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<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt="W3C" height="48"
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<h1 style="clear:both" id="title">Vocabularies for EmotionML</h1>

<h2 id="W3C-doctype">W3C Working Draft 7 April 2011 </h2>
<dl>
  <dt>This version:</dt>
    <dd><a
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-emotion-voc-20110407/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-emotion-voc-20110407/</a>
    </dd>
  <dt>Latest version:</dt>
    <dd><a
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/">http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/</a>
    </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
  <dt>Editors:</dt>
    <dd>Marc Schröder (DFKI GmbH)</dd>
    <dd>Catherine Pelachaud (Telecom ParisTech)</dd>
  <dt>Authors:</dt>
    <dd><em>(in alphabetic order)</em></dd>
    <dd>Kazuyuki Ashimura (W3C/Keio)</dd>
    <dd>Paolo Baggia (Loquendo, S.p.A.)</dd>
    <dd>Felix Burkhardt (Deutsche Telekom AG)</dd>
    <dd>Alessandro Oltramari (CNR)</dd>
    <dd>Christian Peter (Fraunhofer Gesellschaft)</dd>
    <dd>Enrico Zovato (Loquendo, S.p.A.)</dd>
</dl>

<p class="copyright"><a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
2011 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym
title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a
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title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a
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<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>

<p>This document provides a list of emotion vocabularies that can be used with
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/">EmotionML</a> to represent emotions
and related states. EmotionML provides mechanisms to represent emotions in
terms of scientifically valid descriptors: categories, dimensions, appraisals,
and action tendencies. Given the lack of agreement in the community, EmotionML
does not provide a single vocabulary of emotion terms, but gives users a choice
to select the most suitable emotion vocabulary in their annotations. In order
to promote interoperability, publicly defined vocabularies should be used where
possible and reasonable from the point of view of the target application. The
present document provides a number of emotion vocabularies that can be used for
this purpose.</p>

<h2 id="status">Status of this document</h2>

<p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its
publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C
publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a> at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>

<p>This is the First Public Working Draft of "Vocabularies for
EmotionML", published on 7 April 2011.</p>

<p>This document represents an important complement to the Emotion
Markup Language specification
[<a href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a>], i.e., a public collection of
emotion vocabularies that can be used with EmotionML. It was
originally part of an earlier draft of the EmotionML specification,
but was moved out of it because of the quasi-static nature of
Recommendation Track documents. Publishing the vocabularies as a
separate document allows us to provide updates, extensions and
corrections of the list of vocabularies as required, without having to
follow the multiple steps involved in releasing a new version of a
Recommendation.</p>

<p>The work described here reflects an evolving state of the art on
Emotion vocabularies. The Working Group believes it is premature to
propose a normative Recommendation on Vocabularies at this time. The
Working Group also expects to update this document less frequently
than the three-month heartbeat target for Recommendation-track Working
Drafts.</p>

<p>This document was developed by the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/2002/mmi/">Multimodal Interaction Working Group</a>.
<!--A
complete <a href="uri-to-list-of-changes">list of changes</a> to this document
is available.--> It represents consensus in the group's EmotionML subgroup. The
group is likely to produce new versions of this document, but will strive to
maintain syntactic compatibility with the current version. In particular the
XML identifiers of vocabularies and the items in each vocabulary can be
expected to remain valid with future versions of this Note. It is expected that
any updates to this document will mostly add new vocabularies, or add
explanations to existing vocabularies and/or vocabulary items.</p>

<p>Please send comments about this document to <a
href="mailto:www-multimodal@w3.org">www-multimodal@w3.org</a> (with <a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-multimodal/">public
archive</a>).</p>

<p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted
by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as
other than work in progress. </p>

<p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C
Patent Policy</a>. The group does not expect this document to become a W3C
Recommendation. W3C maintains a <a rel="disclosure"
href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/34607/status">public list of any patent
disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that
page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has
actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>. </p>

