment for isPointInRange(). -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">offset</var> is greater than
 <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-node-length" title="concept-node-length">length</a>,
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#indexsizeerror">IndexSizeError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <!-- This matches Chrome 17 dev instead of Firefox 12.0a1 and Opera Next 12.00
 alpha, which don't throw.  See comment for isPointInRange(). -->

 <li><p>If (<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">offset</var>) is
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a>
 <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>, return &minus;1 and terminate
 these steps.

 <li><p>If (<var title="">node</var>, <var title="">offset</var>) is
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a>
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a>, return 1 and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Return 0.
</ol>

<hr>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-range-intersectsnode" title="dom-Range-intersectsNode"><code>intersectsNode(<var>node</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:
<!-- Supported by Chrome 17 dev and Opera Next 12.00 alpha, but not IE9 or
Firefox 12.0a1. -->

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.
 <!-- Oddly, neither Chrome 17 dev nor Opera Next 12.00 alpha consistently
 throws here.  This is inconsistent with all other Range methods, so I
 mandate it anyway despite no implementation doing it. -->

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var>'s <a href="#concept-tree-root" title="concept-tree-root">root</a>
 is different from the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-range-root" title="concept-range-root">root</a>, return false and terminate
 these steps.
 <!-- It seems like for doctypes, Opera Next 12.00 alpha throws
 InvalidNodeTypeError instead of returning false.  The spec follows Chrome
 17 dev. -->

 <li><p>Let <var title="">parent</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

 <li><p>If <var title="">parent</var> is null, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a "<code><a href="#notfounderror">NotFoundError</a></code>" exception
 and terminate these steps.
 <!-- Opera Next 12.00 alpha seems to throw InvalidNodeTypeError instead.
 The spec follows Chrome 17 dev. -->

 <p class="XXX">All implementations throw in this case, but would it make more
 sense to simply return true?  This case can only occur when the roots are
 the same, so it means that <var title="">node</var> is the range's root, so
 the range is fully contained in <var title="">node</var>.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">offset</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <a href="#concept-tree-index" title="concept-tree-index">index</a>.

 <li><p>If (<var title="">parent</var>, <var title="">offset</var>) is
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-before" title="concept-range-bp-before">before</a>
 <a href="#concept-range-end" title="concept-range-end">end</a> and (<var title="">parent</var>,
 <var title="">offset</var> + 1) is
 <a href="#concept-range-bp-after" title="concept-range-bp-after">after</a>
 <a href="#concept-range-start" title="concept-range-start">start</a>, return true and terminate
 these steps.

 <li><p>Return false.
</ol>

</div>

<hr>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-range-stringifier" title="dom-Range-stringifier">stringifier</dfn> must run these
steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-range-detached" title="concept-range-detached">detached flag</a> is
 set, <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">s</var> be the empty string.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> equals
 <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a>, and it is a
 <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, return the
 substring of that <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>'s <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> beginning at
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> and ending at
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a>, and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-start-node" title="concept-range-start-node">start node</a> is a
 <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, append to
 <var title="">s</var> the substring of that
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> from the
 <a href="#concept-range-start-offset" title="concept-range-start-offset">start offset</a> until the end.

 <li><p>Append to <var title="">s</var> the concatenation, in
 <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>, of the
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> of all <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> that are <a href="#contained">contained</a> in
 the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>.

 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-range-end-node" title="concept-range-end-node">end node</a> is a
 <code><a href="#text">Text</a></code> <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, append to
 <var title="">s</var> the substring of that
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-cd-data" title="concept-CD-data">data</a> from its start until the
 <a href="#concept-range-end-offset" title="concept-range-end-offset">end offset</a>.

 <li><p>Return <var title="">s</var>.
</ol>

<hr>

<div class="note">
<p>The following extensions to the <code><a href="#range">Range</a></code> interface are defined
in various other specifications:
<ul>
 <li>the <code class="external" title="dom-Range-createContextualFragment"><a href="http://html5.org/specs/dom-parsing.html#dom-range-createcontextualfragment">createContextualFragment()</a></code> method;
 <a class="informative" href="#refsDOMPS">[DOMPS]</a>
 <li>the <code class="external" title="dom-Range-getClientRects"><a href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/cssom-view/#dom-range-getclientrects">getClientRects()</a></code> method; and
 <li>the <code class="external" title="dom-Range-getBoundingClientRect"><a href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/cssom-view/#dom-range-getboundingclientrect">getBoundingClientRect()</a></code> method.
 <a class="informative" href="#refsCSSOMVIEW">[CSSOMVIEW]</a>
</ul>
</div>



<h2 id="traversal"><span class="secno">7 </span>Traversal</h2>

<p><code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> and <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> objects can be used
to filter and traverse <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
<a href="#concept-tree" title="concept-tree">trees</a>.

<p>Each <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> and <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> object has an
associated <dfn id="concept-traversal-active" title="concept-traversal-active">active flag</dfn> to avoid
recursive invocations. It is initially unset.

<p>Each <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> and <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> object also
has an associated <dfn id="concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</dfn>
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
<dfn id="concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</dfn> bitmask, and
<dfn id="concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</dfn> callback.

<p>To <dfn id="concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">filter</dfn> <var title="">node</var> run
these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-traversal-active" title="concept-traversal-active">active flag</a> is set
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>", terminate these steps, and
 terminate the steps of the algorithm that invoked this algorithm.
 <li><p>Let <var title="">n</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
 <code title="dom-Node-nodeType"><a href="#dom-node-nodetype">nodeType</a></code> attribute value minus 1.
 <li><p>If the <var title="">n</var><sup>th</sup> bit (where 0 is the least
 significant bit) of
 <a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a> is not set,
 return <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_SKIP"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_skip">FILTER_SKIP</a></code> and
 terminate these steps.
 <!-- !((1 << (node.nodeType - 1)) & whatToShow) -->
 <li><p>If <a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a> is null return
 <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code> and terminate
 these steps.
 <li><p>Set the <a href="#concept-traversal-active" title="concept-traversal-active">active flag</a>.
 <li><p>Let <var title="">result</var> be the return value of invoking
 <a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a>.
 <li><p>Unset the <a href="#concept-traversal-active" title="concept-traversal-active">active flag</a>.
 <li><p>If an exception was thrown, re-throw the exception, terminate these
 steps, and terminate the steps of the algorithm that invoked this
 algorithm.
 <li><p>Return <var title="">result</var>.
</ol>


<h3 id="interface-nodeiterator"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Interface <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code></h3>

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="nodeiterator">NodeIterator</dfn> {
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-root" title="dom-NodeIterator-root">root</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode" title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode">referenceNode</a>;
  readonly attribute boolean <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode" title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode">pointerBeforeReferenceNode</a>;
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-whattoshow" title="dom-NodeIterator-whatToShow">whatToShow</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#nodefilter">NodeFilter</a>? <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-filter" title="dom-NodeIterator-filter">filter</a>;<!--
  readonly attribute boolean <span title=dom-NodeIterator-expandEntityReferences>expandEntityReferences</span>;-->

  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-nextnode" title="dom-NodeIterator-nextNode">nextNode</a>();
  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-previousnode" title="dom-NodeIterator-previousNode">previousNode</a>();

  void <a href="#dom-nodeiterator-detach" title="dom-NodeIterator-detach">detach</a>();
};</pre>

<p class="note"><code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> objects can be created using the
<code title="dom-Document-createNodeIterator"><a href="#dom-document-createnodeiterator">createNodeIterator()</a></code>
method.

<p>Each <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> object has an associated
<dfn id="iterator-collection">iterator collection</dfn>, which is a
<a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> rooted at
<a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a>, whose filter matches any
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.

<p>Before a <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> is removed from the
<a href="#iterator-collection">iterator collection</a>, these steps must be run:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> is not a
 <a href="#concept-tree-descendant" title="concept-tree-descendant">descendant</a> of
 <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> and is not an
 <a href="#concept-tree-ancestor" title="concept-tree-ancestor">ancestor</a> of the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute
 value or the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute
 value itself, terminate these steps.

