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<h1>Serializing SPARQL Query Results in JSON</h1>
<h2 id="h2-title">W3C Working Group Note 18 June 2007</h2>
<dl>
<dt id="dt-this-version">This version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/NOTE-rdf-sparql-json-res-20070618/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/NOTE-rdf-sparql-json-res-20070618/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-json-res/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-json-res/</a></dd>
<dt id="dt-previous-version">Previous version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/NOTE-rdf-sparql-json-res-20061004/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/NOTE-rdf-sparql-json-res-20061004/</a></dd>
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd><a href="mailto:kendall@monkeyfist.com">Kendall Grant Clark</a>, UMD Mindswap</dd>
<dd><a href="mailto:feigenbl@us.ibm.com">Lee Feigenbaum</a>, IBM</dd>
<dd><a href="mailto:eliast@us.ibm.com">Elias Torres</a>, IBM</dd>
</dl>
<p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">  Copyright</a> &#xa9;2007 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>&#xae;</sup>  (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.org/"><acronym title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>  and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.</p>
</div>
<hr />
<h2><a name="abstract" id="abstract">Abstract</a></h2>

<p><a class="norm" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/">SPARQL</a> is a query language and a protocol for RDF developed
by the W3C's RDF Data Access Working Group. Included in that work is an XML vocabulary for serializing the results of two SPARQL
query forms, <code>SELECT</code> and <code>ASK</code>. This document defines an alternative means of serializing the results of
those SPARQL query forms using <a class="norm" href="http://json.org/">JSON</a>, a lightweight representation format which
emphasizes concision and legibility.</p>

<h2><a name="status" id="status">Status of this Document</a></h2>

<p><em>This section describes the status of  this document at the time of its
publication. Other documents may  supersede this document. A list of current
W3C publications and the  latest revision of this technical report can be
found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a>
at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>

<p>This document is a
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/#WGNote">Working
Group Note</a>, produced by the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/DataAccess/">RDF Data Access Working Group</a>, part of the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/">W3C Semantic Web Activity</a>.

      The working group has issued a new <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-rdf-sparql-XMLres-20070614/">Last Call Working Draft of the SPARQL Query Results XML Format</a> in order to simplify the specification by eliminating the <code>ordered</code> and <code>distinct</code> attributes. This second draft of a  <a href="http://www.json.org/">JSON</a> result set serialization eliminates those attributes.
The working group does not promise to answer comments, however, the appropriate forum for comments is
<a href="mailto:public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org">public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org</a>,
a mailing list with a
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-dawg-comments/"
>public archive</a>.
</p>


<p>Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.</p>

  <p> This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5
  February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a
  rel="disclosure"
  href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/35463/status">public list of
  any patent disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables
  of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a
  patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the
  individual believes contains <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
  Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
  6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>. </p>

<div class="toc">
	<h2><a id="contents" name="contents">Table of Contents</a></h2>
	<ol class="toc">
		<li class="tocline1"><a class="tocxref" href="#document-element">Document Element</a></li>
		<li class="tocline1"><a class="tocxref" href="#header">Header</a></li>
		<li class="tocline1"><a class="tocxref" href="#results">Results</a>
			<ol class="toc"><!-- type="a"-->
			<li class="tocline2"><a class="tocxref" href="#variable-binding-results">Variable Binding Results</a></li>
			<li class="tocline2"><a class="tocxref" href="#boolean-results">Boolean Results</a></li>
			</ol>
		</li>
		<li class="tocline1"><a class="tocxref" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
		<li class="tocline1"><a class="tocxref" href="#programmatic-utility">Programmatic Utility</a></li>
	</ol>
</div>

<h3><a id="appendices" name="appendices">Appendices</a></h3>

<ol class="toc"><!-- type="A" -->
	<li class="tocline1"><a href="#mediaType">Internet Media Type, File Extension and Macintosh File Type</a></li>
	<li class="tocline1"><a href="#references">References</a></li>
	<li class="tocline1"><a href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ol>

<h1 id="title">Serializing SPARQL Query Results with JSON</h1>

<p>SPARQL variable binding and boolean query results may be serialized in <a href="http://json.org/">JSON</a>:</p>