<p></p>

<h2 id="toc">Table of Contents</h2>

<div class="toc">
<ul>
  <li><a href="#intro">1 Introduction</a></li>
  <li><a href="#categories">2 Emotion category vocabularies</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#big6">2.1 Ekman's "big six" basic emotions</a></li>
      <li><a href="#everyday-categories">2.2 Everyday emotion
      vocabulary</a></li>
      <li><a href="#occ-categories">2.3 OCC categories</a></li>
      <li><a href="#fsre-categories">2.4 FSRE categories</a></li>
      <li><a href="#frijda-categories">2.5 Frijda's categories</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><a href="#dimensions">3 Emotion dimension vocabularies</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#pad-dimensions">3.1 Mehrabian's PAD dimensions</a></li>
      <li><a href="#fsre-dimensions">3.2 FSRE dimensions</a></li>
      <li><a href="#intensity-dimension">3.3 The intensity dimension</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><a href="#appraisals">4 Appraisal vocabularies</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#occ-appraisals">4.1 OCC appraisals</a></li>
      <li><a href="#scherer-appraisals">4.2 Scherer's appraisals</a></li>
      <li><a href="#ema-appraisals">4.3 EMA appraisals</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><a href="#action-tendencies">5 Action tendency vocabularies</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#frijda-action-tendencies">5.1 Frijda's action
      tendencies</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><a href="#references">6 References</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#tech-refs">6.1 Technical references</a></li>
      <li><a href="#science-refs">6.2 Scientific references</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>
</div>

<h2 id="intro">1 Introduction</h2>

<p>This document provides a list of emotion vocabularies that can be used with
<a href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> to represent emotions and related
states. EmotionML provides mechanisms to represent emotions in terms of
scientifically valid descriptors: categories, dimensions, appraisals, and
action tendencies. Given the lack of agreement in the community, EmotionML does
not provide a single vocabulary of emotion terms, but gives users a choice to
select the most suitable emotion vocabulary in their annotations. In order to
promote interoperability, publicly defined vocabularies should be used where
possible and reasonable from the point of view of the target application. The
present document provides a number of emotion vocabularies that can be used for
this purpose.</p>

<p>The guiding principle for selecting emotion vocabularies for inclusion in
this document has been to list vocabularies that are either:</p>
<ul>
  <li>commonly used in technological contexts, or</li>
  <li>represent current emotion models from the scientific literature.</li>
</ul>

<p>In addition, given the difficulty to define mappings between emotion
categories, dimensions, appraisals and action tendencies, we have included
pairs or groups of vocabularies where these mappings are rather well defined.
Future versions of EmotionML can use these vocabularies as a starting point to
define mappings between different emotion descriptions.</p>

<p>The selection of emotion vocabularies in this document is necessarily
incomplete; users are likely to find emotion vocabularies to be missing. There
are two ways how a user can address this situation. First, users can easily
write a definition for a custom emotion vocabulary as described in the
EmotionML specification's section on <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s3">Defining vocabularies</a>. Secondly,
feedback on the selection of emotion vocabularies in this document is highly
appreciated. Future versions of this document can include corrections and more
thorough explanations for the existing vocabularies, and add additional
vocabularies which may be of interest to a wider audience. Please send comments
to <a href="mailto:www-multimodal@w3.org">www-multimodal@w3.org</a> (with <a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-multimodal/">public
archive</a>).</p>

<h2 id="categories">2 Emotion category vocabularies</h2>

<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.1"><code>&lt;category&gt;</code></a>
element.</p>

<h3 id="big6">2.1 Ekman's "big six" basic emotions</h3>

<p>These six terms are proposed by Paul Ekman (<a href="#ref-Ekman1972">Ekman,
1972</a>, p. 251-252) as basic emotions with universal facial expressions --
emotions that are recognized and produced in all human cultures.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>anger</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>disgust</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>fear</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>happiness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>sadness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>surprise</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this vocabulary</a>
can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#big6"&gt;
    &lt;category name="anger"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="everyday-categories">2.2 Everyday emotion vocabulary</h3>

<p>These 17 terms are the result of a study by Cowie et al. (<a
href="#ref-Cowie1999">Cowie et al., 1999</a>) investigating emotions that
frequently occur in everyday life.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>affectionate</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>afraid</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>amused</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>angry</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>bored</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>confident</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>content</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>disappointed</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>excited</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>happy</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>interested</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>loving</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>pleased</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>relaxed</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>sad</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>satisfied</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>worried</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#everyday-categories"&gt;
    &lt;category name="affectionate"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="occ-categories">2.3 OCC categories</h3>