 <li><p>If the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode">pointerBeforeReferenceNode</a></code>
 attribute value is false, set the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute
 to the first <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a> the
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> that is being removed, and terminate
 these steps.

 <li><p>If the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode">pointerBeforeReferenceNode</a></code>
 attribute value is true and there is a <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a> the
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> that is being removed, set the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute
 to the first such <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>, and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><p>Set the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute
 to the first <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
 <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a> the
 <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> that is being removed and set the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode">pointerBeforeReferenceNode</a></code>
 attribute to false.
</ol>


<p>Each <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> object also has an associated
<dfn id="detached-flag">detached flag</dfn> which is initially unset.

<p class="note">As mentioned earlier <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> objects have an
associated <a href="#concept-traversal-active" title="concept-traversal-active">active flag</a>,
<a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a>
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
<a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a> bitmask, and
<a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a> callback as well.

<hr>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-root" title="dom-NodeIterator-root"><code>root</code></dfn> attribute
must return <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a>.</p>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-referencenode" title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><code>referenceNode</code></dfn>
attribute must return what it was initialized to.</p>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode" title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode"><code>pointerBeforeReferenceNode</code></dfn>
attribute must return what it was initialized to. When a
<code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> is created it must be initialized to true.</p>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-whattoshow" title="dom-NodeIterator-whatToShow"><code>whatToShow</code></dfn>
attribute must return
<a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-filter" title="dom-NodeIterator-filter"><code>filter</code></dfn>
attribute must return <a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a>.

<p>To <dfn id="concept-nodeiterator-traverse" title="concept-NodeIterator-traverse">traverse</dfn> in direction
<var title="">direction</var> run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>If the <a href="#detached-flag">detached flag</a> is set
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be the value of the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">before node</var> be the value of the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode">pointerBeforeReferenceNode</a></code>
 attribute.

 <li>
  <p>Run these substeps:
  <ol>
   <li>
    <dl class="switch">
     <dt>If direction is next</dt>
     <dd>
      <p>If <var title="">before node</var> is false, let <var title="">node</var>
      be the first <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
      <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
      <var title="">node</var> in the <a href="#iterator-collection">iterator collection</a>. If
      there is no such <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> return null and
      terminate these steps.
      <p>If <var title="">before node</var> is true, set it to false.
     <dt>If direction is previous</dt>
     <dd>
      <p>If <var title="">before node</var> is true, let <var title="">node</var>
      be the first <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>
      <a href="#concept-tree-preceding" title="concept-tree-preceding">preceding</a>
      <var title="">node</var> in the <a href="#iterator-collection">iterator collection</a>. If
      there is no such <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> return null and
      terminate these steps.
      <p>If <var title="">before node</var> is false, set it to true.
    </dl>
   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
   <var title="">node</var> and let <var title="">result</var> be the return
   value.
   <li><p>If the <a href="#detached-flag">detached flag</a> is set
   <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
   "<code><a href="#invalidstateerror">InvalidStateError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
   steps.
   <li>
    <p>If <var title="">result</var> is
    <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, go to the
    next step in the overall set of steps.
    <p>Otherwise, run these substeps again.
  </ol>
 <li><p>Set the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute
 to <var title="">node</var>, set the
 <code title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode">pointerBeforeReferenceNode</a></code>
 attribute to <var title="">before node</var>, and return
 <var title="">node</var>.
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-nextnode" title="dom-NodeIterator-nextNode"><code>nextNode()</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-nodeiterator-traverse" title="concept-NodeIterator-traverse">traverse</a> in
direction next.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-previousnode" title="dom-NodeIterator-previousNode"><code>previousNode()</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-nodeiterator-traverse" title="concept-NodeIterator-traverse">traverse</a> in
direction previous.

<p>When the <dfn id="dom-nodeiterator-detach" title="dom-NodeIterator-detach"><code>detach()</code></dfn>
method is invoked set the <a href="#detached-flag">detached flag</a> and set the
<code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> attribute to
null.


<h3 id="interface-treewalker"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Interface <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code></h3>

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="treewalker">TreeWalker</dfn> {
  readonly attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-treewalker-root" title="dom-TreeWalker-root">root</a>;
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-treewalker-whattoshow" title="dom-TreeWalker-whatToShow">whatToShow</a>;
  readonly attribute <a href="#nodefilter">NodeFilter</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-filter" title="dom-TreeWalker-filter">filter</a>;<!--
  readonly attribute boolean <span title=dom-TreeWalker-expandEntityReferences>expandEntityReferences</span>;-->
           attribute <a href="#node">Node</a> <a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode">currentNode</a>;

  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-parentnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-parentNode">parentNode</a>();
  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-firstchild" title="dom-TreeWalker-firstChild">firstChild</a>();
  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-lastchild" title="dom-TreeWalker-lastChild">lastChild</a>();
  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-previoussibling" title="dom-TreeWalker-previousSibling">previousSibling</a>();
  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-nextsibling" title="dom-TreeWalker-nextSibling">nextSibling</a>();
  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-previousnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-previousNode">previousNode</a>();
  <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-treewalker-nextnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-nextNode">nextNode</a>();
};</pre>

<p class="note"><code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> objects can be created using the
<code title="dom-Document-createTreeWalker"><a href="#dom-document-createtreewalker">createTreeWalker()</a></code> method.

<p class="note">As mentioned earlier <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> objects have an
associated <a href="#concept-traversal-active" title="concept-traversal-active">active flag</a>,
<a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a>
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>,
<a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a> bitmask, and
<a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a> callback.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-root" title="dom-TreeWalker-root"><code>root</code></dfn> attribute must
return <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a>.</p>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-whattoshow" title="dom-TreeWalker-whatToShow"><code>whatToShow</code></dfn>
attribute must return
<a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-filter" title="dom-TreeWalker-filter"><code>filter</code></dfn> attribute
must return <a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-currentnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><code>currentNode</code></dfn>
attribute must return what it was initialized to.</p>

<p>Setting the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code>
attribute must set it to the new value.</p>


<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-parentnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-parentNode"><code>parentNode()</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be the value of the
 <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute.

 <li>
  <p>While <var title="">node</var> is not null and is not
  <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a>, run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be <var title="">node</var>'s
   <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is not null and
   <a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">filtering</a> <var title="">node</var>
   returns <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>,
   then set the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code>
   attribute to <var title="">node</var>, return <var title="">node</var>, and
   terminate these steps.
  </ol>

 <li><p>Return null.
</ol>

<p>To <dfn id="concept-traverse-children" title="concept-traverse-children">traverse children</dfn> of type
<var title="">type</var> run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> and <var title="">current</var> be the value
 of the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute.

 <li>
  <p>While <var title="">node</var> is not null, run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
   <var title="">node</var> and let <var title="">result</var> be the return
   value.

   <li><p>If <var title="">result</var> is
   <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, then set
   the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code>
   attribute to <var title="">node</var>, return <var title="">node</var>, and
   terminate these steps.

   <li>
    <p>If <var title="">result</var> is
    <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_SKIP"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_skip">FILTER_SKIP</a></code> and
    <var title="">node</var> has a <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>,
    then set <var title="">node</var> as follows and run these substeps again:

    <dl class="switch">
     <dt>If type is first
     <dd><p>Set it to the
     <a href="#concept-tree-first-child" title="concept-tree-first-child">first child</a>
     <dt>If type is last
     <dd><p>Set it to the
     <a href="#concept-tree-last-child" title="concept-tree-last-child">last child</a>
    </dl>

   <li>
    <p>While <var title="">node</var> is not null, run these inner substeps:

    <ol>
     <li>
      <dl class="switch">
       <dt>If type is first
       <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
       <a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a> of
       <var title="">node</var>.
       <dt>If type is last
       <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
       <a href="#concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</a> of
       <var title="">node</var>.
      </dl>

     <li><p>If <var title="">sibling</var> is not null, set
     <var title="">node</var> to it and terminate these inner substeps.