<pre><code>{
  "head": { "vars": [ "book" , "title" ]
  } ,
  "results": {
    "bindings": [
      {
        "book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book6" } ,
        "title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" }
      } ,
      {
        "book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book5" } ,
        "title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" }
      } ,
      {
        "book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book4" } ,
        "title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" }
      } ,
      {
        "book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book3" } ,
        "title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner Of Azkaban" }
      } ,
      {
        "book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book2" } ,
        "title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" }
      } ,
      {
        "book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book1" } ,
        "title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }
      }
    ]
  }
}</code></pre>


<p>The JSON serialization of SPARQL variable binding and boolean query results are accomplished
according to the following specification.</p>

<div class="section">
<h2><a id="document-element" name="document-element">1. Document Element</a></h2>

<p>The Document Element is represented as a JSON Object.</p>

<p><strong>XML</strong>:</p>
<pre>&lt;?xml version="1.0"&gt;
    &lt;sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#"&gt;
 ...
&lt;/sparql&gt;</pre>
<p><strong>JSON</strong>:</p>
<pre>{...}

</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">

<h2><a id="header" name="header">2. Header</a></h2>

<p>The Header is represented as a member (key-value pair) in the document element JSON Object, where the key is a string
<code>head</code> and where the value is a JSON Object containing a member, the key of which is a string <code>vars</code> and
the value of which is a JSON array:</p>

<p><strong>XML</strong>:</p>

<pre>&lt;head&gt;...&lt;/head&gt;
</pre>
<p><strong>JSON</strong>:</p>
<pre>"head": {"vars": [...]}
</pre>

<p>The <code>vars</code> member array contains a sequence of strings, which represent "the set of Query Variable names in the
Solution Sequence" <a class="citation-reference" href="#SQRXF">[SQRXF]</a>. That is, for each Query Variable name in the Solution
Sequence, there is one string element in the <code>vars</code> array with the variable name as the element string.</p>

<p><strong>XML</strong>:</p>
<pre>&lt;?xml version="1.0"?&gt;
&lt;sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#"&gt;

&lt;head&gt;
  &lt;variable name="x"/&gt;
  &lt;variable name="hpage"/&gt;
  &lt;variable name="name"/&gt;

  &lt;variable name="mbox"/&gt;
  &lt;variable name="blurb"/&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
 ...
&lt;/sparql&gt;
</pre>
<p><strong>JSON</strong>:</p>
<pre>{
  "head": { "vars": [
          "x",
          "hpage",
          "name",
          "mbox",
          "age",
          "blurb",
          "friend"
          ]
 }...

</pre>

<p>The same order constraints described in <a class="citation-reference" href="#SQRXF">[SQRXF]</a>
apply to the JSON format described here. The order of variable names in the <code>vars</code> array
must be the same as "the order of the variable names given to the argument of the SELECT statement
in the SPARQL query" <a class="citation-reference" href="#SQRXF">[SQRXF]</a>. Further, "[i]f SELECT
* is used, the order of the names is undefined" <a class="citation-reference" href="#SQRXF"
>[SQRXF]</a>.</p>

<p>For either boolean or variable binding query results, the <code>head</code> object may also
contain another member, the key of which is a string "link" and the value of which is a JSON array.
Each element of the <code>link</code> array is a URI represented as a JSON string. These URIs must
be absolute.</p>

<p><strong>XML</strong>:</p>

<pre>&lt;?xml version="1.0"?&gt;
    &lt;sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#"&gt;

&lt;head&gt;

  ...
  &lt;link href="metadata.rdf"/&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
...
&lt;/sparql&gt;</pre>

<p><strong>JSON</strong>:</p>
<pre>{
  "head": {
      "link": ["http://example.org/metadata.rdf"],
      ...
}...</pre></div>

<div class="section">

<h2><a id="results" name="results">3. Results</a></h2>

<p>The Results are serialized as an object member, the key of which is the string
<code>results</code> or the string <code>boolean</code>, for variable bindings
(<code>SELECT</code>) and boolean (<code>ASK</code>) results respectively. The value of the object
member <code>results</code> is a JSON object with one required members:
<code>bindings</code>. The value of the object member <code>boolean</code>
is a JSON boolean value (either <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>).</p>