<p>The 22 OCC categories are proposed by Ortony, Clore and Collins (<a
href="#ref-Ortony1988">Ortony et al., 1988</a>, p. 19) as part of their
appraisal model. See also <a href="#occ-appraisals">OCC appraisals</a>
below.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>admiration</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>anger</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>disappointment</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>distress</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>fear</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>fears-confirmed</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>gloating</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>gratification</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>gratitude</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>happy-for</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>hate</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>hope</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>joy</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>love</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>pity</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>pride</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>relief</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>remorse</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>reproach</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>resentment</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>satisfaction</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>shame</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#occ-categories"&gt;
    &lt;category name="admiration"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="fsre-categories">2.4 FSRE categories</h3>

<p>The 24 FSRE categories are used in the study by Fontaine, Scherer, Roesch
and Ellsworth (<a href="#ref-Fontaine2007">Fontaine et al., 2007</a>, p. 1055)
investigating the dimensionality of emotion space. See also <a
href="#fsre-dimensions">FSRE dimensions</a> below.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>anger</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>anxiety</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>being hurt</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>compassion</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>contempt</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>contentment</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>despair</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>disappointment</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>disgust</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>fear</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>guilt</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>happiness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>hate</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>interest</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>irritation</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>jealousy</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>joy</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>love</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>pleasure</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>pride</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>sadness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>shame</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>stress</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>surprise</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#fsre-categories"&gt;
    &lt;category name="anger"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="frijda-categories">2.5 Frijda's categories</h3>

<p>This category set is included because according to Nico Frijda's proposal of
action tendencies (<a href="#ref-Frijda1986">Frijda, 1986</a>), these
categories are related to action tendencies. See <a
href="#frijda-action-tendencies">Frijda's action tendencies</a>, below.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>anger</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'agonistic'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>arrogance</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'approach'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>desire</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'approach'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>disgust</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'rejecting'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>enjoyment</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'being-with'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>fear</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'avoidance'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>humility</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'submitting'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>indifference</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'nonattending'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>interest</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'attending'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>resignation</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'submitting'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>shock</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'interrupting'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>surprise</code></td>
      <td>related to action tendency 'interrupting'</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#frijda-categories"&gt;
    &lt;category name="anger"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h2 id="dimensions">3 Emotion dimension vocabularies</h2>

<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.2"><code>&lt;dimension&gt;</code></a>
element.</p>

<h3 id="pad-dimensions">3.1 Mehrabian's PAD dimensions</h3>

<p>Mehrabian proposed a three-dimensional description of emotion in terms of
Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance (PAD; <a href="#ref-Mehrabian1996">Mehrabian,
1996</a>, p. 264).</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>pleasure</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>arousal</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>dominance</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion dimension-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#pad-dimensions"&gt;
    &lt;dimension name="pleasure" value="0.5"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="fsre-dimensions">3.2 FSRE dimensions</h3>

<p>The four emotion dimensions obtained in the study by Fontaine, Scherer,
Roesch and Ellsworth (<a href="#ref-Fontaine2007">Fontaine et al., 2007</a>, p.
1051 and 1055) investigating the dimensionality of emotion space. See also <a
href="#fsre-categories">FSRE categories</a> above.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>valence</code></td>
      <td>also named evaluation or pleasantness</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>potency</code></td>
      <td>also named control</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>arousal</code></td>
      <td>also named activation</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>unpredictability</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion dimension-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#fsre-dimensions"&gt;
    &lt;dimension name="valence" value="0.5"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="intensity-dimension">3.3 The intensity dimension</h3>

<p>Sometimes it is necessary to represent the mere fact that an emotion of some
undefined nature is present with a certain intensity. This can be achieved
using the dimension vocabulary consisting of the single dimension
"intensity".</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>intensity</code></td>
      <td>the intensity of the (unidentified) emotion that is considered to be
        present</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion dimension-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#intensity-dimension"&gt;
    &lt;dimension name="intensity" value="0.5"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h2 id="appraisals">4 Appraisal vocabularies</h2>

<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.3"><code>&lt;appraisal&gt;</code></a>
element.</p>