     <!-- bring it on jgraham -->

     <li>
      <p>If <var title="">node</var> has a
      <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a> that is not
      <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> or
      <var title="">current</var> then set <var title="">node</var> to it.

      <p>Otherwise, return null and terminate these steps.
    </ol>
  </ol>
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-firstchild" title="dom-TreeWalker-firstChild"><code>firstChild()</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-traverse-children" title="concept-traverse-children">traverse children</a>
of type first.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-lastchild" title="dom-TreeWalker-lastChild"><code>lastChild()</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-traverse-children" title="concept-traverse-children">traverse children</a>
of type last.

<p>To <dfn id="concept-traverse-siblings" title="concept-traverse-siblings">traverse siblings</dfn> of type
<var title="">type</var> run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be the value of the
 <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute.

 <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is
 <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> return null and terminate
 these steps.

 <li>
  <p>Run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li>
    <dl class="switch">
     <dt>If type is next
     <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
     <a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a> of
     <var title="">node</var>.
     <dt>If type is previous
     <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
     <a href="#concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</a> of
     <var title="">node</var>.
    </dl>

   <li>
    <p>While <var title="">sibling</var> is not null run these inner substeps:

    <ol>
     <li><p>Set <var title="">node</var> to <var title="">sibling</var>.

     <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
     <var title="">node</var> and let <var title="">result</var> be the return
     value.

     <li><p>If <var title="">result</var> is
     <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, then set
     the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code>
     attribute to <var title="">node</var>, return <var title="">node</var>, and
     terminate these steps.

     <li>
      <dl class="switch">
       <dt>If type is next
       <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
       <a href="#concept-tree-first-child" title="concept-tree-first-child">first child</a> of
       <var title="">node</var>.
       <dt>If type is previous
       <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
       <a href="#concept-tree-last-child" title="concept-tree-last-child">last child</a> of
       <var title="">node</var>.
      </dl>

     <li>
      <p>If <var title="">result</var> is
      <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_REJECT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_reject">FILTER_REJECT</a></code> or
      <var title="">sibling</var> is null, then set <var title="">sibling</var> as
      follows:

      <dl class="switch">
       <dt>If type is next
       <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
       <a href="#concept-tree-next-sibling" title="concept-tree-next-sibling">next sibling</a> of
       <var title="">node</var>.
       <dt>If type is previous
       <dd><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
       <a href="#concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</a> of
       <var title="">node</var>.
      </dl>
    </ol>

   <li><p>Set <var title="">node</var> to its
   <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is null or is
   <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> return null and terminate
   these steps.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
   <var title="">node</var> and if the return value is
   <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, then
   return null and terminate these steps.
   <!-- XXX WTF? -->

   <li><p>Run these substeps again.
  </ol>
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-treewalker-nextsibling" title="dom-TreeWalker-nextSibling"><code>nextSibling()</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-traverse-children" title="concept-traverse-children">traverse children</a>
of type next.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-treewalker-previoussibling" title="dom-TreeWalker-previousSibling"><code>previousSibling()</code></dfn>
method must <a href="#concept-traverse-children" title="concept-traverse-children">traverse children</a>
of type previous.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-treewalker-previousnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-previousNode"><code>previousNode()</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be the value of the
 <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute.

 <li>
  <p>While <var title="">node</var> is not
  <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li><p>Let <var title="">sibling</var> be the
   <a href="#concept-tree-previous-sibling" title="concept-tree-previous-sibling">previous sibling</a> of
   <var title="">node</var>.

   <li>
    <p>While <var title="">sibling</var> is not null run these inner substeps:

    <ol>
     <li><p>Set <var title="">node</var> to <var title="">sibling</var>.

     <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
     <var title="">node</var> and let <var title="">result</var> be the return
     value.

     <li>
      <p>While <var title="">result</var> is not
      <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_REJECT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_reject">FILTER_REJECT</a></code> and
      <var title="">node</var> has a
      <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>, run these innermost
      substeps:

      <ol>
       <li><p>Set <var title="">node</var> to its
       <a href="#concept-tree-last-child" title="concept-tree-last-child">last child</a>.

       <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
       <var title="">node</var> and set <var title="">result</var> to the return
       value.
      </ol>

     <li><p>If <var title="">result</var> is
     <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, then set
     the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code>
     attribute to <var title="">node</var>, return <var title="">node</var>, and
     terminate these steps.
    </ol>

   <li><p>If <var title="">node</var> is
   <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a> or has no
   <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>, return null and terminate
   these steps.

   <li><p>Set <var title="">node</var> to its
   <a href="#concept-tree-parent" title="concept-tree-parent">parent</a>.

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
   <var title="">node</var> and if the return value is
   <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, then set
   the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute
   to <var title="">node</var>, return <var title="">node</var>, and terminate
   these steps.
  </ol>
</ol>

<p>The <dfn id="dom-treewalker-nextnode" title="dom-TreeWalker-nextNode"><code>nextNode()</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li><p>Let <var title="">node</var> be the value of the
 <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute.

 <li><p>Let <var title="">result</var> be
 <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>.

 <li>
  <p>Run these substeps:

  <ol>
   <li>
    <p>While <var title="">result</var> is not
    <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code> and
    <var title="">node</var> has a <a href="#concept-tree-child" title="concept-tree-child">child</a>,
    run these inner substeps:

    <ol>
     <li><p>Set <var title="">node</var> to its
     <a href="#concept-tree-first-child" title="concept-tree-first-child">first child</a>

     <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
     <var title="">node</var> and let <var title="">result</var> be the return
     value.

     <li><p>If <var title="">result</var> is
     <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, then set
     the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute
     to <var title="">node</var>, return <var title="">node</var>, and terminate
     these steps.
    </ol>

   <li>
    <p>If a <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a> is
    <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
    <var title="">node</var> and is not
    <a href="#concept-tree-following" title="concept-tree-following">following</a>
    <a href="#concept-traversal-root" title="concept-traversal-root">root</a>, set
    <var title="">node</var> to the first such
    <a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">node</a>.
    <p>Otherwise, run these substeps again (skipping the next step).
    <!-- Implemented as iterating over parent/nextSibling in Gecko -->

   <li><p><a href="#concept-node-filter" title="concept-node-filter">Filter</a>
   <var title="">node</var> and if the return value is
   <code title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept">FILTER_ACCEPT</a></code>, then set
   the <code title="dom-TreeWalker-currentNode"><a href="#dom-treewalker-currentnode">currentNode</a></code> attribute
   to <var title="">node</var>, return <var title="">node</var>, and terminate
   these steps.
  </ol>
</ol>



<h3 id="interface-nodefilter"><span class="secno">7.3 </span>Interface <code><a href="#nodefilter">NodeFilter</a></code></h3>

<pre class="idl">callback interface <dfn id="nodefilter">NodeFilter</dfn> {
  // Constants for <span title="dom-NodeFilter-acceptNode">acceptNode()</span>
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_accept" title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT">FILTER_ACCEPT</a> = 1;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_reject" title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_REJECT">FILTER_REJECT</a> = 2;
  const unsigned short <a href="#dom-nodefilter-filter_skip" title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_SKIP">FILTER_SKIP</a> = 3;

  // Constants for <a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a>
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_all" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ALL">SHOW_ALL</a> = 0xFFFFFFFF;
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_element" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ELEMENT">SHOW_ELEMENT</a> = 0x1;
  const unsigned long <span title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ATTRIBUTE">SHOW_ATTRIBUTE</span> = 0x2; // historical
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_text" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_TEXT">SHOW_TEXT</a> = 0x4;
  const unsigned long <span title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_CDATA_SECTION">SHOW_CDATA_SECTION</span> = 0x8; // historical
  const unsigned long <span title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ENTITY_REFERENCE">SHOW_ENTITY_REFERENCE</span> = 0x10; // historical
  const unsigned long <span title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ENTITY">SHOW_ENTITY</span> = 0x20; // historical
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_processing_instruction" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION">SHOW_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION</a> = 0x40;
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_comment" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_COMMENT">SHOW_COMMENT</a> = 0x80;
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_document" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_DOCUMENT">SHOW_DOCUMENT</a> = 0x100;
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_document_type" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_DOCUMENT_TYPE">SHOW_DOCUMENT_TYPE</a> = 0x200;
  const unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodefilter-show_document_fragment" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT">SHOW_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT</a> = 0x400;
  const unsigned long <span title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_NOTATION">SHOW_NOTATION</span> = 0x800; // historical

  unsigned short <span title="dom-NodeFilter-acceptNode">acceptNode</span>(<a href="#node">Node</a> <var title="">node</var>);
};</pre>

<p><code><a href="#nodefilter">NodeFilter</a></code> objects can be used as
<a href="#concept-traversal-filter" title="concept-traversal-filter">filter</a> callback and provide
constants for the <a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a>
bitmask.