<p><strong>XML</strong>:</p>

<pre>&lt;results&gt;
  &lt;result&gt;
    ...
  &lt;/result&gt;

...
&lt;/results&gt;
</pre>

<p><strong>JSON</strong>:</p>

<pre>{...
      "results": {
        "bindings": [...]
      }
}</pre>

<div class="section">

<h3><a name="variable-binding-results">3.a Variable Binding Results</a></h3>

<p>For "each Query Solution in the query results" a Query Solution Object -- that is, a JSON object
-- is added to the <code>bindings</code> array <a class="citation-reference"
href="#SQRXF">[SQRXF]</a>. Each Query Solution Object "corresponds to one Query Solution in a
result" <a class="citation-reference" href="#SQRXF">[SQRXF]</a>. For each Query Variable that
appears in the solution, the Query Solution Object has a member that is a JSON object with one key,
and that key is a string that is equivalent to one element in the <code>vars</code> array. The
members of the Query Solution Objects are unordered.</p>

<p>The following describes the serialization of RDF Terms in XML and JSON:</p>

<dl class="docutils">
<dt>RDF URI Reference <em>U</em></dt>
<dd><p class="first">XML:  <code>&lt;binding&gt;&lt;uri&gt;</code>
<em>U</em> <code>&lt;/uri&gt;&lt;binding&gt;</code></p>
<p class="last">JSON: <code>"name"</code> <code>:</code>
<code>{"type":"uri",</code> <code>"value":"</code><em>U</em><code>""}</code></p>

</dd>
<dt>RDF Literal <em>S</em></dt>
<dd><p class="first">XML:  <code>&lt;binding&gt;&lt;literal&gt;</code> <em>S</em>
<code>&lt;/literal&gt;&lt;binding&gt;</code></p>
<p class="last">JSON: <code>"name"</code> <code>:</code>
<code>{"type":"literal",</code> <code>"value":"</code> <em>S</em>
<code>"}</code></p>

</dd>
<dt>RDF Literal <em>S</em> with language <em>L</em></dt>
<dd><p class="first">XML:  <code>&lt;binding&gt;&lt;literal</code>
<code>xml:lang="</code> <em>L</em> <code>"&gt;</code> <em>S</em> <code>&lt;/literal&gt;&lt;binding&gt;</code></p>

<p class="last">JSON: <code>"name"</code> <code>:</code>
<code>{"type":"literal",</code> <code>"xml:lang":"</code> <em>L</em> <code>",</code> <code>"value":"</code> <em>S</em><code>"}</code></p>

</dd>
<dt>RDF Typed Literal <em>S</em> with datatype URI <em>D</em></dt>
<dd><p class="first">XML:  <code>&lt;binding&gt;&lt;literal</code>
<code>datatype="</code> <em>D</em> <code>"&gt;</code> <em>S</em> <code>&lt;/literal&gt;&lt;binding&gt;</code></p>

<p class="last">JSON: <code>"name"</code> <code>:</code>
<code>{"type":"typed-literal",</code> <code>"datatype":"</code> <em>D</em>
<code>",</code> <code>"value":"</code> <em>S</em>
<code>"}</code></p>

</dd>
<dt>Blank Node label <em>I</em></dt>
<dd><p class="first">XML: <code>&lt;binding&gt;&lt;bnode&gt;</code> <em>I</em>
<code>&lt;/bnode&gt;&lt;binding&gt;</code></p>
<p class="last">JSON: <code>"name"</code> <code>:</code>
<code>{"type":"bnode",</code> <code>"value":"</code> <em>I</em>
<code>"}</code></p>

</dd>
</dl>
<p>No binding</p>
<blockquote>
<p>XML: "If, for a particular solution, a variable is <em>unbound</em>, no
<code>binding</code> element for that variable is included in the
<code>result</code> element" <a class="citation-reference"
href="#SQRXF">[SQRXF]</a>.</p>

<p>JSON: If, for a particular solution, a variable is <em>unbound</em>, no JSON Object for that variable is included in the
<code>bindings</code> array.</p> </blockquote> </div>