<h3 id="occ-appraisals">4.1 OCC appraisals</h3>

<p>The following appraisals were proposed by Ortony, Clore and Collins (<a
href="#ref-Ortony1988">Ortony et al., 1988</a>) in their appraisal model. See
also <a href="#occ-categories">OCC categories</a> above.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>desirability</code></td>
      <td>relevant for event based emotions. (pleased/displeased)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>praiseworthiness</code></td>
      <td>relevant for attribution emotions. (approving/disapproving)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>appealingness</code></td>
      <td>relevant for attraction emotions. (liking/disliking)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>desirability-for-other</code></td>
      <td>related to fortunes of others. Whether the event is desirable for the
        other.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>deservingness</code></td>
      <td>related to fortunes of others. Whether the other “deserves” the
        event.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>liking</code></td>
      <td>related to fortunes of others. Whether the other is liked or not.
        These distinguish between: happy-for, pity, gloating (schadenfreude),
        and resentment.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>likelihood</code></td>
      <td>relevant for prospect emotions. (hope/fear)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>effort</code></td>
      <td>relevant for prospect emotions. How much effort the individual
        invested in the outcome.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>realization</code></td>
      <td>relevant for prospect emotions. The actual resulting outcome. These
        distinguish between: relief, disappointment, satisfaction, and
        fears-confirmed.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>strength-of-identification</code></td>
      <td>relevant for attribution emotions. The stronger one identifies with
        the other, that distinguishes between whether pride or admiration is
        felt.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>expectation-of-deviation</code></td>
      <td>relevant for attribution emotions. Distinguishes whether the other is
        expected to act in the manner deserving of admiration or reproach.
        These distinguish b between: pride, shame, admiration, reproach.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>familiarity</code></td>
      <td>relevant for attraction emotions. (love/hate)</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion appraisal-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#occ-appraisals"&gt;
    &lt;appraisal name="suddenness" value="0.5"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="scherer-appraisals">4.2 Scherer's appraisals</h3>

<p>The following list of appraisals was proposed by Klaus Scherer as a sequence
of Stimulus Evaluation Checks (SECs) in his Component Process Model of emotion
(<a href="#ref-Scherer1984">Scherer, 1984</a>, p. 310; <a
href="#ref-Scherer1999">Scherer, 1999</a>, p. 639).</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th colspan="2">Novelty </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>suddenness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>familiarity</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>predictability</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th colspan="2">Intrinsic pleasantness </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>intrinsic-pleasantness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th colspan="2">Goal significance </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>relevance-person</code></td>
      <td><p>Relevance to the concerns of the person him- or herself, e.g.
        survival, bodily integrity, fulfillment of basic needs, self-esteem</p>
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>relevance-relationship</code></td>
      <td>Relevance to concerns regarding relationships with others, e.g.
        establishment, continued existence and intactness of relationships,
        cohesion of social groups</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>relevance-social-order</code></td>
      <td>Relevance to social order, e.g. sense of orderliness, predictability
        in a social environment including fairness &amp; appropriateness</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>outcome-probability</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>consonant-with-expectation</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>goal-conduciveness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>urgency</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th colspan="2">Coping potential </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>agent-self</code></td>
      <td>The event was caused by the agent him- or herself</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>agent-other</code></td>
      <td>The event was caused by another person</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>agent-nature</code></td>
      <td>The event was caused by chance or by nature</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>cause-intentional</code></td>
      <td>0: caused by negligence, 1: caused intentionally</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>control</code></td>
      <td>Is the event controllable?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>power</code></td>
      <td>Power of the agent him- or herself</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>adjustment-possible</code></td>
      <td>Is adjustment possible to the agent's own goals?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th colspan="2">Compatibility with standards </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>norm-compatibility</code></td>
      <td>Compatibility with external standards, such as norms or demands of a
        reference group</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>self-compatibility </code></td>
      <td>Compatibility with internal standards, such as the self ideal or
        internalized moral code</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion appraisal-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#scherer-appraisals"&gt;
    &lt;appraisal name="suddenness" value="0.5"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h3 id="ema-appraisals">4.3 EMA appraisals</h3>

<p>The following list of appraisals was compiled by Gratch and Marsella (<a
href="#ref-GratchMarsella2004">Gratch &amp; Marsella, 2004</a>) for their EMA
model.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>relevance</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>desirability</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>agency</code></td>
      <td>causal attribution -- who caused the event?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>blame</code></td>
      <td>blame and credit -- part of causal attribution</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>likelihood</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>unexpectedness</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>urgency</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>ego-involvement</code></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>controllability</code></td>
      <td>part of coping potential</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>changeability</code></td>
      <td>part of coping potential</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>power</code></td>
      <td>part of coping potential</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>adaptability</code></td>
      <td>part of coping potential</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion appraisal-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#ema-appraisals"&gt;
    &lt;appraisal name="relevance" value="0.5"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h2 id="action-tendencies">5 Action tendency vocabularies</h2>