<p class="note">It is typically implemented as an ECMAScript function.

<p>These constants can be used as callback return value:

<ul class="brief">
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-filter_accept" title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_ACCEPT"><code>FILTER_ACCEPT</code></dfn> (1);
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-filter_reject" title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_REJECT"><code>FILTER_REJECT</code></dfn> (2);
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-filter_skip" title="dom-NodeFilter-FILTER_SKIP"><code>FILTER_SKIP</code></dfn> (3).
</ul>

<p>These constants can be used for the
<a href="#concept-traversal-whattoshow" title="concept-traversal-whatToShow">whatToShow</a> bitmask:

<ul class="brief">
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_all" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ALL"><code>SHOW_ALL</code></dfn> (4294967295, FFFFFFFF in hexadecimal);
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_element" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ELEMENT"><code>SHOW_ELEMENT</code></dfn> (1);
 <!-- AttrExodus
 <li><dfn title=dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_ATTRIBUTE><code>SHOW_ATTRIBUTE</code></dfn> (2, historical);
 -->
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_text" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_TEXT"><code>SHOW_TEXT</code></dfn> (4);
 <!-- XXX still questionable
 <li><dfn title=dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_CDATA_SECTION><code>SHOW_CDATA_SECTION</code></dfn> (8; historical);
 -->
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_processing_instruction" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION"><code>SHOW_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION</code></dfn> (64, 40 in hexadecimal);
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_comment" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_COMMENT"><code>SHOW_COMMENT</code></dfn> (128, 80 in hexadecimal);
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_document" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_DOCUMENT"><code>SHOW_DOCUMENT</code></dfn> (256, 100 in hexadecimal);
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_document_type" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_DOCUMENT_TYPE"><code>SHOW_DOCUMENT_TYPE</code></dfn> (512, 200 in hexadecimal);
 <li><dfn id="dom-nodefilter-show_document_fragment" title="dom-NodeFilter-SHOW_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT"><code>SHOW_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT</code></dfn> (1024, 400 in hexadecimal).
</ul>



<h2 id="collections"><span class="secno">8 </span>Collections</h2>

<p>A <dfn id="concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</dfn> is an object that
represents a lists of DOM nodes. A
<a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> can be either
<dfn id="concept-collection-live" title="concept-collection-live">live</dfn> or
<dfn id="concept-collection-static" title="concept-collection-static">static</dfn>. Unless otherwise stated,
a <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> must be
<a href="#concept-collection-live" title="concept-collection-live">live</a>.

<p>If a <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> is <a href="#concept-collection-live" title="concept-collection-live">live</a>, then the attributes and methods
on that object must operate on the actual underlying data, not a snapshot of
the data.

<p>When a <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> is created, a
filter and a root are associated with it.

<p>The <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> then
<dfn id="represented-by-the-collection" title="represented by the collection">represents</dfn> a view of the
subtree rooted at the <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection's</a>
root, containing only nodes that match the given filter. The view is linear.
In the absence of specific requirements to the contrary, the nodes within
the <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> must be sorted in
<a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

<p>An attribute that returns a
<a href="#concept-collection-live" title="concept-collection-live">live</a>
<a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> must return the same object
every time it is retrieved.


<h3 id="interface-nodelist"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Interface <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code></h3>
<p>A <code><a href="#nodelist">NodeList</a></code> object is a kind of
<a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a>.

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="nodelist">NodeList</dfn> {
  getter <a href="#node">Node</a>? <a href="#dom-nodelist-item" title="dom-NodeList-item">item</a>(unsigned long index);
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-nodelist-length" title="dom-NodeList-length">length</a>;
};</pre>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">collection</var> . <code title="dom-NodeList-length"><a href="#dom-nodelist-length">length</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the number of elements in the collection.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">collection</var> . <code title="dom-NodeList-item"><a href="#dom-nodelist-item">item</a></code>(<var title="">index</var>)
 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">collection</var>[<var title="">index</var>]
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the item with index <var title="">index</var> from the collection. The items are sorted in <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The object's <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a>
are the numbers in the range zero to one less than the number of nodes
<a href="#represented-by-the-collection">represented by the collection</a>. If there are no such elements, then
there are no <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-nodelist-length" title="dom-NodeList-length"><code>length</code></dfn> attribute must
return the number of nodes <a href="#represented-by-the-collection">represented by the collection</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-nodelist-item" title="dom-NodeList-item"><code>item(<var title="">index</var>)</code></dfn> method must return the <var title="">index</var>th
node in the <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a>. If there is no
<var title="">index</var>th node in the <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a>, then the method must return null.

</div>


<h3 id="interface-htmlcollection"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Interface <code><a href="#htmlcollection">HTMLCollection</a></code></h3>
<p>The <code><a href="#htmlcollection">HTMLCollection</a></code> interface represents a generic <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> of
<a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a>.

<p class="note">This interface is called <code><a href="#htmlcollection">HTMLCollection</a></code> for
historical reasons. The
<code title="dom-HTMLCollection-namedItem"><a href="#dom-htmlcollection-nameditem">namedItem</a></code> method returns an
<code class="external"><a href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#idl-object">object</a></code> for interfaces that inherit from
this interface, which return other objects for historical reasons.

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="htmlcollection">HTMLCollection</dfn> {
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-htmlcollection-length" title="dom-HTMLCollection-length">length</a>;
  getter <a href="#element">Element</a>? <a href="#dom-htmlcollection-item" title="dom-HTMLCollection-item">item</a>(unsigned long index);
  getter object? <a href="#dom-htmlcollection-nameditem" title="dom-HTMLCollection-namedItem">namedItem</a>(DOMString name); // only returns <code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
};</pre>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">collection</var> . <code title="dom-HTMLCollection-length"><a href="#dom-htmlcollection-length">length</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the number of elements in the collection.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">collection</var> . <code title="dom-HTMLCollection-item"><a href="#dom-htmlcollection-item">item</a></code>(<var title="">index</var>)
 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">collection</var>[<var title="">index</var>]
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the item with index <var title="">index</var> from the collection. The items are sorted in <a href="#concept-tree-order" title="concept-tree-order">tree order</a>.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">collection</var> . <code title="dom-HTMLCollection-namedItem"><a href="#dom-htmlcollection-nameditem">namedItem</a></code>(<var title="">name</var>)
 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">collection</var>[<var title="">name</var>]
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the first item with <a href="#concept-id" title="concept-id">ID</a> or name <var title="">name</var>
  from the collection.
  <p>Only <code title="">a</code>, <code title="">applet</code>,
  <code title="">area</code>, <code title="">embed</code>,
  <code title="">form</code>, <code title="">frame</code>,
  <code title="">frameset</code>, <code title="">iframe</code>,
  <code title="">img</code>, and <code title="">object</code> elements in the
  <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a> can have a name for the purpose of this
  method; their name is given by the value of their
  <code title="">name</code> attribute.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The object's <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a>
are the numbers in the range zero to one less than the number of nodes
<a href="#represented-by-the-collection">represented by the collection</a>. If there are no such elements, then
there are no <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-htmlcollection-length" title="dom-HTMLCollection-length"><code>length</code></dfn> attribute
must return the number of nodes <a href="#represented-by-the-collection">represented by the collection</a>.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-htmlcollection-item" title="dom-HTMLCollection-item"><code>item(<var title="">index</var>)</code></dfn> method must return the <var title="">index</var>th node in the collection. If there is no <var title="">index</var>th node in the collection, then the method must
return null.