<div class="section">

<h3><a name="boolean-results">3.b Boolean Results</a></h3>

<p>A boolean is serialized as an object member, the key of which is the string "boolean". The value
of the object member <code>boolean</code> is a <a class="reference"
href="http://json.org/">JSON</a> boolean value (either <code>true</code> or
<code>false</code>).</p>

<p><strong>XML</strong>:</p>
<pre>&lt;?xml version="1.0"?&gt;
&lt;sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#"&gt;

&lt;head&gt;
  ...
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;boolean&gt;true&lt;/boolean&gt;

&lt;/sparql&gt;
</pre>
<p><strong>JSON</strong>:</p>
<pre>{
  "head": ...
  "boolean" : true
}
</pre>

<p>The <code>vars</code> object member must not be present in <code>head</code>. In the case of boolean results with no
<code>link</code> member in <code>head</code>, the value of <code>head</code> may be JSON <code>null</code> or an empty JSON
object, <code>{}</code>.</p>

</div>
</div>

<div class="section">

<h2><a id="examples" name="examples">4. Example</a></h2>

<p>The following JSON is a serialization of the XML document <a class="reference"
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/output.srx">output.srx</a>:</p>

<pre>{
   "head": {
       "link": [
           "http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/example.rq"
           ],
       "vars": [
           "x",
           "hpage",
           "name",
           "mbox",
           "age",
           "blurb",
           "friend"
           ]
       },
   "results": {
       "bindings": [
               {
                   "x" : {
                     "type": "bnode",
                     "value": "r1"
                   },

                   "hpage" : {
                     "type": "uri",
                     "value": "http://work.example.org/alice/"
                   },

                   "name" : {
                     "type": "literal",
                     "value": "Alice"
                   },

                   "mbox" : {
                     "type": "literal",
                     "value": ""
                   },

                   "blurb" : {
                     "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral",
                     "type": "typed-literal",
                     "value": "&lt;p xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\"&gt;My name is &lt;b&gt;alice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"
                   },

                   "friend" : {
                     "type": "bnode",
                     "value": "r2"
                   }
               },{
                   "x" : {
                     "type": "bnode",
                     "value": "r2"
                   },

                   "hpage" : {
                     "type": "uri",
                     "value": "http://work.example.org/bob/"
                   },

                   "name" : {
                     "type": "literal",
                     "value": "Bob",
                     "xml:lang": "en"
                   },

                   "mbox" : {
                     "type": "uri",
                     "value": "mailto:bob@work.example.org"
                   },

                   "friend" : {
                     "type": "bnode",
                     "value": "r1"
                   }
               }
           ]
       }
   }
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a id="programmatic-utility" name="programmatic-utility">5. Programmatic Utility</a></h2>

<p>In programming languages with a concise syntax for accessing data structures and their elements,
the JSON serialization of SQRXF offers a path-like language for accessing the parts of SPARQL query
results. For example, consider the following code fragments:</p>

<p><strong>JavaScript</strong></p>
<pre>// The array of metadata links
// returns: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/example.rq
alert(sr.head.link);

// The first link in the array
// returns: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/example.rq
alert(sr.head.link[0]);

// The bindings array
// [object Object],...,[object Object]
alert(sr.results.bindings);

// The name of the last variable
// returns: friend
alert(sr.head.vars.slice(-1));

var bindings = sr.results.bindings;

// JavaScript  for...in loop iterates
// through the properties of bindings array
// which are [0,1,length-1] as opposed to the
// array item.

for(i in bindings) {
  var binding = bindings[i];
  alert(binding); // a for-loop to print all the bindings
}

// The only difference here (a subtle one) is
// that the iterator variable is n as opposed to r
// n=name, r=row index
for(i in bindings) {
  var binding = bindings[i];
  for(n in binding) {
    alert(binding[n].value); // a nested for-loop to print binding values
  }
}

alert(bindings[0].hpage.value);</pre>
</div>

<h2><a name="mediaType">A. Internet Media Type, File Extension and Macintosh File
Type (Normative)</a></h2>

    <p>The Internet Media Type / MIME Type for the SPARQL Query Results JSON Format
is "application/sparql-results+json".</p>

    <p>It is recommended that SPARQL query files have the extension ".srj" (all
lowercase) on all platforms.</p>