<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.4"><code>&lt;action-tendency&gt;</code></a>
element.</p>

<h3 id="frijda-action-tendencies">5.1 Frijda's action tendencies</h3>

<p>This set of action tendencies was proposed by Nico Frijda (<a
href="#ref-Frijda1986">Frijda, 1986</a>), who also coined the term 'action
tendency'. See also <a href="#frijda-categories">Frijda's category set</a>,
above.</p>

<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
summary="vocabulary definition">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Term</th>
      <th>Remarks</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>approach</code></td>
      <td>aimed towards access and consummatory activity, related to desire</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>avoidance</code></td>
      <td>aimed towards own inaccessibility and protection, related to fear</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>being-with</code></td>
      <td>aimed at contact and interaction, related to enjoyment</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>attending</code></td>
      <td>aimed at identification, related to interest</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>rejecting</code></td>
      <td>aimed at removal of object, related to disgust</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>nonattending</code></td>
      <td>aimed at selecting, related to indifference</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>agonistic</code></td>
      <td>aimed at removal of obstruction and regaining control, related to
        anger</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>interrupting</code></td>
      <td>aimed at reorientation, related to shock and surprise</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>dominating</code></td>
      <td>aimed at retained control, related to arrogance</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><code>submitting</code></td>
      <td>aimed at deflecting pressure, related to humility and resignation</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of
this vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
example.</p>
<pre>&lt;emotion action-tendency-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#frijda-action-tendencies"&gt;
    &lt;action-tendency name="approach"/&gt;
&lt;/emotion&gt;</pre>

<p></p>

<h2 id="references">6 References</h2>

<h3 id="tech-refs">6.1 Technical references</h3>
<dl>
  <dt id="ref-emotionml">EmotionML</dt>
    <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-emotionml-20110407/">Emotion
      Markup Language (EmotionML) 1.0 </a>, M. Schröder, Editor. W3C Last Call
      Working Draft, 7 April 2011. </dd>
</dl>

<h3 id="science-refs">6.2 Scientific references</h3>
<dl>
  <dt id="ref-Cowie1999">Cowie et al., 1999</dt>
    <dd>Cowie, R., Douglas-Cowie, E., Appolloni, B., Taylor, J., Romano, A.,
      &amp; Fellenz, W. (1999). What a neural net needs to know about emotion
      words. In N. Mastorakis (Ed.), Computational Intelligence and
      Applications (pp. 109-114). World Scientific &amp; Engineering Society
      Press.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-Ekman1972">Ekman, 1972</dt>
    <dd>Ekman, P. (1972). <a
      href="http://www.paulekman.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Universals-And-Cultural-Differences-In-Facial-Expressions-Of.pdf">Universals
      and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion</a>. In J. Cole
      (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 19, pp.207-282). University
      of Nebraska Press.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-Fontaine2007">Fontaine et al., 2007</dt>
    <dd>Fontaine, J. R., Scherer, K. R., Roesch, E. B., &amp; Ellsworth, P.
      C.(2007). <a
      href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x">The World of
      Emotions Is Not Two-Dimensional</a>. Psychological Science, 18(12),
      1050-1057.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-Frijda1986">Frijda, 1986</dt>
    <dd>Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
      Press.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-GratchMarsella2004">Gratch and Marsella, 2004</dt>
    <dd>Gratch, J., &amp; Marsella, S. (2004). <a
      href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2004.02.002">A
      domain-independent framework for modeling emotion</a>. Cognitive Systems
      Research, 5(4), 269-306.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-Mehrabian1996">Mehrabian, 1996</dt>
    <dd>Mehrabian, A. (1996). <a
      href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02686918">Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A
      general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in
      Temperament</a>. Current Psychology, 14(4), 261-292.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-Ortony1988">Ortony et al., 1988</dt>
    <dd>Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., &amp; Collins, A. (1988). The Cognitive
      Structure of Emotion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-Scherer1984">Scherer, 1984</dt>
    <dd>Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A
      component process approach. In K. R. Scherer &amp; P. Ekman (Eds.),
      Approaches to emotion (p. 293-317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.</dd>
  <dt id="ref-Scherer1999">Scherer, 1999</dt>
    <dd>Scherer, K. R. (1999). Appraisal theory. In T. Dalgleish &amp; M. J.
      Power (Eds.), Handbook of Cognition &amp; Emotion (p. 637-663). New York:
      John Wiley.</dd>
</dl>

<p></p>
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</html>