<p>The <a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-names">supported property names</a> consist
of the values of the <code title="">name</code> attributes of each <code title="">a</code>, <code title="">applet</code>, <code title="">area</code>, <code title="">embed</code>, <code title="">form</code>, <code title="">frame</code>, <code title="">frameset</code>, <code title="">iframe</code>, <code title="">img</code>, and
<code title="">object</code> element in the <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>,
<a href="#represented-by-the-collection">represented by the collection</a> with a <code title="">name</code>
attribute, plus the list of <a href="#concept-id" title="concept-id">IDs</a> that the elements
<a href="#represented-by-the-collection">represented by the collection</a> have.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-htmlcollection-nameditem" title="dom-HTMLCollection-namedItem"><code>namedItem(<var title="">key</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the first <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> in
the <a href="#concept-collection" title="concept-collection">collection</a> that falls into one of
the following categories:

<ul>
 <li>It is an <code title="">a</code>, <code title="">applet</code>, <code title="">area</code>, <code title="">embed</code>, <code title="">form</code>, <code title="">frame</code>, <code title="">frameset</code>, <code title="">iframe</code>,
 <code title="">img</code>, or <code title="">object</code>
 <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a>, in the
 <a href="#html-namespace">HTML namespace</a>, with a <code title="">name</code>
 <a href="#concept-attribute" title="concept-attribute">attribute</a> equal to
 <var title="">key</var>, or,

 <li>It is an <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">element</a> with an
 <a href="#concept-id" title="concept-id">ID</a> equal to <var title="">key</var>.
</ul>

<p>If no such <a href="#concept-element" title="concept-element">elements</a> are found, then
the method must return null.

</div>


<!-- AttrExodus
<h3>Interface <code>NamedNodeMap</code></h3>
<p>Since <code title=dom-Node-attributes>attributes</code> is the
only remaining API using this interface and the tentative plan is to change
<code>Attr</code> we also plan to remove this interface and replace it with
a lightweight <code>AttrMap</code> or some such &mdash;
<a href=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webapps/2010JulSep/0797.html>http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webapps/2010JulSep/0797.html</a>

<p>A <code>NamedNodeMap</code> object is a kind of <span
title=concept-collection>collection</span>, whose primary purpose is to expose
<code>Node</code>s by name.

<pre class=idl>interface <dfn>NamedNodeMap</dfn> {
  <span>Node</span> <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-getNamedItem>getNamedItem</span>(DOMString name);
  <span>Node</span> <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-setNamedItem>setNamedItem</span>(<span>Node</span> arg);
  <span>Node</span> <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-removeNamedItem>removeNamedItem</span>(DOMString name);
  <span>Node</span> <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-item>item</span>(unsigned long index);
  readonly attribute unsigned long <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-length>length</span>;
  <span>Node</span> <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-getNamedItemNS>getNamedItemNS</span>(DOMString namespace, DOMString localName);
  <span>Node</span> <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-setNamedItemNS>setNamedItemNS</span>(<span>Node</span> arg);
  <span>Node</span> <span title=dom-NamedNodeMap-removeNamedItemNS>removeNamedItemNS</span>(DOMString namespace, DOMString localName);
};</pre>

<p><dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-getNamedItem>getNamedItem</dfn>

<p><dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-setNamedItem>setNamedItem</dfn>

<p><dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-removeNamedItem>removeNamedItem</dfn>

<p><dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-item>item</dfn>

<p>The <dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-length><code>length</code></dfn> attribute must return the number of nodes <span>represented by the collection</span>.

<p><dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-getNamedItemNS>getNamedItemNS</dfn>

<p><dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-setNamedItemNS>setNamedItemNS</dfn>

<p><dfn title=dom-NamedNodeMap-removeNamedItemNS>removeNamedItemNS</dfn>
-->


<h2 id="lists"><span class="secno">9 </span>Lists</h2>

<h3 id="interface-domstringlist"><span class="secno">9.1 </span>Interface <code><a href="#domstringlist">DOMStringList</a></code></h3>

<!--
 HTMLPropertiesCollection.names
 DataTranser.types
 Clipboard.types
 Document.styleSheetSets
 IndexedDB APIs
-->

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="domstringlist">DOMStringList</dfn> {
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-domstringlist-length" title="dom-DOMStringList-length">length</a>;
  getter DOMString? <a href="#dom-domstringlist-item" title="dom-DOMStringList-item">item</a>(unsigned long <var title="">index</var>);
  boolean <a href="#dom-domstringlist-contains" title="dom-DOMStringList-contains">contains</a>(DOMString <var title="">string</var>);
};</pre>

<p>The <code><a href="#domstringlist">DOMStringList</a></code> interface represents an interface to an
ordered list of strings.

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">stringlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMStringList-length"><a href="#dom-domstringlist-length">length</a></code>
 <dd><p>Returns the number of tokens in the string.

 <dt><var title="">string</var> = <var title="">stringlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMStringList-item"><a href="#dom-domstringlist-item">item</a></code>(<var title="">index</var>)
 <dt><var title="">stringlist</var>[<var title="">index</var>]
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the string with index <var title="">index</var>.

 <dt><var title="">hasstring</var> = <var title="">stringlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMStringList-contains"><a href="#dom-domstringlist-contains">contains</a></code>(<var title="">string</var>)
 <dd><p>Returns true if the <var title="">string</var> is present; false
 otherwise.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The <dfn id="dom-domstringlist-length" title="dom-DOMStringList-length"><code>length</code></dfn>
attribute must return the number of strings in the list.

<p>The object's
<a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a> are the
numbers in the range zero to the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<code title="dom-DOMStringList-length"><a href="#dom-domstringlist-length">length</a></code> attribute value minus 1,
unless the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<code title="dom-DOMStringList-length"><a href="#dom-domstringlist-length">length</a></code> attribute  value is zero,
in which case there are no
<a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domstringlist-item" title="dom-DOMStringList-item"><code>item(<var title="">index</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return the <var title="">index</var>th string in the list. If
<var title="">index</var> is equal to or greater than the number of strings, then the
method must return null.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domstringlist-contains" title="dom-DOMStringList-contains"><code>contains(<var title="">string</var>)</code></dfn>
method must return true if the list of strings contains <var title="">string</var>,
or false otherwise.

</div>


<h3 id="interface-domtokenlist"><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Interface <code><a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a></code></h3>
<p>The <code><a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a></code> interface represents an interface to an
<dfn id="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</dfn> that
consists of a <a href="#set-of-space-separated-tokens">set of space-separated tokens</a>.

<p class="note"><code><a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a></code> objects are always
<a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a>, even when the underlying string might
ordinarily be treated in a case-insensitive manner.

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</dfn> {
  readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-domtokenlist-length" title="dom-DOMTokenList-length">length</a>;
  getter DOMString? <a href="#dom-domtokenlist-item" title="dom-DOMTokenList-item">item</a>(unsigned long index);
  boolean <a href="#dom-domtokenlist-contains" title="dom-DOMTokenList-contains">contains</a>(DOMString token);
  void <a href="#dom-domtokenlist-add" title="dom-DOMTokenList-add">add</a>(DOMString token);
  void <a href="#dom-domtokenlist-remove" title="dom-DOMTokenList-remove">remove</a>(DOMString token);
  boolean <a href="#dom-domtokenlist-toggle" title="dom-DOMTokenList-toggle">toggle</a>(DOMString token);
  <a href="#dom-domtokenlist-tostring" title="dom-DOMTokenList-toString">stringifier</a> DOMString ();
};</pre>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">tokenlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMTokenList-length"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-length">length</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the number of tokens in the string.

 <dt><var title="">element</var> = <var title="">tokenlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMTokenList-item"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-item">item</a></code>(<var title="">index</var>)
 <dt><var title="">tokenlist</var>[<var title="">index</var>]
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the token with index <var title="">index</var>. The tokens are returned in the order they are found in the underlying string.