    <p>It is recommended that SPARQL query files stored on Macintosh HFS file
systems be given a file type of "TEXT".</p>

    <p>This information that follows is intended to be submitted to the IESG
for review, approval, and registration with IANA.</p>

    <dl>
      <dt>Type name:</dt>
      <dd>application</dd>

      <dt>Subtype name:</dt>

      <dd>sparql-results+json</dd>

      <dt>Required parameters:</dt>
      <dd>None</dd>

      <dt>Optional parameters:</dt>
      <dd>None</dd>

      <dt>Encoding considerations:</dt>
      <dd>The encoding considerations of the SPARQL Query Results JSON Format is identical to those of the "application/json" as specified in [JSON-IETF-DRAFT]</dd>

      <dt>Security considerations:</dt>

      <dd>SPARQL query results uses URIs. See Section 7 of [RFC3986].<br/>
      SPARQL query results uses IRIs. See Section 8 of [RFC3987].<br/>

      The security considerations of the SPARQL Query Results JSON Format is identical to those of the "application/json" as specified in [JSON-IETF-DRAFT]</dd>

      <dt>Interoperability considerations:</dt>
      <dd>There are no known interoperability issues.</dd>

      <dt>Published specification:</dt>
      <dd>http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/NOTE-rdf-sparql-json-res-20061004/</dd>

      <dt>Applications which use this media type:</dt>
      <dd>No known applications currently use this media type.</dd>

      <dt>Additional information:</dt>

      <dt>Magic number(s):</dt>
      <dd>n/a</dd>

      <dt>File extension(s): </dt>
      <dd>".srj"</dd>

      <dt>Macintosh file type code(s):</dt>
      <dd>"TEXT"</dd>

      <dt>Person &amp; email address to contact for further information:</dt>

      <dd>Kendall Clark, Elias Torres, Lee Feigenbaum &lt;public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org&gt;</dd>

      <dt>Intended usage:</dt>
      <dd>COMMON</dd>

      <dt>Restrictions on usage:</dt>
      <dd>None</dd>

      <dt>Author/Change controller:</dt>
      <dd>The SPARQL specification is a work product of the World Wide Web
  Consortium's RDF Data Access Working Group.  The W3C has change
  control over these specifications.</dd>
    </dl>


<h2><a id="references" name="refeferences">B. References</a></h2>

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[SQRXF] http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-rdf-sparql-XMLres-20041221/
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<h3><a name="references-normative">Normative</a></h3>

<dl>

<dt>
<a name="SQRXF" id="SQRXF">[SQRXF]</a>
</dt>
<dd>
<cite>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/">SPARQL Query Results XML Format</a>

</cite>, D. Beckett and J. Broekstra Editors, W3C Last Call Working Draft.</dd>

</dl>

<h3><a name="references-informative">Informative</a></h3>

<dl>
    <dt>
        <a name="JSON" id="JSON">[JSON]</a>
    </dt>
    <dd>
      <cite>JavaScript Object Notation, <a href="http://json.org">JSON</a></cite>
    </dd>
    <dt>
    <a name="JSON-IETF-DRAFT" id="JSON-IETF-DRAFT">[JSON-IETF-DRAFT]</a>
    </dt>
    <dd>
      <cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), Internet Draft, D. Crockford, <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a></cite>
    </dd>
</dl>

<h2>C. <a name="acknowledgements" id="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></h2>

<p>The SPARQL RDF Query Language is a product of the whole of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/DataAccess/">W3C RDF Data
Access Working Group</a>, and our thanks for discussions, comments and reviews go to all <a
href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/DataAccess/#who">present and past members</a>.</p>

<h2 id="chlog">Changes Since October 2006 Publication</h2>
<pre>
Revision 1.10  2007/05/07 17:34:50  lfeigenb
removed distinct and ordered attributes to match XML format

Revision 1.9  2006/06/16 17:11:02  etorres
*** empty log message ***

Revision 1.8  2006/06/06 14:12:47  lfeigenb
changed text/json to application/json and added a cite for the JSON IETF Internet Draft

Revision 1.7  2006/05/17 13:23:28  eric
validate for publication

Revision 1.6  2006/04/05 15:55:17  etorres
- changed final URL suggestion

</pre>

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