 <dt><var title="">hastoken</var> = <var title="">tokenlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMTokenList-contains"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-contains">contains</a></code>(<var title="">token</var>)
 <dd>
  <p>Returns true if the <var title="">token</var> is present; false otherwise.
  <p>Throws a "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> is empty.
  <p>Throws an "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> contains any spaces.

 <dt><var title="">tokenlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMTokenList-add"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-add">add</a></code>(<var title="">token</var>)
 <dd>
  <p>Adds <var title="">token</var>, unless it is already present.
  <p>Throws a "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> is empty.
  <p>Throws an "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> contains any spaces.

 <dt><var title="">tokenlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMTokenList-remove"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-remove">remove</a></code>(<var title="">token</var>)
 <dd>
  <p>Removes <var title="">token</var> if it is present.
  <p>Throws a "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> is empty.
  <p>Throws an "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> contains any spaces.

 <dt><var title="">hastoken</var> = <var title="">tokenlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMTokenList-toggle"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-toggle">toggle</a></code>(<var title="">token</var>)
 <dd>
  <p>Adds <var title="">token</var> if it is not present, or removes
  it if it is. Returns true if <var title="">token</var> is now
  present (it was added); returns false if it is not (it was
  removed).
  <p>Throws a "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> is empty.
  <p>Throws an "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception if <var title="">token</var> contains any spaces.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>The <dfn id="dom-domtokenlist-length" title="dom-DOMTokenList-length"><code>length</code></dfn>
attribute must return the number of tokens that result from
<a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">splitting</a> the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> on
spaces.

<p>The object's
<a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a> are the
numbers in the range zero to the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<code title="dom-DOMTokenList-length"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-length">length</a></code> attribute value minus 1,
unless the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<code title="dom-DOMTokenList-length"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-length">length</a></code> attribute value is zero,
in which case there are no
<a class="external" href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#dfn-supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a>.

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domtokenlist-item" title="dom-DOMTokenList-item"><code>item(<var title="">index</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>If <var title="">index</var> is equal to or greater than the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <code title="dom-DOMTokenList-length"><a href="#dom-domtokenlist-length">length</a></code> attribute value, then
 return null and terminate these steps.

 <li><a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">Split</a> the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> on
 spaces, preserving the order of the tokens as found in the
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a>,
 to get the list of tokens.

 <li>Return the <var title="">index</var>th item in this list.
</ol>

<p class="example">For example, if the string is "<code title="">a b a c</code>"
then there are four tokens: the token with index 0 is "<code title="">a</code>",
the token with index 1 is "<code title="">b</code>", the token with index 2 is
"<code title="">a</code>", and the token with index 3 is "<code title="">c</code>".

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domtokenlist-contains" title="dom-DOMTokenList-contains"><code>contains(<var title="">token</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>If <var title="">token</var> is the empty string, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li>If <var title="">token</var> contains any
 <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">Split</a> the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> on
 spaces to get the list of tokens.

 <li>Return true if <var title="">token</var> is a <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a>
 match for one of the tokens in the list found in the previous step, or
 false otherwise.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domtokenlist-add" title="dom-DOMTokenList-add"><code>add(<var title="">token</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>If <var title="">token</var> is the empty string, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li>If <var title="">token</var> contains any
 <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">Split</a> the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> on
 spaces to get the list of tokens.

 <li>If <var title="">token</var> is a <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a> match for one of
 the tokens in the list found in the previous step, then terminate these steps.

 <li>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> is not
 the empty string and the last character of that string is not a
 <a href="#space-character">space character</a>, then append a U+0020 SPACE character to that
 string.

 <li>Append <var title="">token</var> to the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domtokenlist-remove" title="dom-DOMTokenList-remove"><code>remove(<var title="">token</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>If <var title="">token</var> is the empty string, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a
 "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>" exception and terminate these steps.

 <li>If <var title="">token</var> contains any
 <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><a href="#remove-a-token-from-a-string" title="remove a token from a string">Remove</a>
 <var title="">token</var> from  the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a>.
</ol>

<p>The
<dfn id="dom-domtokenlist-toggle" title="dom-DOMTokenList-toggle"><code>toggle(<var title="">token</var>)</code></dfn>
method must run these steps:

<ol>
 <li>If <var title="">token</var> is the empty string, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> a "<code><a href="#syntaxerror">SyntaxError</a></code>"
 exception and terminate these steps.

 <li>If <var title="">token</var> contains any
 <a href="#space-character" title="space character">space characters</a>, then
 <a href="#concept-throw" title="concept-throw">throw</a> an
 "<code><a href="#invalidcharactererror">InvalidCharacterError</a></code>" exception and terminate these
 steps.

 <li><a href="#split-a-string-on-spaces" title="split a string on spaces">Split</a> the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> on
 spaces to get the list of tokens.

 <li>If <var title="">token</var> is a <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a> match for one of
 the tokens in the list found in the previous step, then
 <a href="#remove-a-token-from-a-string" title="remove a token from a string">remove</a>
 <var title="">token</var> from  the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a>,
 return false and terminate these steps.

 <li>If the <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a> is
 not the empty string and the last character of that string is not a
 <a href="#space-character">space character</a>, then append a U+0020 SPACE character to that
 string.

 <li>Append the value of <var title="">token</var> to the
 <a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
 <a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a>.

 <li>Return true.
</ol>

<p><code><a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a></code> objects must
<dfn id="dom-domtokenlist-tostring" title="dom-DOMTokenList-toString">stringify</dfn> to the
<a href="#context-object">context object</a>'s
<a href="#concept-tokenlist-underlying-string" title="concept-tokenlist-underlying-string">underlying string</a>.

</div>


<h3 id="interface-domsettabletokenlist"><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Interface <code><a href="#domsettabletokenlist">DOMSettableTokenList</a></code></h3>

<p>The <code><a href="#domsettabletokenlist">DOMSettableTokenList</a></code> interface is the same as the
<code><a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a></code> interface, except that it allows the
underlying string to be directly changed.

<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="domsettabletokenlist">DOMSettableTokenList</dfn> : <a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a> {
            attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-domsettabletokenlist-value" title="dom-DOMSettableTokenList-value">value</a>;
};</pre>

<dl class="domintro">
 <dt><var title="">tokenlist</var> . <code title="dom-DOMSettableTokenList-value"><a href="#dom-domsettabletokenlist-value">value</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>Returns the underlying string.
  <p>Can be set, to change the underlying string.
</dl>

<div class="impl">

<p>An object implementing the <code><a href="#domsettabletokenlist">DOMSettableTokenList</a></code>
interface must act as defined for the <code><a href="#domtokenlist">DOMTokenList</a></code>
interface, except for the <code title="dom-DOMSettableTokenList-value"><a href="#dom-domsettabletokenlist-value">value</a></code> attribute defined
here.

<p>The <dfn id="dom-domsettabletokenlist-value" title="dom-DOMSettableTokenList-value"><code>value</code></dfn>
attribute must return the underlying string and, on setting must replace the underlying string with the new value.

</div>



<h2 id="dom-features"><span class="secno">10 </span>DOM features</h2>
<p class="warning">Authors are strongly discouraged from using
<a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM features</a>, as they are notoriously
unreliable and imprecise. Authors are encouraged to rely on explicit feature
testing or graceful degradation.

<p>A <dfn id="concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM feature</dfn> is a unique,
<a href="#ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII case-insensitive</a> string that represents a certain feature of
the user agent.

<p>A <dfn id="concept-domfeatureversion" title="concept-DOMfeatureversion">DOM feature version</dfn> is a (<var title="">feature</var>,&nbsp;<var title="">version</var>) tuple, where <var title="">feature</var> is <a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM feature</a>
and <var title="">version</var> is a <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a> string
representing a version number.
<!--of the form "<var title>major</var>.<var title>minor</var>".-->

<p>Specifications may define which <a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM
features</a> a user agent is to <dfn id="concept-support-domfeature" title="concept-support-DOMfeature">support</dfn>, as well as an associated list of
one or more <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a> strings representing version numbers, and under which circumstances, when necessary for compatibility (i.e. because of historical use). Specifications must not introduce new <a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM
features</a> or new versions for existing features.

<div class="impl">

<p>A user agent must <dfn id="concept-support-domfeatureversion" title="concept-support-DOMfeatureversion">support</dfn>
a <a href="#concept-domfeatureversion" title="concept-DOMfeatureversion">DOM feature version</a> (<var title="">feature</var>,&nbsp;<var title="">version</var>) if it <a href="#concept-support-domfeature" title="concept-support-DOMfeature">supports</a> a <a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM feature</a> that is a <a href="#ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII
case-insensitive</a> match for <var title="">feature</var> and <var title="">version</var> is in the associated list of versions.

<p>A user agent must <a href="#concept-support-domfeatureversion" title="concept-support-DOMfeatureversion">support</a> the (<var title="">feature</var>,&nbsp;"") tuple if it <a href="#concept-support-domfeature" title="concept-support-DOMfeature">supports</a> a <a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM feature</a> that is a <a href="#ascii-case-insensitive">ASCII
case-insensitive</a> match for <var title="">feature</var>.

<p>For historical reasons, user agents must <a href="#concept-support-domfeatureversion" title="concept-support-DOMfeatureversion">support</a> the
"XML" <a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM feature</a> with the versions "1.0"
and "2.0" associated with it, and the "Core" <a href="#concept-domfeature" title="concept-DOMfeature">DOM
feature</a> with the version "2.0" associated with it.

<!-- Chrome supports Core/1.0; Opera supports x/undefined -->

</div>



<h2 id="historical"><span class="secno">11 </span>Historical</h2>

<!-- XXX we should probably just nuke this section in due course. No need to keep old dreams alive. -->

<p>As explained in <a href="#goals">goals</a> this specification is a
significant revision of various DOM specifications. This section attempts to
enumerate the changes.


<h3 id="dom-events"><span class="secno">11.1 </span>DOM Events</h3>

<p>These are the changes made to the features described in the
"DOM Event Architecture" and "Basic Event Interfaces" chapters of
<cite>DOM Level 3 Events</cite>. The other chapters are expected to move to
a separate specification.

<ul class="brief">
 <li>Events have constructors now.
 <li>No more restrictions on <code title="dom-Event-type"><a href="#dom-event-type">Event.type</a></code>.
 <li><code title="dom-Event-preventDefault"><a href="#dom-event-preventdefault">preventDefault()</a></code> only
 changes what <code title="dom-Event-defaultPrevented"><a href="#dom-event-defaultprevented">defaultPrevented</a></code>
 and <code title="dom-EventTarget-dispatchEvent"><a href="#dom-eventtarget-dispatchevent">dispatchEvent()</a></code> return
 if the event is cancelable.
 <li>Removes <dfn id="eventexception"><code>EventException</code></dfn>.
 <li>Fire is no longer synonymous with dispatch, but includes initializing
 an event.</li>
 <li>The propagation and canceled flags are unset when invoking
 <code title="dom-Event-initEvent"><a href="#dom-event-initevent">initEvent()</a></code> rather than after
 dispatch.
</ul>


<h3 id="dom-core"><span class="secno">11.2 </span>DOM Core</h3>

<p>These are the changes made to the features described in
<cite>DOM Level 3 Core</cite>.

<p><dfn id="domstring"><code>DOMString</code></dfn> and
<dfn id="domtimestamp"><code>DOMTimeStamp</code></dfn> are now defined in Web IDL.

<p><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> now inherits from <code><a href="#eventtarget">EventTarget</a></code>.</p>

<p><a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">Nodes</a> are implicitly
<a href="#concept-node-adopt" title="concept-node-adopt">adopted</a> across
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> boundaries.

<p><a href="#concept-doctype" title="concept-doctype">Doctypes</a> now always have a
<a href="#concept-node-document" title="concept-node-document">node document</a> and can be moved
across <a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">document</a> boundaries.

<p><code><a href="#processinginstruction">ProcessingInstruction</a></code> now inherits from
<code><a href="#characterdata">CharacterData</a></code>.

<p><code><a href="#domerror">DOMError</a></code> is completely redesigned.</p>

<p>The remainder of interfaces and interface members listed in this section
were removed to simplify the DOM platform. Implementations conforming to
this specification will not support them.

<p>Interfaces:
<ul class="brief">
 <li><dfn id="cdatasection"><code>CDATASection</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="domconfiguration"><code>DOMConfiguration</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="domerrorhandler"><code>DOMErrorHandler</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="domimplementationlist"><code>DOMImplementationList</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="domimplementationsource"><code>DOMImplementationSource</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="domlocator"><code>DOMLocator</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="domobject"><code>DOMObject</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="domuserdata"><code>DOMUserData</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="entity"><code>Entity</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="entityreference"><code>EntityReference</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="namednodemap"><code>NamedNodeMap</code></dfn> <!--AttrExodus-->
 <li><dfn id="namelist"><code>NameList</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="notation"><code>Notation</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="typeinfo"><code>TypeInfo</code></dfn>
 <li><dfn id="userdatahandler"><code>UserDataHandler</code></dfn>
</ul>

<p>Interface members:
<dl>
 <dt><code><a href="#node">Node</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ul class="brief">
   <!--AttrExodus-->
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-hasattributes" title="dom-Node-hasAttributes"><code>hasAttributes()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-attributes" title="dom-Node-attributes"><code>attributes</code></dfn>

   <!--NodeExodus-->
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-namespaceuri" title="dom-Node-namespaceURI"><code>namespaceURI</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-prefix" title="dom-Node-prefix"><code>prefix</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-localname" title="dom-Node-localName"><code>localName</code></dfn>

   <li><dfn id="dom-node-issupported" title="dom-Node-isSupported"><code>isSupported</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-getfeature" title="dom-Node-getFeature"><code>getFeature()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-getuserdata" title="dom-Node-getUserData"><code>getUserData()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-node-setuserdata" title="dom-Node-setUserData"><code>setUserData()</code></dfn>

   <li><dfn id="dom-node-issamenode" title="dom-Node-isSameNode"><code>isSameNode()</code></dfn>
  </ul>

 <dt><code><a href="#document">Document</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ul class="brief">
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-createcdatasection" title="dom-Document-createCDATASection"><code>createCDATASection()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-createattribute" title="dom-Document-createAttribute"><code>createAttribute()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-createattributens" title="dom-Document-createAttributeNS"><code>createAttributeNS()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-createentityreference" title="dom-Document-createEntityReference"><code>createEntityReference()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-inputencoding" title="dom-Document-inputEncoding"><code>inputEncoding</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-xmlencoding" title="dom-Document-xmlEncoding"><code>xmlEncoding</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-xmlstandalone" title="dom-Document-xmlStandalone"><code>xmlStandalone</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-xmlversion" title="dom-Document-xmlVersion"><code>xmlVersion</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-stricterrorchecking" title="dom-Document-strictErrorChecking"><code>strictErrorChecking</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-domconfig" title="dom-Document-domConfig"><code>domConfig</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-normalizedocument" title="dom-Document-normalizeDocument"><code>normalizeDocument()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-document-renamenode" title="dom-Document-renameNode"><code>renameNode()</code></dfn>
  </ul>

 <dt><code><a href="#domimplementation">DOMImplementation</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ul class="brief">
   <li><dfn id="dom-domimplementation-getfeature" title="dom-DOMImplementation-getFeature"><code>getFeature()</code></dfn>
  </ul>

 <dt><code><a href="#attr">Attr</a></code>
 <dd>
  <p>No longer inherits from <code><a href="#node">Node</a></code> and therefore completely
  changed.
  <!--AttrExodus
  <p><dfn title=dom-Attr-schemaTypeInfo><code>schemaTypeInfo</code></dfn>
  <p><dfn title=dom-Attr-isId><code>isId</code></dfn>
  -->

 <dt><code><a href="#element">Element</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ul class="brief">
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-getattributenode" title="dom-Element-getAttributeNode"><code>getAttributeNode()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-getattributenodens" title="dom-Element-getAttributeNodeNS"><code>getAttributeNodeNS()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-setattributenode" title="dom-Element-setAttributeNode"><code>setAttributeNode()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-removeattributenode" title="dom-Element-removeAttributeNode"><code>removeAttributeNode()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-schematypeinfo" title="dom-Element-schemaTypeInfo"><code>schemaTypeInfo</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-setidattribute" title="dom-Element-setIdAttribute"><code>setIdAttribute()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-setidattributens" title="dom-Element-setIdAttributeNS"><code>setIdAttributeNS()</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-element-setidattributenode" title="dom-Element-setIdAttributeNode"><code>setIdAttributeNode()</code></dfn>
  </ul>

 <dt><code><a href="#documenttype">DocumentType</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ul class="brief">
   <li><dfn id="dom-documenttype-entities" title="dom-DocumentType-entities"><code>entities</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-documenttype-notations" title="dom-DocumentType-notations"><code>notations</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-documenttype-internalsubset" title="dom-DocumentType-internalSubset"><code>internalSubset</code></dfn>
  </ul>

 <dt><code><a href="#text">Text</a></code>
 <dd>
  <ul class="brief">
   <li><dfn id="dom-text-iselementcontentwhitespace" title="dom-Text-isElementContentWhitespace"><code>isElementContentWhitespace</code></dfn>
   <li><dfn id="dom-text-replacewholetext" title="dom-Text-replaceWholeText"><code>replaceWholeText()</code></dfn>
  </ul>
</dl>

<h3 id="dom-range"><span class="secno">11.3 </span>DOM Range</h3>

<p>These are the changes made to the features described in the
"Document Object Model Range" chapter of
<cite>DOM Level 2 Traversal and Range</cite>.

<p><dfn id="rangeexception"><code>RangeException</code></dfn> has been removed.

<p><code><a href="#range">Range</a></code> objects can now be moved between
<a href="#concept-document" title="concept-document">documents</a> and used on
<a href="#concept-node" title="concept-node">nodes</a> that are not
<a href="#in-a-document">in a document</a>.

<p class="XXX">Probably incomplete.


<h3 id="dom-traversal"><span class="secno">11.4 </span>DOM Traversal</h3>

<p>These are the changes made to the features described in the
"Document Object Model Traversal" chapter of
<cite>DOM Level 2 Traversal and Range</cite>.

<p>Differences with respect to
<code title="dom-Document-createNodeIterator"><a href="#dom-document-createnodeiterator">createNodeIterator()</a></code> and
<code title="dom-Document-createTreeWalker"><a href="#dom-document-createtreewalker">createTreeWalker()</a></code>:</p>

<ul>
 <li><p>In the previous edition of DOM Traversal both these methods accepted
 a fourth argument named <var title="">entityReferenceExpansion</var> that has
 been dropped as the DOM never actually exposed entity references in
 practice.

 <li><p>In the previous edition of DOM Traversal both these methods threw a
 "<code><a href="#notsupportederror">NotSupportedError</a></code>" when the <var title="">root</var> was
 null. Now this will throw a language-binding specific exception.

 <li><p>In the previous edition of DOM Traversal both these methods did not
 have optional arguments. That was changed for convenience.
</ul>

<p><code title="dom-NodeFilter-acceptNode">acceptNode()</code> and its
constants have been changed to use unsigned short, rather than just short.

<p>The <code title="">expandEntityReferences</code> attribute has been removed
from the <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> and <code><a href="#treewalker">TreeWalker</a></code> objects.

<p>The <code title="dom-NodeIterator-referenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-referencenode">referenceNode</a></code> and
<code title="dom-NodeIterator-pointerBeforeReferenceNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-pointerbeforereferencenode">pointerBeforeReferenceNode</a></code>
attributes have been added to <code><a href="#nodeiterator">NodeIterator</a></code> objects to align
with user agents.

<p><code title="dom-NodeIterator-nextNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-nextnode">nextNode()</a></code> and
<code title="dom-NodeIterator-previousNode"><a href="#dom-nodeiterator-previousnode">previousNode()</a></code> node now
throw when invoked from a <code><a href="#nodefilter">NodeFilter</a></code> to align with user agents.


<h2 class="no-num" id="references">References</h2>
<div class="w3conly">
<h3 class="no-num" id="normative-references">Normative references</h3>
<div id="anolis-references-normative"><dl><dt id="refsIANACHARSET">[IANACHARSET]
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">Character Sets</a></cite>. IANA.

<dt id="refsRFC2119">[RFC2119]
<dd><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</a></cite>, Scott Bradner. IETF.

<dt id="refsWEBIDL">[WEBIDL]
<dd><cite><a href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/">Web IDL</a></cite>, Cameron McCormack. W3C.

<dt id="refsXML">[XML]
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/">Extensible Markup Language</a></cite>, Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen et al.. W3C.

<dt id="refsXMLNS">[XMLNS]
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/">Namespaces in XML</a></cite>, Tim Bray, Dave Hollander, Andrew Layman et al.. W3C.

</dl></div>

<h3 class="no-num" id="informative-references">Informative references</h3>
<div id="anolis-references-informative"><dl><dt id="refsCSSOMVIEW">[CSSOMVIEW]
<dd><cite><a href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/cssom-view/">CSSOM View</a></cite>, Anne van Kesteren. W3C.

<dt id="refsDOM2TR">[DOM2TR]
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Traversal-Range/">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Traversal and Range Specification</a></cite>, Joe Kesselman, Jonathan Robie, Mike Champion et al.. W3C.

<dt id="refsDOM3CORE">[DOM3CORE]
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Core Specification</a></cite>, Arnaud Le Hors, Philippe Le H&eacute;garet, Lauren Wood et al.. W3C.

<dt id="refsDOM3EVENTS">[DOM3EVENTS]
<dd><cite><a href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/DOM-Level-3-Events/html/DOM3-Events.html">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Events Specification</a></cite>, Doug Schepers and Jacob Rossi. W3C.

<dt id="refsDOMPS">[DOMPS]
<dd><cite><a href="http://html5.org/specs/dom-parsing.html">DOM Parsing and Serialization</a></cite>, Ms2ger. WHATWG.

<dt id="refsELEMENTTRAVERSAL">[ELEMENTTRAVERSAL]
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/ElementTraversal/">Element Traversal Specification</a></cite>, Doug Schepers. W3C.

<dt id="refsHTML">[HTML]
<dd><cite><a href="http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/">HTML5</a></cite>, Ian Hickson. W3C.

</dl></div>
</div>
<h2 class="no-num" id="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</h2>

<p>Thanks to

Adrian Bateman,
Brandon Slade,
Cameron McCormack,
Dethe Elza,
David Flanagan,
Glenn Maynard,
Henri Sivonen,
Jacob Rossi,
Jake Verbaten,
James Graham,
Jens Lindstr&ouml;m,
Jo&atilde;o Eiras,
Jonas Sicking,
&#21570;&#24247;&#35946; (Kang-Hao Lu),
Ojan Vafai,
Olli Pettay,
Ryosuke Niwa,
Shiki Okasaka,
Stig Halvorsen, and
Travis Leithead

for their useful comments.

<p>Special thanks to Geoffrey Sneddon and Simon Pieters for first specifying the <a href="#nodes">Nodes</a> section of this specification and their
useful comments.

<p>Special thanks also to Ian Hickson for first specifying some parts of
this specification in HTML and his useful comments.
<a class="informative" href="#refsHTML">[HTML]</a>

<p>Finally, while this specification has been written from scratch, special
thanks should also be extended to the editors of the various specifications
that previously defined the features in this specification. In particular:
<ul>
<li>Arnaud Le Hors
<li>Bj&ouml;rn H&ouml;hrmann
<li>Doug Schepers
<li>Gavin Nicol
<li>Joe Kesselman
<li>Jonathan Robie
<li>Lauren Wood
<li>Mike Champion
<li>Peter Sharpe
<li>Philippe Le H&eacute;garet
<li>Robin Berjon
<li>Steve Byrne
<li>Tom Pixley
<li>Vidur Apparao
</ul>

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